By Dylan Curran
Its taken a long time, but people have finally discovered how much information companies like Google and Facebook have on them. We cannot keep sacrificing our privacy and dignity to continue using the internet. However, at the same time, new digital innovations that millions love and enjoy require our data. So what are we to do?
The biggest issue with the software industrys data collection is the span of time for which it hoards information.2 The industry simply does not believe in a delete button. For instance, Google has records of all my locations for the last six years, and Facebook has my deleted messages from nearly 10 years ago.
This kind of long-term data storage may seem innocuous3 to some. To others, it may even be useful to know what exactly they were doing on a specific day many years ago, or recover messages from a loved one, or see how much their searching and browsing4 habits have changed over time.
However, as government surveillance is emerging as a growing concern—especially in surveillance states—the long-term data storage enacted by all of the top tech companies is a dream come true for any current or future authoritarian state.5
Even if western governments are not enacting any Nineteen Eighty-Four-style policies of tracking your every word and executing you for any rebellious statements, the knowledge of potential surveillance can lead to selfcensorship.6 You are not a threat and you may not have an FBI agent dedicated to you, but even the knowledge that they may look into you can lead to society operating with a subconscious fear of expressing views on the internet.7
A 2013 study surveying US writers found that after they learned of the NSAs mass surveillance programs, one in six avoided writing on a topic they thought that would subject them to any kind of surveillance, and a further one in six seriously considered avoiding controversial topics.8
This is why we need online privacy: we have the right to be curious or conduct digital actions without constantly being tracked, or fearing future reprisals9. As Edward Snowden has put it: “Ask yourself: at every point in history, who suffers the most from unjustified surveillance?10 It is not the privileged, but the vulnerable. Surveillance is not about safety. It is about power. Its about control.”
There also isnt a strong business case for internet companies storing decades-old data. Old information is virtually worthless to advertisers and therefore not profitable for the companies to store. Why would Google need your location from six years ago, or Facebook to store your messages from 10 years ago, to target advertising? You may not live in the same location; you may not have the same friends, interests, hobbies, career, weight or even income as in that time period. Yet they just keep hoarding it.
Therefore, I propose legislation to allow companies to harvest as much information as they like, but with one caveat: they must delete the information from their servers in quarterly blocks.11 This would allow us to keep using the services we like in the exact fashion12 that we do now.
