陳淡寧
今年春天,集結(jié)了浙江省博物館新館區(qū)、浙江圖書館新館區(qū)、浙江省非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)館和浙江省文學(xué)館的浙江省之江文化中心,正式開工建設(shè)。建成后,它將以省內(nèi)體量最大,集自然、人文、藝術(shù)、生態(tài)于一體的現(xiàn)代復(fù)合文化綜合體的姿態(tài),成為杭州乃至浙江的文化地標(biāo)。
作為浙江省“十三五”規(guī)劃中的重要文化建設(shè)項目,之江文化中心以“國際一流、中國特色、浙江元素”為理念,其目標(biāo)是打造一個標(biāo)桿性、聚人氣、促消費、有機活態(tài)的新型文化綜合體。
早在2016年,當(dāng)時的浙江省文化廳就針對這個項目展開了面向全球的總體規(guī)劃與城市設(shè)計競賽。競賽共有來自全球的86家建筑設(shè)計相關(guān)機構(gòu)報名,其中有50家遞交了具體的設(shè)計方案。通過層層選拔,結(jié)合多方意見,浙江省文化廳從中選出8個方案,在浙江圖書館向公眾展示并征求大家的意見。最后,結(jié)合專家和公眾的投票意見,由法國AS建筑工作室規(guī)劃設(shè)計的概念方案入選。
但概念方案只是一個框架,要形成真正可施工的方案,還需要做許多的細化工作,特別是在立足本土文化特色方面,需要一家有經(jīng)驗、有規(guī)模的本土設(shè)計機構(gòu)來操刀。經(jīng)過EPC招投,作為設(shè)計方的浙江省建筑設(shè)計研究院與作為施工方的浙江省建工集團,共同接下了之江文化中心的設(shè)計建設(shè)任務(wù)。
項目設(shè)計總負責(zé)人是浙江省建筑設(shè)計研究院副院長、首屆省工程設(shè)計大師、國家一級注冊建筑師曹躍進。他向筆者介紹了之江文化中心項目設(shè)計的核心理念。
曹躍進介紹,之江文化中心作為一個文化綜合體,并不是將四館納入一幢建筑內(nèi),而是四館自成一體,分設(shè)于四邊,沿城市道路設(shè)置開放的廣場、綠地。中間圍合部分重點打造一個文化旅游公園“詩畫江南”,公共服務(wù)設(shè)施和停車布置在公園地下。這種“分散式+圍合”的布置,實際上來源于中國傳統(tǒng)文化里“和合”的理念。
而從建筑外觀來說,四館雖然各自獨立,但整體形象是統(tǒng)一的——都傳承了傳統(tǒng)江南建筑粉墻黛瓦的風(fēng)格。比如以淺灰、淺白色石材為主的外墻,借鑒了江南風(fēng)格建筑磚墻錯縫透空的砌筑手法,古為今用。再比如外窗局部采用了暖色窗框,這種精致的點綴更符合江南的氣韻。再比如屋頂,四館都采用了深灰色的金屬瓦屋面,覆蓋在高低起伏的建筑體之上,隱喻江南群山綿延的天際線。
曹躍進說,古語云“仁者樂山、智者樂水”,山水蘊含天地萬物。而位于四館中心部分的文化旅游公園,在設(shè)計上亦秉承了“天地人和”的哲理,汲取浙江的山水地域元素,將四周的場館建筑隱喻為“山”,點綴在江南園林的庭院水景之中,就如同一幅展開的中國山水畫卷。
在曹躍進看來,之江文化中心是充滿詩意的。這份詩意正好有四句詩可以代表,而它們是圍繞著“江南”與“山水”所展開的想象。
第一句,“江南好,風(fēng)景舊曾諳”。
曹躍進說,江南是之江文化中心的區(qū)域背景。作為中國文化的重要組成部分,在漫漫的歷史長河中,浙江逐漸發(fā)展成經(jīng)濟與文化雙騰飛的省份。這自然離不開悠久歷史所孕育出的燦爛的江南文化,而江南多變的地貌又造就了這一方獨特的風(fēng)景。
第二句,“江南憶,最憶是杭州”。
杭州的湖光山色是江南的精華所在。西子湖畔,錢塘江邊,無數(shù)的歷史傳說在此演繹。之江作為錢塘文化的發(fā)源地,擁有良好的文化根系和文藝氣質(zhì)。因此,從城市規(guī)劃中可見,之江文化中心建設(shè)工程,既是之江文化軸上的一顆明珠,又與藝創(chuàng)小鎮(zhèn)、云棲小鎮(zhèn)共同構(gòu)成三大文化集群,輻射整個之江板塊。
第三句,“日出江花紅勝火,春來江水綠如藍”。
曹躍進說,群山環(huán)繞,綠水盈盈,是江南風(fēng)景的主要特征,也是接觸概念方案時產(chǎn)生的最初印象。浙江地形復(fù)雜,有山脈也有水鄉(xiāng),綿延的山形與潺潺的流水形成一種強烈的對比,同時山水又能相互融合,這也成為了本案的靈感來源?!吧剿瘛笔墙衔幕木?,也已深入江浙人民的心中。因此,曹躍進也希望在設(shè)計中能完美體現(xiàn)這種山水文化。
