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      CRMP3在青少年皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇腦組織中的表達(dá)研究

      2019-09-02 04:51覃璐余瑞杭蔣艷
      中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2019年19期
      關(guān)鍵詞:癲癇青少年

      覃璐 余瑞杭 蔣艷

      [摘要] 目的 探討CRMP3在青少年皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇腦組織中的表達(dá)情況。 方法 將收集的青少年皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇腦組織及腦外傷術(shù)后正常腦組織標(biāo)本分為皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙組(MCD組,n=15)和對照組(control組,n=11)。采用實時定量PCR方法檢測CRMP3基因表達(dá)情況,采用Western-blot及免疫組化方法檢測兩組之間CRMP3的蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)水平。 結(jié)果 實時定量PCR結(jié)果提示CRMP3的mRNA表達(dá)水平在MCD組中表達(dá)增高,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。Western-blot及免疫組化結(jié)果提示在MCD組中CRMP3蛋白表達(dá)水平較control組顯著上調(diào),且CRMP3主要表達(dá)于神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞質(zhì)中(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 CRMP3在青少年皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇腦組織中高表達(dá),可能與皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇的發(fā)生發(fā)展具有相關(guān)性。

      [關(guān)鍵詞] 皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙;癲癇;CRMP3;青少年

      [中圖分類號] R742.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2019)19-0018-04

      [Abstract] Objective To investigate the expression of CRMP3 in brain tissues of adolescents with epilepsy induced by cortical developmental disorder. Methods The collected brain tissues of adolescents with epilepsy induced by cortical developmental disorder and normal specimens of brain tissue after the surgery of brain trauma were divided into cortical developmental disorder group (MCD group, n=15) and control group (control group, n=11). Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of CRMP3 gene. The protein expression level of CRMP3 between the two groups was detected by Western-blot and immunohistochemistry. Results According to the real-time quantitative PCR results, the expression of CRMP3 gene was increased in the MCD group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). According to the Western-blot and immunohistochemistry results, the expression level of CRMP3 protein was significantly up-regulated in the MCD group compared with the control group, and CRMP3 was mainly expressed in neuronal cytoplasm(P<0.05). Conclusion CRMP3 is highly expressed in the brain tissues of adolescents with epilepsy induced by cortical developmental disorder, which may be related to the occurrence and development of epilepsy induced by cortical developmental disorder.

      [Key words] Cortical developmental disorder; Epilepsy; CRMP3; Adolescent

      皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙(malformations of cortical development,MCD)是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育畸形而導(dǎo)致的一種疾病,包括局灶性皮質(zhì)發(fā)育不良(focal cortical dysplasia,F(xiàn)CD)、結(jié)節(jié)性硬化(tuberous sclerosis complex,TSC)、無腦畸形等亞型[1,2]。MCD可導(dǎo)致癲癇發(fā)作,且是難治性癲癇的常見原因之一。研究認(rèn)為MCD致癇的主要原因是異構(gòu)神經(jīng)元的過度興奮及異常神經(jīng)通路的形成[3,4]。

      腦衰反應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白家族(CRMPs)控制著神經(jīng)元樹突、軸突的形態(tài)發(fā)展,神經(jīng)元的極化以及神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的分化[5,6]。相關(guān)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CRMP3能夠促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元樹突的生長,體內(nèi)外實驗證實敲除CRMP3可引起樹突形態(tài)發(fā)育不良[7,8]。眾多研究表明,CRMP3蛋白的異常表達(dá)與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病具有相關(guān)性,如腦缺血[9]、邊緣性腦炎[10]、副腫瘤綜合征[11]等。但是,目前CRMP3與皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇的研究尚為空白。

      本實驗以青少年皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇腦組織及腦外傷術(shù)后正常腦組織為對象,運用實時定量PCR、Western Blot、免疫組化方法探索CRMP3在MCD型癲癇腦組織中的表達(dá)差異,從而初步探討CRMP3與皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇的相關(guān)性以及其潛在的病理機(jī)制?,F(xiàn)報道如下。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1材料來源

