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      動態(tài)軀干—左心室模型的初步研究

      2019-10-08 06:27:21陳凱文朱俊杰姚曉松
      軟件 2019年6期
      關(guān)鍵詞:左心室

      陳凱文 朱俊杰 姚曉松

      摘 ?要: 為研究心室變化對心臟磁場的影響,本文利用健康人彩色多普勒成像提取一個(gè)心動周期的左心室圖像數(shù)據(jù),建立了一個(gè)動態(tài)的磁場邊界元模型。文中基于該模型研究了電流偶極子在左心室舒張期220 ms和320 ms時(shí)刻所產(chǎn)生的心臟磁場數(shù)據(jù),結(jié)果顯示當(dāng)偶極子位于左心室腔內(nèi)時(shí),220 ms時(shí)刻的磁場強(qiáng)度大于320 ms時(shí)刻的磁場強(qiáng)度;當(dāng)偶極子位于左心室腔外(心肌中)時(shí),磁場強(qiáng)度相對前者的變化小,且320 ms時(shí)刻的磁場強(qiáng)度略小于220 ms時(shí)刻的磁場強(qiáng)度。此外文中仿真了健康人的整個(gè)心動周期的心臟磁場,并與實(shí)測的心臟磁場數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了對比,仿真結(jié)果顯示仿真的心臟磁場的強(qiáng)度整體上小于實(shí)測磁場。這說明了利用彩色多普勒成像數(shù)據(jù)分別對左心室舒張初期和舒張末期的心臟磁場進(jìn)行建模仿真能獲得更多的特征信息。

      關(guān)鍵詞: 心磁圖;邊界元法;左心室;彩色多普勒成像

      中圖分類號: TN911.73 ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼: A ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-6970.2019.06.008

      本文著錄格式:陳凱文,朱俊杰,姚曉松,等. 動態(tài)軀干—左心室模型的初步研究[J]. 軟件,2019,40(6):3439

      【Abstract】: In order to study the influence of ventricular changes on the heart magnetic field, this paper established a dynamic magnetic field boundary element model using a healthy human color Doppler imaging to extract the left ventricular image data of a cardiac cycle. In this paper, we studied the cardiac magnetic field data generated by the current dipole at left 220 ms and 320 ms based this model. The results showed that the dipole in the left ventricle the intensity of the magnetic field at 220 ms is greater than intensity of the magnetic field at 320 ms; when the dipole out the left ventricle (in the myocardium) the intensity of the magnetic field is smaller than the former, and the intensity of the magnetic field at 320 ms is slightly smaller than intensity of the magnetic field at 220 ms. In addition, we simulated a whole heart cycle of the healthy peoples heart magnetic field and compared with the SQUID magnetic field data. The simulation results show that the intensity of the simulated cardiac magnetic field is less than the SQUID magnetic field. It indicates that more characteristic information can be obtained by modeling and simulating the cardiac magnetic field at the left ventricular initial-diastolic and end-diastolic respectively by using color Doppler four-dimensional imaging data.

      【Key words】: Magnetocardiography; Boundary element model; Left ventricular; Color Doppler ultrasonography

      0 ?引言

      進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)后,多通道超導(dǎo)量子干涉儀(super?conducting quantum interference device,SQUID)在心臟磁場中的應(yīng)用為心臟磁場的研究帶來了新的發(fā)展機(jī)遇。超導(dǎo)量子干涉儀能夠在人體表面測量出心臟磁場信號并用心磁圖(magnetocar-diography,MCG)表示出來[1-2]。在心臟磁場的正問題和逆問題研究中,通常會建立一個(gè)包含人體心臟和軀干的模型用于研究心臟磁場的研究。由于心臟組織結(jié)構(gòu)的較為復(fù)雜跳動時(shí)伴隨著扭轉(zhuǎn),因此,建立一個(gè)符合人體解剖學(xué)原理和心臟電生理學(xué)的人體心臟模型對心臟磁場的研究是非常有必要的。