第四句,“山寺月中尋桂子,郡亭枕上看潮頭”。
相信很多讀者都會有這樣的體驗,一張優(yōu)美的純風(fēng)景照與一張有人物的風(fēng)景照相比,后者總比前者來得生動。而之江文化中心的建立,就是為了人。曹躍進表示,之江文化中心主要由六部分組成,除四館外還包含公共服務(wù)中心和中心景觀公園。
其中公共服務(wù)中心完全布置在地下,留出大量的地面空間給景觀,現(xiàn)代的建筑規(guī)劃設(shè)計必須是建筑和景觀和諧的有機體。因此,此次設(shè)計的核心策略就是創(chuàng)造這樣一個和諧的整體,四個主要場館在場地中沿邊均衡布置,互相形成對話,每一個界面都向城市開放。圍合成的內(nèi)院既延續(xù)了江南建筑的庭院感,又賦予了她市民文化生活對現(xiàn)代公共空間的使用需求。
如果要概括之江文化中心的設(shè)計核心,曹躍進將其歸納為八個詞:多元、公益、便利、共享、突破、傳承、開放、人文。
盡管建筑群的外立面保持了相對統(tǒng)一的風(fēng)格,但事實上,未來的省級“四館”都會保留一些個性的成分。
有一些是大家可以直接想象出來的,比如博物館需要有大量的展陳空間和收藏空間,為了保護陳列和收藏的那些寶貝,需要讓室內(nèi)環(huán)境盡可能地穩(wěn)定,因此它的外立面墻體將會以實墻為主。而圖書館正好相反,因為人在其中活動,需要相對明亮的采光,因此其外立面會相對多使用一些透明玻璃,以增加室內(nèi)的采光面積。
也有一些是大家可能想不到的。比如文學(xué)館,按照目前的規(guī)劃,文學(xué)館中會有一些小型的展覽、講座空間,以及供兒童學(xué)習(xí)活動的室內(nèi)外空間。此外文學(xué)館還會設(shè)置一些作家創(chuàng)作室,吸引國內(nèi)外知名作家入駐、創(chuàng)作。因此,曹躍進表示,在設(shè)計時會更注重一些文人氛圍的營造,并確保一個相對安靜的空間。
再比如非遺館。曹躍進說,在與非遺館的責(zé)任單位對接之后,對這個“館內(nèi)外都要別具一格”的新館舍充滿期待,也感受到挑戰(zhàn)。非遺館想要呈現(xiàn)的“活態(tài)傳承”理念,以及讓游人融入展陳空間的設(shè)想,也讓曹躍進非常有興趣。
除了這些充滿個性的設(shè)想,在聽取相關(guān)責(zé)任單位所提出的要求后,曹躍進也發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些共性,比如“四館”都對自己的中央大廳有一些復(fù)雜的要求。以圖書館為例,它的中央大廳是整個館舍空間聯(lián)系的紐帶,但它又必須要有展示區(qū)域和儲藏功能。而除此之外,館方希望設(shè)計師能打造出一個別致的、具有浙江特色又很有視覺沖擊效果的中央大廳:“既要過目不忘,又要體驗良好”。而同樣考驗團隊設(shè)計功力的是博物館的中央大廳。作為之江文化中心占地面積最大的建筑,博物館的中央大廳需要與外觀保持相對一致的山水建筑理念,還要融入一些能夠代表浙江文化底色的元素,比如良渚文化等等。
除了“四館”建設(shè)外,與之江文化中心配套的公共服務(wù)中心,將建有會展中心、教育藝術(shù)中心、兒童活動中心以及停車場。半開放式的文化景觀公園,將會打造成一個充滿人文氣息,又帶有江南園林特征,同時具備文化品位的戶外空間。作為之江文化中心的有機構(gòu)成之一,它將會作為“四館”的補充與延伸,提供相對較大的戶外活動平臺和室外的兒童活動平臺,為文旅融合發(fā)展打下基礎(chǔ)。
曹躍進表示,之江文化中心的建設(shè),無論從選址還是建設(shè)標(biāo)準來說都具備了相當(dāng)?shù)那罢靶?。比如其選址位于之江文化帶的核心區(qū)塊,周邊的文化氛圍已日益濃厚,交通規(guī)劃也十分便利。而在館舍功能方面,設(shè)計需要有超前意識,要留足發(fā)展空間。其設(shè)施也是以“先進性、智慧性、示范性、引領(lǐng)性”為目標(biāo)。此外在軟件方面,之江文化中心也是以“成為全國先進,邁入世界一流行列”為目標(biāo)。而未來,之江文化帶將與周圍的云棲小鎮(zhèn)、藝創(chuàng)小鎮(zhèn)一同形成三大文化集群,以浙江音樂學(xué)院和中國美術(shù)學(xué)院兩大學(xué)院為支點,撬動整個之江新城板塊,成為浙江乃至全世界都有影響力的文化集群。
【唐】白居易
其一
江南好,風(fēng)景舊曾諳。日出江花紅勝火,春來江水綠如藍。能不憶江南?