      腦組織標(biāo)本均由第三軍醫(yī)大學(xué)新橋醫(yī)院提供,標(biāo)本的采集得到了新橋醫(yī)院倫理委員會的批準(zhǔn)以及患者家屬的同意。MCD型癲癇腦組織標(biāo)本(MCD組)來源于MCD型癲癇患者手術(shù),共15例,其中男8例,女7例,平均年齡(12.22±3.20)歲。正常腦組織標(biāo)本(control組)由腦外傷后因顱內(nèi)高壓手術(shù)切除而來,共11例,其中男7例,女4例,平均年齡(13.10±3.70)歲,且所提供標(biāo)本的患者既往均無神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病及癲癇病史。兩組患者均為漢族,在性別、年齡方面差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

      1.2主要試劑

      TRIzol購自Invitrogen公司,蛋白質(zhì)濃度測試劑購自Bradford公司,CRMP3引物購自O(shè)rigene公司,總RNA提取試劑盒購自碧云天公司,CRMP3及GADPH抗體購自Abcam公司。

      1.3 實時定量PCR

      采用TRIzol試劑(1 mL/60 mg)提取腦組織中的總RNA。將所獲得的RNA通過A3500逆轉(zhuǎn)錄儀使其反轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA。cDNA通過ABI 7500 Real-Time PCR儀對目的引物CRMP3進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增。本實驗以GADPH為內(nèi)參,運用2-△△Ct方法分析CRMP3基因表達(dá)的相對定量,至少重復(fù)3次實驗。

      1.4 蛋白質(zhì)免疫印跡

      將腦組織標(biāo)本勻漿后加入蛋白質(zhì)裂解液從而提取其總蛋白質(zhì),用BCA方法測得濃度。蛋白變性后,于對應(yīng)孔中分別加入40 μg蛋白,經(jīng)SDS-PAGE電泳分離,并轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜。4%明膠室溫封閉1 h,一抗(兔多克隆CRMP3抗體,1:2000)4℃過夜。次日,加入辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗兔IgG(1:5000),室溫孵育 1 h后,ECL發(fā)光顯色。Quantity One軟件分析目的條帶光密度值(OD值),至少重復(fù)3次實驗。

      1.5 免疫組化

      腦組織樣本用多聚甲醛浸泡過夜,石蠟包埋。經(jīng)脫蠟、水化后,切片經(jīng)pH6.0的枸櫞酸鈉緩沖溶液加熱,從而達(dá)到修復(fù)抗原作用。切片冷卻后,加入H2O2滅活內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶。山羊血清封閉液室溫孵育30 min,CRMP3抗體(1:500稀釋)4℃過夜。次日,二抗37℃孵育30 min,DAB顯色。蘇木精復(fù)染,再次脫水后用光學(xué)顯微鏡拍照。

      該實驗運用半定量方法分析蛋白質(zhì)表達(dá)水平,免疫組化圖片染色強(qiáng)度得分范圍為0~3分,陽性細(xì)胞百分比范圍0~100%,兩者相乘得到結(jié)果范圍為0~200[12,13]。通過得分比較可分析出CRMP3的表達(dá)情況。該實驗至少進(jìn)行3次。

      1.6 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法

      采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行分析,計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用獨立樣本t檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 實時定量PCR檢測CRMP3 mRNA的表達(dá)情況

      MCD組中CRMP3的mRNA表達(dá)水平(2.23±0.14)顯著高于control組(0.98±0.19),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(圖1)。

      2.2 蛋白質(zhì)免疫印跡檢測CRMP3在各組中的表達(dá)情況

      通過Western-blot方法發(fā)現(xiàn):與control組(0.87±0.31)相比,CRMP3在MCD組中的表達(dá)(2.26±0.29)明顯升高,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)(圖2)。

      2.3 免疫組化檢測CRMP3的表達(dá)情況及其分布

      利用免疫組化方法檢測CRMP3在青少年皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇腦組織中的表達(dá)情況。與control組(21.14±4.94)相比,CRMP3在MCD組(181.01±6.43)表達(dá)上調(diào),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),且主要表達(dá)于神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞質(zhì)中(封三圖3)。

