依托考綱，回歸教材，結(jié)合真題，構(gòu)建網(wǎng)絡(luò)
——淺談高考英語語法一輪復(fù)習(xí)策略

貴州 謝尚海

高考英語所有題型都涉及基礎(chǔ)語法知識(shí)的運(yùn)用，尤其是語法填空題和短文改錯(cuò)題，均直接考查詞法和句法。因此，在英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)備考中，語法的復(fù)習(xí)至關(guān)重要。眾所周知，高考命題依托考綱，源于教材又高于教材。實(shí)踐表明，學(xué)生要想考出理想的成績(jī)，決不能放松對(duì)教材的全面研讀，只有認(rèn)真研讀教材，做好充分的準(zhǔn)備，在高考時(shí)才能得心應(yīng)手，游刃有余。因此，在一輪復(fù)習(xí)備考中，在明晰復(fù)習(xí)側(cè)重點(diǎn)后，教師應(yīng)依托考綱，回歸教材，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生“讀課文，抓基礎(chǔ)，做真題”，對(duì)于重點(diǎn)知識(shí)和主干知識(shí)，必須精抓實(shí)干，舉一反三，做到真真正正吃透教材，扎扎實(shí)實(shí)打好基礎(chǔ)。下面，筆者結(jié)合人教版教材和近年高考英語語法填空題及短文改錯(cuò)題進(jìn)行說明，以期更好地助力一輪復(fù)習(xí)備考。

一、研讀考綱，梳理教材，明晰復(fù)習(xí)側(cè)重點(diǎn)

教師要研讀考綱，梳理教材，明晰高考英語語法一輪復(fù)習(xí)側(cè)重點(diǎn)，帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生全面且有所側(cè)重地復(fù)習(xí)語法知識(shí)。下表為筆者綜合考綱及教材進(jìn)行的相關(guān)梳理，供廣大教師作為參考。

二、吃透教材，鏈接高考，重點(diǎn)知識(shí)樣樣清

在明晰了高考英語語法一輪復(fù)習(xí)的側(cè)重點(diǎn)后，教師可以通過引導(dǎo)學(xué)生吃透教材，并鏈接高考的方法，幫助學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確理解并熟練運(yùn)用重點(diǎn)知識(shí)。教師可以讓學(xué)生按單元自主通讀課文，認(rèn)真逐詞逐句體會(huì)，以透徹理解過去學(xué)習(xí)中沒有弄懂的或者容易混淆的內(nèi)容。在學(xué)生通讀課文后，教師要答疑解惑。與此同時(shí)，針對(duì)每一單元的重點(diǎn)語法知識(shí)，教師要鏈接高考真題，并進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)，以達(dá)到強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練和熟悉高考的雙重目的。

（一）詞法的考查

1.時(shí)態(tài)

（1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 2 The Olympic Games Reading）There are over 250 sports and each one has its own standard.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ?短文改錯(cuò)）Though it may appear simple,it required（required 改 為requires）a lot of ideas and efforts.

點(diǎn)撥：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為常見考點(diǎn)，在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)教師要讓學(xué)生重點(diǎn)注意三個(gè)方面：表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理；表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作；在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。

（2）一般過去時(shí)

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 5 Music Reading）Then they produced their own records and started touring and playing their own music.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ?語法填空65 題）Our hosts shared many of their experiences and recommended（recommend）wonderful places to eat,shop,and visit.

點(diǎn)撥：當(dāng)and,but,or,so 等并列連詞連接并列謂語時(shí)，要特別注意時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。

（3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 3 Computers Reading）Over time my memory has developed so much that,like an elephant,I never forget anything I have been told!

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅱ?語法填空66 題）I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have made (make) over the years.

點(diǎn)撥：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也是高頻考點(diǎn)之一。在復(fù)習(xí)過程中，教師要讓學(xué)生明晰現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本用法，主要辨別“已完成用法”和“未完成用法”，尤其讓學(xué)生熟記與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的常見標(biāo)志詞，如：recently/lately（也可同一般過去時(shí)連用）,since,ever since,in the past ten/few years,over time,over the years 等。

2.非謂語動(dòng)詞

【教材典例】（Book 5 Unit 1 Great scientists Reading and Writing）The Christian Church rejected his theory,saying it was against God’s idea and people who supported it would be attacked.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ?語法填空70 題）...we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,listening (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.

（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅱ?語法填空65 題）...she had no plans to retire (retire) from her 36-year-old business.

（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅱ?語法填空68 題）When we got a call saying (say) she was short-listed,we thought it was a joke.

（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅰ?語法填空67 題）Scientists have responded by noting (note) that hungry bears may be congregating（聚集）around human settlements,...