      在心臟磁場的研究中通常使用醫(yī)學(xué)成像來建立人體的心臟、軀干等模型。1991年J Nenonent和Forsman K等建立了包括心臟和肺部在內(nèi)的真實(shí)的軀干模型并以此模型研究了不同條件下和器官和血液對心磁圖的影響[3]。近年來,浙江大學(xué)的夏靈等人利用CT圖像用有限元法建立了心臟-軀干模型,基于該模型進(jìn)行心電仿真[4,5],張琛和壽國法等人利用CT圖像建立了包含肺部和心臟的人體軀干邊界元模型,其中心臟模型只有半個(gè)心臟包含兩個(gè)心室,利用該模型研究了仿真的MCG和實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù)的差異[6,7]。Czapski P和Ramon C等人曾利用核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI),建立了包含心臟在內(nèi)的人體軀干模型[8, 9],文中指出,MRI對軟組織的對比度明顯高于CT。同濟(jì)大學(xué)的蔣式勤等人根據(jù)胸腔MRI圖像數(shù)據(jù)建立了一個(gè)包含心房、心室的多腔體心臟—軀干BEM模型,并將其用于完全性左、右束支傳導(dǎo)阻滯(complete right bundle branch block/complete left bundle branch block, CLBBB/ CRBBB)病人的電興奮傳導(dǎo)研究[10-12]。此外Soo-Kng Te和Sarayu Parimal等人利用MRI成像建立了一個(gè)有限元的心臟模型,該模型用于研究心臟運(yùn)動過程中心壁的形變[13]。2016年Erick A Perez Alday和Chen Zhang等建立了軀干和心臟模型,通過該模型研究了ECG和MCG的差異[14]。

      4 ?結(jié)論

      本文采用彩色多普勒4D成像技術(shù)提取到清晰度更高的完整心動周期的心臟解剖結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù),并根據(jù)舒張過程中的左心室邊界,分別研究了220 ms和320 ms時(shí)刻的軀干—左心室磁場邊界元模型。研究結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)偶極子的偶極矩固定,給定的單電流偶極子位于左心室內(nèi)部時(shí),這兩個(gè)時(shí)刻的磁場圖在大小、空間分布有較為明顯的差異;當(dāng)偶極子位于左心室腔外時(shí),這兩個(gè)時(shí)刻的模型所產(chǎn)生的磁場數(shù)據(jù)整體上都大于偶極子位于左心室腔內(nèi)時(shí)的磁場數(shù)據(jù),而這兩個(gè)時(shí)刻的磁場分布和大小的變化并不明顯;這種差異主要是心室邊界變化所導(dǎo)致的。這就說明在心臟磁場建模過程中非常有必要考慮心臟收縮過程對心臟磁場所造成的影響。這也說明對于心臟舒張時(shí)期,在心臟正問題和逆問題研究中都應(yīng)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的分析處理,從而使得結(jié)果與心臟電生理過程更加吻合。此外,本文對一個(gè)心動周期內(nèi)健康人的心臟磁場進(jìn)行了仿真,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,仿真的磁場的強(qiáng)度小于SQUID實(shí)測心臟磁場,QRS群波時(shí)段明顯小于實(shí)測心臟磁場值。

      綜上所述,利用彩色多普勒4D成像對于建立更為精確的心室模型是必要的。針對心臟舒張期內(nèi)心臟的不同形態(tài)構(gòu)建心臟磁場模型,從而對心磁模型進(jìn)行深入的研究,這將有助于對心臟磁場的產(chǎn)生、傳播等機(jī)理有一個(gè)更為全面的認(rèn)識。

      參考文獻(xiàn)

      [1] Cohen D, Hosaka H, Magnetic Field Produced by a C urrent Dipole [J]. Journal of Electrocardiology, 1976, 9(4): 409- 417.