其二
江南憶,最憶是杭州。山寺月中尋桂子,郡亭枕上看潮頭。何日更重游!
其三
江南憶,其次憶吳宮。吳酒一杯春竹葉,吳娃雙舞醉芙蓉。早晚復(fù)相逢!
Poetic Imagination for New Cultural Center in Hangzhou
By Chen Danning
February 28, 2018 saw the starting of the construction of Zhijiang Cultural Center, a provincial undertaking which is to house the new sites of Zhejiang Museum, Zhejiang Library, Zhejiang Museum for Intangible Cultural Heritage, and Zhejiang Literature Museum, in Binjiang District across the Qiantang River from downtown Hangzhou.
With culture, nature, art and ecology integrated into this project, the center is designed to stand as the latest cultural landmark of Hangzhou and Zhejiang.
As early as 2016, Zhejiang offered architects all over the world an opportunity to design the center. The design must feature two salient aspects: the center itself and its fusion with the surrounding urban development. The organizers of received bidding documents from 86 architecture firms. Fifty of the bidders submitted conceptual plans. After several rounds of consideration and evaluation, eight plans were on a shortlist and presented at Zhejiang Library for public opinion. Eventually, Architecture-Studio, a French architecture practice founded in 1973, came out as the winner.
Zhejiang Institute of Architectural Design has been picked to flesh out the conceptual plan and make it into practical blueprints down to all details and Zhejiang Construction Engineering Group has been commissioned to translate the blueprints into reality. Just the other day, we had an interview with Cao Yuejin, the chief architect in charge of the design project for the center, about the cultural landmark.
According to Cao, the new center is by no means a single architecture under whose roof all the four houses stay side by side. The four stand alone from each other, on the four sides of the large compound, with a park in the center and all the public service infrastructure and parking spaces underground. Conceptually, this gigantic structure that integrates all the independent units into a whole represents the idea of harmony in Chinese culture.
The chief architect states that the detailed design of the compound and the individual buildings can be described in ancient Chinese wisdom and poems. He specifies. A well-known ancient adage says that the wise love mountains but the benevolent love rivers. As culture pursues truth and enhances wisdom, the concept of rivers and mountains is to be expressed in the blueprints. The three museums and the library are considered to look like mountains where the park in the center has every reason to sprawl like a river, symbolizing truth and wisdom respectively and achieving a harmony of the two.
Cao quotes some lines from ancient Chinese poems to give more details about the design, saying the symbols of mountains and rivers on the compound can be seen if one explores carefully. Done with the ancient poems, he concludes that the general design embodies eight goals the new center is designed to represent: diversity, public benefit, convenience, sharing, breakthrough, tradition, openness, and culture.
Cao says individuality is a feature that must be emphasized. Though the four separate structures are poised to contribute to the overall harmony, each presents some special challenges that must be addressed individually. For example, as Zhejiang Museum needs large spaces for both holding exhibitions and safeguarding its precious collections, the inner structure must be solid and stable and the external walls must be solid and strong. On the other hand, Zhejiang Library needs as many glass windows as possible. Zhejiang Literature Museum can be a little bit different from the other three in that it needs a set of relatively small spaces for various functions. For example, the space for small-scaled exhibitions and the space for lectures there dont have to be cavernous. And the museum needs a space for children to play both indoor and outdoor. The museum plans to provide offices where writers can shut themselves up and write quietly without much interference from the outside. Cao Yuejin says this museum needs tranquility and privacy.
In addition to the four separate structures, there will be a series of public service spaces for parking, exhibition, art and education, and a large outdoor space for public events and childrens activities.
The Zhijiang Cultural Center is by no means a standing-alone cultural facility in the neighborhood. Ideally, it is connected with Cloud Town which is dedicated to the cutting-edge cloud computing and Art Town as well as China Academy of Art and Zhejiang Conservatory of Music in close neighborhood.