They can then offer you an option to download all the data they have on you, if you would like to keep your images or statuses or messages or emails. However, this must be an opt-out13 option.
The world is constantly changing. It may be too difficult or even impossible to stop entities like the NSA and CIA from monitoring your internet activity, but we can at least take a first step and put a roadblock in place for any potential or future surveillance.14 They will not have access to your lifes diary at the click of a button, or see everywhere you have been for 10 years, or use searching or browsing history from when you were a teenager to question your character.
This Digital Expiry Date offers companies the benefits of getting your data, personalizing results and still making profits, while putting some control in the users hands. You will not have to worry about governments or companies in the future mishandling15 years worth of information—which would limit the damage they could do. A Digital Expiry Date would maintain online innovation and profitability, while helping to prevent any future privacy disasters.
It is not a perfect solution, but it is a start.
1. expiry: 期滿,逾期。
2. span:(兩個(gè)日期或事件之間的)時(shí)距,期間;hoard: 貯藏,囤積。
3. innocuous: 無冒犯之意的,無害的。
4. browse:(在計(jì)算機(jī)或互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上)瀏覽(信息)。
5. surveillance: 監(jiān)督,監(jiān)視;enact: 規(guī)定,發(fā)布;authoritarian: 獨(dú)裁的,專制的。
6. 雖然西方政府并沒有制定“一九八四”式的政策來追蹤你的一言一行,并因反叛性的言論將你處決,但如果人們知道自己可能被監(jiān)視,他們就會(huì)注意自己的言論。Nineteen Eighty-Four-style: “一九八四”式,指英國作家喬治·奧威爾在其反烏托邦小說《一九八四》中營造的集權(quán)暴政統(tǒng)治之下的恐怖社會(huì)氛圍:政府無所不在地監(jiān)視和操控民眾,使其失去自由和獨(dú)立思考的權(quán)利,思想受到泯滅人性的鉗制;execute: 處決;rebellious: 反叛的,造反的;selfcensorship: 自我審查。
7. FBI: 即Federal Bureau of Investigation,美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局,是美國司法部的主要執(zhí)法及調(diào)查單位,也是美國聯(lián)邦政府最大的反間諜機(jī)構(gòu);subconscious:下意識(shí)的,潛意識(shí)的。
8. NSA: 即National Security Agency,美國國家安全局,是美國政府機(jī)構(gòu)中最大的情報(bào)部門,負(fù)責(zé)收集和分析外國及本國通信資料,隸屬于美國國防部;mass: 大規(guī)模的;subject sb. to: 使經(jīng)受;controversial: 有爭(zhēng)議的。
9. reprisal: 報(bào)復(fù)。
10. Edward Snowden: 愛德華·斯諾登,美國中央情報(bào)局前雇員、美國國家安全局外包技術(shù)員,因于2013年6月將美國國家安全局關(guān)于棱鏡計(jì)劃監(jiān)聽項(xiàng)目的秘密文檔披露給《衛(wèi)報(bào)》和《華盛頓郵報(bào)》而遭美國政府通緝,其后又再次曝光英國“顳颥”秘密情報(bào)監(jiān)視項(xiàng)目;unjustified: 不正當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>
11. 因此,我提議擬定相關(guān)法律,在一定條件下允許科技公司自由獲取大量信息,即他們必須按季度將服務(wù)器上的信息刪除。caveat: 警告,限制性條款;quarterly: 按季度的。
12. fashion:(做事的)方式,樣子。
13. opt-out:(對(duì)某項(xiàng)制度或協(xié)定的)不參與,退出。
14. entity: 實(shí)體;CIA: 即Central Intelligence Agency,美國中央情報(bào)局,美國主要的情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)之一;roadblock: 路障。
15. mishandle: 不當(dāng)?shù)靥幚怼?/p>
閱讀感評(píng)
∷秋葉 評(píng)
這是個(gè)各種監(jiān)控分分秒秒無處不在的時(shí)代。外出時(shí),頭頂上有
攝像頭記錄下你的一舉一動(dòng);即便是坐在室內(nèi),只要你打開網(wǎng)絡(luò),
手機(jī)與電腦就會(huì)記錄下你的所有數(shù)據(jù),包括搜索地址、瀏覽內(nèi)容與發(fā)表的言論等等。這真是個(gè)最好的時(shí)代,因?yàn)檎麄€(gè)世界似乎都有“上帝之眼”在盯著,一切均在掌控之中。犯罪分子留下的所有印跡,將被記錄在一個(gè)完整的數(shù)據(jù)鏈上,只要公安機(jī)關(guān)主動(dòng)追擊,他們就無處遁形。不管是有罪必罰,還是先發(fā)制人,都將極大地遏制犯罪意圖,營造祥和的社會(huì)環(huán)境。不過,這也可能是最糟糕的時(shí)代,因?yàn)榧夹g(shù)的發(fā)展有可能讓每個(gè)社會(huì)都進(jìn)入到《一九八四》所描繪的公民的所有言論甚至思想時(shí)刻受到監(jiān)控并因此招致殺身之禍的夢(mèng)魘。