      [2] De Melis M, Tanaka K, Uchikawa Y. Magnetocardiography Signal Reconstruction with Reduced Source Space Based on Current Source Variance [J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2010, 46(5): 1203-2107.

      [3] Nenonen J, Forsman K, et al. Magnetocardiographic localisation and modelling[J]. Institute of Physical Sciences in Medicine. 1991. 12: 11-14.

      [4] Xia Ling, Huo Meimei, Wei Qing, et. al. Analysis of cardiac ventricular wall motion based on a three-dimensional electromechanical biventricular model [J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 2005, 8(50): 1901-1917.

      [5] Shou Guofa. Xia Ling, Jiang Mingfeng, et. al. Solving the ECG Forward Problem by Means of Standard h- and h-Hierarchical Adaptive Linear Boundary Element Method: Comparison With Two Refinement Schemes [J]. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2009, 5(56): 1454-1464.

      [6] Shou Guofa, Xia Ling, Ma Ping, et al. Simulation study of a magnetocardiogram based on a virtual heart model: effect of a cardiac equivalent source and a volume conductor [J]. Chin. Phys. B, 2011, 20(3): 030702.

      [7] Zhang Chen, Shou Guofa, Lu Hong, et al. A new magneto- cardiogram study using a vector model with a virtual heart and the boundary element method [J]. Chin. Phys. B, 2013, 22(9): 090701.

      [8] Czapski P, Ramon C, Haueisen J, et al. MCG Simulations of Myocardial Infarctions with a Realistic Heart-Torso Model [J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1998, 45(11): 1313- 1322.

      [9] Ramon C, Czapski P, Haueisen J, et al. MCG Simulations with a Realistic Heart-Torso Model [J]. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1998, 45(11): 1323-1331.

      [10] 王偉遠(yuǎn), 趙晨, 林玉章, 張樹林, 謝曉明, 蔣式勤. 心臟磁場分布電流源重構(gòu)及其精度分析 [J]. 物理學(xué)報(bào) 2013, 62(14): 148703.

      [11] 朱俊杰, 蔣式勤, 王偉遠(yuǎn), 等. 多腔體心臟磁場模型的研究與應(yīng)用 [J]. 物理學(xué)報(bào) 2014, 63(5): 058703.

      [12] 周大方, 張樹林, 蔣式勤. 用于心臟電活動成像的空間濾波器輸出噪聲抑制方法[J]. 物理學(xué)報(bào)2018, 67(15): 158702.

      [13] Soo-Kng Te, Sarayu Parimal, Like Gobeawan, et. al. Reconstruction of 3D Dense Cardiac Motion Field from Cine and Tagged Magnetic Resonance Images [J]. Computing in Cardiology, 2016, 43: 1-4

      [14] Erick A Perez Alday, Haibo Ni, Chen Zhang. Michael A. Colman, Zizhao Gan, Henggui Zhang. Comparison of Electric-and Magnetic-Cardiograms Produced by Myocardial Ischemia in Models of the Human Ventricle and Torso [J]. PLOS ONE, 2016 8. 11: e0160999.

      [15] Dekker D L, Piziali R L, Jr E D. A System for Ultrasonically Imaging the Human Heart in Three Dimensions [J]. Comput Biomed Res, 1974, 7: 544-553.

      [16] Martin R W, Bashein G, Zimmer R. An Endoscopic Micromanipulator for Multiplanar Transesophageal Imaging [J]. Ultrasound in Med. & Biol, 1986, 12: 965-975.

      [17] Van Ramm O T, Smith S W. Real Time Volumetric Ultrasound lmaging System [J]. Journal of Digital Imaging, 1990, 3: 261-266.

      [18] Li Zhian, Wang Xinfang, Lu Ping, et al. Study on three- dimensional reconstruction of transesophageal echocardiographic images [J]. Journal of Tongji Medical University, 1995, 15: 10-15.

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