點(diǎn)撥：非謂語動(dòng)詞是?？键c(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，在復(fù)習(xí)過程中，教師要讓學(xué)生把握關(guān)鍵：動(dòng)詞-ing 形式表示主動(dòng)與進(jìn)行，動(dòng)詞-ed形式表示被動(dòng)與完成，動(dòng)詞-to do形式表示將來（或動(dòng)作沒有發(fā)生）。此外，切勿忽視有關(guān)非謂語動(dòng)詞的其他語法知識(shí)：動(dòng)詞-ing 形式作伴隨狀語和動(dòng)詞-ing 形式作介詞賓語、“be+動(dòng)詞-ed 形式+介詞”結(jié)構(gòu)位于句首作狀語時(shí)省略be 動(dòng)詞、with+n.+v.-ing/v.-ed/v.-to do 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、固定結(jié)構(gòu)（如be busy doing sth.,look forward to doing sth.等）、只跟v.-ing 形式作賓語的動(dòng)詞和只跟v.-to do 形式作賓語的動(dòng)詞歸納等。

3.副詞

【教材典例】（Book 3 Unit 1 Festivals around the world Reading and Writing）They got married secretly,and they were very happy.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅰ?語法填空62 題）It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly (poor) studied;...

（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ?語法填空68 題）They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely(huge) popular with tourists.

點(diǎn)撥：副詞修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、句子等，是副詞的基本用法，也是高考?？键c(diǎn)。在日常教學(xué)中，教師要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生熟練掌握副詞的基本用法，還要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生有意識(shí)地注意形容詞和副詞之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)化，特別是要讓學(xué)生牢記常見的高頻副詞。

4.形容詞

【教材典例】（Book 1 Unit 3 Travel journal Using Language）However,the lakes shone like glass in the setting sun and looked wonderful.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ?短文改錯(cuò)）What I want is not just an ordinarily (ordinarily 改為ordinary) cafe but a very special one.

（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅱ?短文改錯(cuò)）First,I wanted to be a fireman,whose uniform looked so coolly（coolly 改為cool）.

點(diǎn)撥：形容詞修飾名詞作定語（前置定語或后置定語），位于連系動(dòng)詞之后作表語，是形容詞的基本用法，也是高考常考點(diǎn)。在日常教學(xué)中，教師不僅要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生熟練掌握形容詞的基本用法，還要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生有意識(shí)地注意形容詞和副詞之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)化，特別是要讓學(xué)生牢記常見的高頻形容詞。

5.構(gòu)詞法

【教材典例】（Book 1 Unit 4 Earthquakes Using Language）We are pleased to tell you that you have won the high school speaking competition about new Tangshan.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ?語法填空66 題）...,they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting competition (compete) to watch,together with the story behind it.

（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ?語法填空67 題）They also shared with us many traditional (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.

點(diǎn)撥：詞性和詞形的轉(zhuǎn)化是針對(duì)構(gòu)詞法最基礎(chǔ)的考查。教師應(yīng)讓學(xué)生熟記以-tion,-sion,-ful,-al,-ment,-ure,-ist 等結(jié)尾的詞，以及其他特殊的變化形式，這對(duì)學(xué)生的一輪復(fù)習(xí)備考大有裨益。

（二）句法的考查

1.固定句式和用法

（1）so...that...

【教材典例】（Book 3 Unit 4 Astronomy:the science of the stars Using Language）It was so hard that we could not say anything to each other.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ?語法填空61 題）On our way to the house,it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering ...

點(diǎn)撥：so...that...（如此……以致……）這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，so 是副詞，修飾形容詞或者副詞，that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句。大部分學(xué)生都能夠掌握這個(gè)句式，但也有部分學(xué)生可能會(huì)將其與such...that...結(jié)構(gòu)混淆。因此，復(fù)習(xí)到這里時(shí)，教師應(yīng)該引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行比對(duì)。such...that 作“如此……以致……”解，連接一個(gè)表示結(jié)果的狀語從句，such 后邊跟名詞（這個(gè)名詞前面可以帶形容詞，也可以不帶）。比如：She is such a clever girl that everybody in our class likes her.又如：They are such interesting stories that I wish to read them again.（such后面跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞，則不用冠詞）英語中還有許多其他的學(xué)生極易混淆的固定句式和用法，在高三英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)中，教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生全面梳理、巧妙辨析這些易混淆的固定句式和用法，避免學(xué)生霧里看花。

（2）be+adj.+that/to do sth.

【教材典例】（Book 1 Unit 1 Friendship Reading）Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you,or would not understand what you are going through?