顯然,這并非聳人聽聞,而是已多次實(shí)實(shí)在在地發(fā)生在這個(gè)似乎已變得更加自由、民主、尊重人權(quán)的世界里。2013年美國中央情報(bào)局(CIA)前雇員斯諾登(Edward Snowden)披露了美國政府包括對(duì)于其國內(nèi)人民在內(nèi)的全球秘密監(jiān)控計(jì)劃——棱鏡計(jì)劃(PRISM)的各種細(xì)節(jié),實(shí)在是駭人聽聞。該計(jì)劃是一項(xiàng)由美國國家安全局(NSA)自2007年小布什政府時(shí)期起開始實(shí)施的絕密電子監(jiān)聽計(jì)劃,可以直接進(jìn)入美國網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司的中心服務(wù)器里挖掘數(shù)據(jù)、收集情報(bào),包括微軟、雅虎、谷歌、蘋果等在內(nèi)的九家國際網(wǎng)絡(luò)巨頭皆參與其中。受到監(jiān)控的信息包括電郵、即時(shí)消息、視頻、照片、存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)、語音聊天、文件傳輸、視頻會(huì)議、登錄時(shí)間和社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)資料的細(xì)節(jié)等。通過棱鏡計(jì)劃,國家安全局甚至可以實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控一個(gè)人正在進(jìn)行的網(wǎng)絡(luò)搜索的內(nèi)容。根據(jù)美國《時(shí)代周刊》報(bào)道,美國政府對(duì)公眾隱私的監(jiān)控可能比媒體報(bào)道的上述內(nèi)容更深入。由于世界主要技術(shù)公司的總部主要在美國,美國政府在與這些公司的合作下可以接觸到全世界的大部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù),因此我們幾乎可以肯定地說世界各國人民的隱私都可能受到其侵犯。對(duì)此,當(dāng)時(shí)的美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬(Barack Obama)辯稱:“你不能在擁有100%安全的情況下同時(shí)擁有100%隱私和100%便利?!奔磭业睦妗绕涫亲柚箍植乐髁x——高于保護(hù)隱私權(quán),而美國2001年通過的《愛國者法案》(USA PATRIOT Act)給予了美國政府使用這些存儲(chǔ)在美國的全球數(shù)據(jù)的權(quán)利。然而,根據(jù)聯(lián)合國于1948年頒布的《世界人權(quán)宣言》(Universal Declaration of Human Rights),隱私權(quán)(rights to privacy)為人權(quán)的重要內(nèi)容。
就在棱鏡計(jì)劃被披露的次年,即2014年,英國的劍橋分析公司(Cambridge Analytica)開始大量收集臉書的個(gè)人信息,并將這些信息擅自出售給政客們,試圖對(duì)選民意見施加影響并讓他們贏得選舉。2015年12月,英國《衛(wèi)報(bào)》(The Guardian)報(bào)道了美國參議員特德·克魯茲(Ted Cruz)曾為該公司客戶,但并未引起很大關(guān)注。2018年3月,更有多家英美媒體根據(jù)該公司前雇員克里斯托弗·懷利(Christopher Wylie)的爆料進(jìn)一步報(bào)道了該丑聞的許多鮮為人知的細(xì)節(jié)。截至丑聞曝光前,至少有8,700萬臉書用戶的個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)曾被該公司濫用甚至盜用。據(jù)美國合眾社報(bào)道,由劍橋分析公司前管理層運(yùn)營的一家公司一直以來都在為美國現(xiàn)任總統(tǒng)特朗普(Donald Trump)2020年競(jìng)選連任悄悄運(yùn)作著。臉書總裁馬克·扎克伯格(Mark Zuckerberg)對(duì)丑聞給予了相當(dāng)大的重視,先進(jìn)行了道歉,認(rèn)為這是對(duì)“信任的觸犯”,并決定不僅在歐盟國家還要在所有地區(qū)執(zhí)行歐盟的《通用數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)條例》(General Data Protection Regulation)。2018年7月,英國宣布將對(duì)臉書實(shí)施50萬英鎊的罰款,因其違背法律,未能保護(hù)好用戶的信息。該丑聞進(jìn)一步引發(fā)了公眾對(duì)于社交媒體公司、政治咨詢組織以及政治家面對(duì)用戶個(gè)人隱私時(shí)的倫理道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的討論。以上不管涉及政府還是企業(yè)的數(shù)據(jù)丑聞均頗有些偶然地由涉案機(jī)構(gòu)的前雇員披露,由相對(duì)獨(dú)立性較好的英美大眾媒體報(bào)道,真相才大白于天下。筆者相信同樣的問題也可能大量地存在于其他許多國家,只是由于各種原因,那冰山的一角尚未暴露而已。
2014年以來,英美新聞界、學(xué)術(shù)界出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)新的術(shù)語——監(jiān)控資本主義(surveillance capitalism),專指一種資本主義的新面貌,即通過監(jiān)控獲取可以貨幣化的數(shù)據(jù)。據(jù)稱,谷歌為監(jiān)控資本主義的始作俑者,隨后臉書、推特等加入其中。它將數(shù)據(jù)獲取凌駕于研發(fā)生產(chǎn)新產(chǎn)品之上,威脅到了自由、隱私權(quán)等當(dāng)代公民的基本權(quán)利。有鑒于此,歐盟于兩年前制定了《通用數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)條例》,并于今年5月予以實(shí)施,這將為世界范圍內(nèi)保護(hù)個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)安全樹立一個(gè)很高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。其中的一條就如同原文所建議的那樣,明確規(guī)定公司對(duì)客戶數(shù)據(jù)能保存多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。然而,該總則的實(shí)施范圍僅在歐盟范圍之內(nèi),而且主要規(guī)范的是企業(yè)行為,而非政府活動(dòng)。從上述美英兩國爆發(fā)的數(shù)據(jù)丑聞可知,政府部門與政治家們往往通過各種理由說服甚至要挾高科技公司共享數(shù)據(jù)信息,而大多數(shù)公司或出于壓力或認(rèn)為屬合法請(qǐng)求而予以滿足。就如同當(dāng)今世界打擊恐怖組織不難,而對(duì)付國家恐怖主義往往束手無策,這是必須引起我們高度警覺的。