BALA HISHAM SHARIF

摘 要：對城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展的研究，關(guān)鍵在于如何將生態(tài)學(xué)原理引入城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計？如何減少對自然環(huán)境的影響和破壞，最大限度地節(jié)約資源，以較小的能源和物質(zhì)代價獲取更多的環(huán)境舒適性。

關(guān)鍵詞：生物;氣候;過度

INTRODUCTION

In present day society， the majority of modern building practices have separated people from the natural world， in turn cutting off access to the positive benefits contact with nature can provide. The human need for nature is not a new idea， but one that has been ignored and pushed aside in modern times Causes of this separation from nature are a result of modern Day industry and growth， some phenomenon like pollution as a result chemical “off gassing”. Constant development that has occurred over the last 100 years， specifically the results of the Industrial Revolution， has significantly damaged and degraded the natural environment， and has served to disconnect humans from the natural world. As a result， many of the current environments we have built around us are often devoid of natural features， green spaces， natural light， and ventilation. Lack of daylight， fresh air， and exposure to natural processes has begun to take its toll on our physical health and well-being. Until recently most research on the built environment has concentrated on the negative aspects of building design such as poor lighting， inadequate ventilation and climate control as well as chemical “off- gassing” which has resulted in the “sick-building syndrome”. Sick building syndrome usually occurs when the ventilation system is inadequate and materials and finishes such as paint， plastics， and wall coverings emit harmful fumes. Buildings with these problems have been known to cause “building related illness for so many years professionals have emphasized on sustainable architecture and green building but in most cases nature always end of been the answer.

BIOPHILIC DESIGN

The theory of biophilia

The theory of biophilia was introduced in 1984 by socio-biologist Edward O. Wilson in his book of the same name. However， the first time the notion of biophilia was mentioned was in the late 1900s by Erich Fromm， a German social psychologist. Fromm hypothesized that people have a “passionate love of life and all that is alive; it is the wish to further growth， whether in a person， a plant， an idea， or a social group”. Wilson takes Fromms notion further and explains biophilia more completely. Wilsons theory of biophilia states that humans have an innate tendency to focus on life and lifelike processes. To elaborate， this theory purports humans have a need for nature beyond what nature provides them at a physical level， and encompasses the human craving for aesthetic， intellectual， cognitive， and even spiritual needs. Nature is essential to healthy human development in that it facilitates development of intellectual capacity， and immersion in nature satisfies humans desire for curiosity， discovery and imagination. Specifically， biophilia is the inherent human inclination to affiliate with natural systems and processes， especially life and life-like features of the nonhuman environment.

Impact of biophilia to build environment

The concept of biophilia implies that humans hold a biological need for interaction with nature on physical， mental， and social levels， and that this connection affects our personal well-being， productivity， and societal relationships as such Biophilia has many applications that help transform mundane settings into stimulating environments; whether one is engaging with nature by walking through a park， by interacting with animals， or simply by having a view of greenery from home or place of work.

Biophilic design as one of the most recent reconnection theories incorporates organic life into the built environment in an essential manner. Extending this logic， the building form， articulation and textures could themselves follow the same geometry found in all living forms. Biophilia can be incorporated into the home through strategies such as the simple addition of indoor plants or large well- placed windows that provide visual connections to the outdoors， design a building with porches， covered walkways， ?patios or decks that provide access to the outdoor， local views， natural materials， large plants， water and natural light as well as ventilation， fences， gazebos or gliders in the backyard to create different outdoor spaces to enjoy and create an extension of the interior. These outdoor activity areas can include spaces for play， relaxation， meditation and dinning， in order to promote a connection to the daily and seasonal changes in the natural world. In Biophilia the design balances human needs with the value and considerations of natural environments and incorporates aspects and qualities of those elements into architectural design. This serves to reinforce man's instinctual connection and relationship with those systems thus creating places imbued with emotional experiences， enjoyment， pleasure， interest， fascination and wonder.

Biophilic design nurtures these relationships through the use of biophilic design features： natural ventilation， natural lighting， natural forms， natural materials， water features， prospect & refuge and ecological ethics and wellness.