      3討論

      皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇為藥物難治型癲癇種類之一,目前主要通過手術(shù)切除致癇灶方式加以治療[14]。但是,外科手術(shù)不僅加重了患者的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),而且手術(shù)本身也是一種創(chuàng)傷。目前普遍研究認(rèn)為,MCD是由于神經(jīng)元異常增殖凋亡、神經(jīng)元遷移及皮層重構(gòu)異常導(dǎo)致[15]。MCD病理學(xué)常表現(xiàn)為大量異形及巨形神經(jīng)元、氣球樣細(xì)胞及巨細(xì)胞,這些細(xì)胞又稱為異構(gòu)神經(jīng)元。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)這些異構(gòu)神經(jīng)元具有高度興奮性,可自發(fā)產(chǎn)生癇樣放電[16]。

      樹突的異常生長、突觸的畸形重組不僅會導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元及皮層重構(gòu)異常產(chǎn)生MCD,而且通過新形成的神經(jīng)環(huán)路,導(dǎo)致癇樣放電[17]。CRMPs是在1995年通過Sema 3A信號通路而被大眾所認(rèn)識,共包括5個成員(即CRMP1~5)[18-20]。強(qiáng)有力的證據(jù)表明CRMPs主要通過微管聚合、微絲運動、肌動蛋白網(wǎng)絡(luò)形成從而調(diào)控細(xì)胞骨架,參與神經(jīng)細(xì)胞分化、遷徙及神經(jīng)突起的生長發(fā)育[21,22]。CRMP1的表達(dá)能夠抑制神經(jīng)突起的生長及分支形成[23]。2012年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CRMP1在成年人顳葉難治性癲癇腦組織中表達(dá)下調(diào),證實CRMP1與顳葉難治性癲癇具有相關(guān)性[24]。CRMP3作為 CRMPs家族成員之一,Quach TT等[7,8]發(fā)現(xiàn)CRMP3在樹突及軸突形態(tài)發(fā)育上起著重要作用,在小鼠體內(nèi)敲除CRMP3可導(dǎo)致樹突形態(tài)發(fā)育不良,在體外實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)CRMP3可通過調(diào)節(jié)離子門控通道從而影響樹突形態(tài)發(fā)育。Aylsworth A等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)CRMP3通過阻止微管蛋白的聚合從而調(diào)控神經(jīng)元的生長。2013年,有報道提出CRMP3參與調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元死亡[26]。因此,我們推測CRMP3通過樹突及神經(jīng)元的異常延伸,參與皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇的發(fā)生機(jī)制。

      通過本實驗,發(fā)現(xiàn)在MCD組中,CRMP3的mRNA水平表達(dá)較conrtol組明顯升高。在MCD型癲癇腦組織中CRMP3的蛋白水平表達(dá)同樣高于正常腦組織。研究結(jié)果證實CRMP3的高表達(dá)與青少年皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇的發(fā)生發(fā)展具有相關(guān)性。但是,本研究只是一種現(xiàn)象存在,CRMP3是否引起MCD型癲癇的發(fā)生,尚需進(jìn)一步研究證實。

      綜上所述,本實驗研究了CRMP3在青少年皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇腦組織中的表達(dá)情況,結(jié)果提示CRMP3與皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇具有相關(guān)性,該結(jié)果為進(jìn)一步研究皮質(zhì)發(fā)育障礙型癲癇的機(jī)制奠定了基礎(chǔ),為新藥物的研究提供了一個新的方向。

      [參考文獻(xiàn)]

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      [2] Juric-Sekhar G,Hevner RF. Malformations of cerebral cortex development:Molecules and mechanisms[J]. Annual Review of Pathology,2019,14:293-318.

      [3] Cepeda C,Andre VM,Wu N,et al. Immature neurons and GABA networks may contribute to epileptogenesis in pediatric cortical dysplasia[J]. Epilepsia,2007,48( Suppl 5):79-85.

      [4] Barkovich AJ,Dobyns WB,Guerrini R. Malformations of cortical development and epilepsy[J]. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine,2015,5(5):a022392.

      [5] Lin PC,Chan PM,Hall C,et al. Collapsin response mediator proteins(CRMPs) are a new class of microtubule-associated protein(MAP) that selectively interacts with assembled microtubules via a taxol-sensitive binding interaction[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry,2011, 286(48):41466-41478.

      [6] Quach TT,Honnorat J,Kolattukudy PE,et al. CRMPs:Critical molecules for neurite morphogenesis and neuropsychiatric diseases[J]. Molecular Psychiatry,2015,20(9):1037-1045.