【高考鏈接】（2018 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ?短文改錯(cuò)）I was afraid that（去 掉that）to speak in front of a large group of people.

點(diǎn)撥：be+adj.+that.../be+adj.+to do sth.是常見的基本結(jié)構(gòu)。比如：be sure that.../ to do sth.,be happy that.../ to do sth.,be glad that.../ to do...等。如果形容詞后面是句子，則需要that，教師要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生仔細(xì)分辨。

（3）it takes/took sb.some time to do sth.

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 2 The Olympic Games Learning about Language Exercise 3）It didn’t take her long to reach the standard for entering the Olympic Games.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ?語法填空62 題）On our way to the house,it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get (get) there.

點(diǎn)撥：it takes/took sb.some time to do sth.意為“某人花了多少時(shí)間做某事”。在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，it 是形式主語，指代后面的動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)詞不定式才是真正的主語。在學(xué)習(xí)過程中，有些結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)?？?，如“find/make/believe it +adj.+to do sth.”，屬于考查熱點(diǎn)；有些結(jié)構(gòu)不?？?，如“it takes/took sb.some time to do sth.”，屬于考查冷點(diǎn)，但是在高考中還是偶有考查。因此，在一輪復(fù)習(xí)中，教師應(yīng)提醒學(xué)生不僅要關(guān)注考查熱點(diǎn)，還應(yīng)關(guān)注考查冷點(diǎn)。

2.定語從句的考查

【教材典例】（Book 4 Unit 2 Working the land Reading）One dream is not always enough,especially for a person who loves and cares for his people.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅲ?語法填空64 題）They were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for these animals.

（2019 ? 全 國(guó) 卷Ⅱ? 語 法 填 空62 題）Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,which she opened with her late husband Les.

點(diǎn)撥：當(dāng)先行詞為物時(shí)，定語從句用that/which 引導(dǎo)，在非限制性定語從句中，不用that 用which；先行詞為人且作主語時(shí)，定語從句通常用who 引導(dǎo)。不論是限制性還是非限制性定語從句，教材中都有很多例子。位列三大從句之首的定語從句屬于高頻考點(diǎn)，在考查時(shí)，可能會(huì)涉及不同的關(guān)系詞，比如：that,which,where,when 等。因此，在一輪復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)，限制性和非限制性定語從句學(xué)生都要重點(diǎn)復(fù)習(xí)，通過教材這一載體以及教師精選的練習(xí)，學(xué)生可以熟練、系統(tǒng)地掌握其基本用法。

3.同位語從句的考查

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 1 Cultural relics Reading）There is no doubt that the boxes were then put on a train for K?nigsberg,which was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國(guó)卷Ⅰ?語法填空61 題）While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Canada.

點(diǎn)撥：同位語從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語，這樣的名詞為數(shù)不多，如：news,fact,idea,desire,suggestion,promise,information,doubt,evidence,report,truth,order,hope,thought 等。在一輪復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)，教師應(yīng)提醒學(xué)生注意：（1）引導(dǎo)詞主要有that,whether,why,who,where,how,when 等；（2）that 和whether 不充當(dāng)句子成分；（3）if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句；（4）引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連詞一般不能省略。

三、提綱挈領(lǐng)，抽絲剝繭，構(gòu)建知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖

在明晰了高考英語語法一輪復(fù)習(xí)的側(cè)重點(diǎn)并指導(dǎo)學(xué)生精準(zhǔn)復(fù)習(xí)備考后，教師要指導(dǎo)學(xué)生“溫故而知新”。思維導(dǎo)圖具有發(fā)散性、聯(lián)想性、條理性和趣味性的特點(diǎn)，這有助于學(xué)生將大腦中零散的知識(shí)點(diǎn)連成線、聚成片。因此，教師可以指導(dǎo)學(xué)生構(gòu)建高考英語語法一輪復(fù)習(xí)的高頻考點(diǎn)思維導(dǎo)圖，以幫助學(xué)生厘清思路，強(qiáng)化記憶，靈活應(yīng)用。

總之，在一輪復(fù)習(xí)備考中，教師只有深挖教材，明晰高考必備語法知識(shí)以及一輪復(fù)習(xí)的側(cè)重點(diǎn)，結(jié)合高考真題，從“詞法”和“句法”兩方面入手，將教材中的語言知識(shí)和高頻考點(diǎn)講透講活，并利用思維導(dǎo)圖，幫助學(xué)生構(gòu)建“常見高頻考點(diǎn)知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖”，激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣，才能提高語法復(fù)習(xí)備考的實(shí)效性，最終完勝高考。