      [7] Quach TT,Auvergnon N,Khanna R,et al. Opposing morphogenetic defects on dendrites and mossy fibers of dentate granular neurons in CRMP3-deficient mice[J]. Brain Sci,2018,8(11):E196.

      [8] Quach TT,Wilson SM,Rogemond V,et al. Mapping CRMP3 domains involved in dendrite morphogenesis and voltage-gated calcium channel regulation[J]. Journal of Cell Science,2013,126(Pt 18):4262-4273.

      [9] Jiang SX,Kappler J,Zurakowski B,et al. Calpain cleavage of collapsin response mediator proteins in ischemic mouse brain[J]. The European Journal of Neuroscience,2007,26(4):801-809.

      [10] Knudsen A,Bredholt G,Storstein A,et al. Antibodies to CRMP3-4 associated with limbic encephalitis and thymoma[J]. Clinical and Experimental Immunology,2007, 149(1):16-22.

      [11] Honnorat J,Byk T,Kusters I,et al. Ulip/CRMP proteins are recognized by autoantibodies in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes[J]. The European Journal of Neuroscience,1999,11(12):4226-4232.

      [12] Ho J,Kong JW,Choong LY,et al. Novel breast cancer metastasis-associated proteins[J]. Journal of Proteome Research,2009,8(2):583-594.

      [13] Tong SW,Yang YX,Hu HD,et al. HSPB1 is an intracellular antiviral factor against hepatitis B virus[J]. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry,2013,114(1):162-173.

      [14] Martinez-Lizana E,F(xiàn)auser S,Brandt A,et al. Long-term seizure outcome in pediatric patients with focal cortical dysplasia undergoing tailored and standard surgical resections[J]. Seizure,2018,62:66-73.

      [15] Omidi A,Akbari M,Mortezaee K,et al. Prenatal transplantation of epidermal neural crest stem cells in malformation of cortical development mouse model[J]. Microscopy Research and Technique,2017,80(4):394-405.

      [16] Wong M. Mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR) activation in focal cortical dysplasia and related focal cortical malformations[J]. Experimental Neurology,2013,244:22-26.

      [17] Stouffer MA,Golden JA,F(xiàn)rancis F. Neuronal migration disorders:Focus on the cytoskeleton and epilepsy[J]. Neurobiology of Disease,2016,92(Pt A):18-45.

      [18] Tang Y,Ye Z,Wei Y,et al. Vertebrate paralogous CRMPs in nervous system:Evolutionary,structural,and functional interplay[J]. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience:MN,2015, 55(2):324-334.

      [19] Takaya R,Nagai J,Piao W,et al. CRMP1 and CRMP4 are required for proper orientation of dendrites of cerebral pyramidal neurons in the developing mouse brain[J]. Brain Research,2017,1655:161-167.

      [20] Nagai J,Baba R,Ohshima T. CRMPs function in neurons and glial cells:Potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases and CNS injury[J]. Molecular Neurobiology,2017,54(6):4243-4256.

      [21] Fukata Y,Kimura T,Kaibuchi K. Axon specification in hippocampal neurons[J]. Neuroscience Research,2002,43(4):305-315.

      [22] Arimura N,Kaibuchi K. Neuronal polarity:From extracellular signals to intracellular mechanisms[J]. Nature Reviews Neuroscience,2007,8(3):194-205.

      [23] Yao L,Liu YH,Li X,et al. CRMP1 interacted with Spy1 during the collapse of growth cones induced by sema3A and acted on regeneration after sciatic nerve crush[J]. Molecular Neurobiology,2016,53(2):879-893.

      [24] Luo J,Zeng K,Zhang C,et al. Down-regulation of CRMP-1 in patients with epilepsy and a rat model[J]. Neurochemical Research,2012,37(7):1381-1391.

      [25] Aylsworth A,Jiang SX,Desbois A,et al. Characterization of the role of full-length CRMP3 and its calpain-cleaved product in inhibiting microtubule polymerization and neurite outgrowth[J]. Experimental Cell Research,2009, 315(16):2856-2868.

      [26] Hou ST,Jiang SX,Aylsworth A,et al. Collapsin response mediator protein 3 deacetylates histone H4 to mediate nuclear condensation and neuronal death[J]. Scientific Reports,2013,3:1350.

      (收稿日期:2019-02-26)

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