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      鋁脅迫下一氧化氮對巨尾桉生長及生理的影響

      2020-03-02 11:36羅文姬羅必敬蔣霞侯文娟王凌暉
      熱帶作物學(xué)報 2020年1期
      關(guān)鍵詞:毒害速生一氧化氮

      羅文姬 羅必敬 蔣霞 侯文娟 王凌暉

      摘 ?要:酸鋁抑制植物生長是全球關(guān)注的熱點。以往關(guān)于酸鋁脅迫的研究主要在禾本科和豆科植物上,而對經(jīng)濟用材林木較少。為此,本研究以巨尾桉廣林9號為供試材料,在無鋁(0?mmol/L)和鋁脅迫(5?mmol/L)2種情況下,設(shè)置一氧化氮(NO)3個水平(0、10、500 μmol/L),以期探究鋁脅迫下外源施加NO對巨尾桉生長和生理方面的影響。試驗結(jié)果表明:(1)5 mmol/L鋁處理下的巨尾桉根、莖、葉生物量分別顯著減少了11.57%、12.04%和37.37%,葉片葉綠素a、葉綠素a+b和類胡蘿卜素含量積累也受抑制;(2)鋁脅迫下葉片細胞膜透性顯著增大,膜脂過氧化的產(chǎn)物丙二醛(MDA)顯著增加了43.12%,細胞可溶性糖和蛋白含量分別顯著減少了9.43%、42.27%;(3)適量添加NO?(10?μmol/L)可提高鋁脅迫下光合色素含量,提高最大的葉綠素a達41.23%,MDA含量明顯降低了27.66%,提高可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,以達到調(diào)節(jié)活性氧代謝來維持細胞膜結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定的效果,從而使生物量顯著提高了10.19%;(4)NO濃度過高(500 μmol/L?SNP)時反而對巨尾桉有毒害作用,生物量下降了15.17%,說明NO具有雙重性。綜上所述,鋁脅迫對巨尾桉生長、滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)和抗氧化酶等生理特性均產(chǎn)生了抑制作用,而適當(dāng)添加外源NO可以緩解鋁對巨尾桉的毒害作用。

      關(guān)鍵詞:巨尾桉;鋁脅迫;一氧化氮;生長;生理中圖分類號:S727.3??????文獻標識碼:A

      Effects of Nitric Oxide on Growth and Physiology of Eucalyptus under Aluminum Stress

      LUO Wenji1, LUO Bijing1, JIANG Xia2, HOU Wenjuan1, WANG Linghui1*

      1.?Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China; 2.?Nanning Arboretum,?Nanning, Guangxi 530031, China

      AbstractAcid?aluminum inhibiting?plant growth is a global concern. Previous studies on acid and aluminum stress were mainly focused on gramineae and leguminous plants, less on economic timber species. In order to investigate the effects of exogenous application of nitric oxide on the growth and physiology of?E. grandis ×?E. urophyllaGuanglin?No.?9 under aluminum stress, three concentrations?of nitric oxide (NO) were applied in the absence of aluminium (0 mmol/L) and aluminium stress (5 mmol/L).?The results showed that: (1)?the biomass of the roots, stems and leaves ofE. grandis ×?E. urophyllatreated with 5 mmol/L?Al significantly decreased by 11.57%, 12.04% and 37.37%, respectively, and the accumulation of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a+b and carotenoids in the leaves was also inhibited. (2) Under Al stress, the cell membrane permeability of the leaves increased significantly, the product of membrane lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) increased by 43.12%, and the content of soluble sugar and protein decreased by 9.43% and 42.27%, corresspondingly.?(3) The content of photosynthetic pigments increased by 41.23% under Al stress by adding NO (10 μmol/L).?The content of MDA reduced by 27.66% and the content of soluble sugar and protein increased to regulate the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to maintain the stability of cell membrane structure, thus the biomass significantly increased?by 10.19%. (4) NO concentration increased by 10.19%. Over-high NO?(500 μmol/L) was toxic toE.?grandis, and the biomass decreased by 15.17%. This indicated that NO had dual characteristics.?The results showed that:?(1)?5 mmol/L?Al significantly inhibited the root and above-ground biomass, and inhibited?the accumulation of Chl a, Chl a+b and Car.?(2)?Al stress significantly increased?cell membrane permeability and MDA?(the product of plasmalemma peroxidation),?decreased?soluble sugar and soluble protein content inEucalyptusleaves.?(3) Addition of exogenous nitric oxide (10 μmol/L) could alleviate the effect of aluminum stress on photosynthetic pigments, significantly reduce?MDA content, and increase the content of soluble sugar and soluble protein in order to regulate the metabolism of reactive oxygen species and maintain the stability of cell membrane structure, thus significantly increasing the biomass ofE. grandis ×E. urophyllaGuanglin No.?9. (4) When nitric oxide concentration was higher than 500μM SNP, it was toxic toE. grandis ×E. urophyllaGuanglin No. 9. It showed?that NO had?dual nature.?In conclusion, aluminum stress inhibited the growth and physiological characteristics of osmoregulation substances and antioxidant enzymes onE. grandis×E. urophyllaGuanglin No. 9, and the toxic effect of aluminum on Eucalyptus could be alleviated by appropriate addition of nitric oxide.

      KeywordsE. grandis×E. urophylla Guanglin?No. 9;?aluminum stress; nitric oxide; growth; physiological

      DOI10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2020.01.011

      鋁(Al)毒害的假設(shè)認為酸性土壤中的鋁毒害林木,致使其生長率降低、出材率衰減、養(yǎng)分嚴重流失,造成森林衰退[1]。研究表明,鋁毒害會抑制植物根伸長和植株生長,導(dǎo)致細胞膜透性增大、抗氧化酶提高以及光合作用受損等[2]。而在中國南方分布著大面積富鐵鋁化酸性土壤,隨著不良氣候和不當(dāng)施肥等影響,酸性土壤面積日趨增加,鋁在這種土壤中會抑制南方地區(qū)林木生長。速生桉是中國南方重要的經(jīng)濟林之一,以經(jīng)濟效益和生態(tài)效益突出被廣為種植。

      一氧化氮(NO)是在植物體內(nèi)以自由基形態(tài)存在的氣體小分子信號物質(zhì),能夠調(diào)控植物生長發(fā)育,在植物受到脅迫時傳導(dǎo)信息以提高植物抗逆性,但也可能作為一種活性氮在植物體內(nèi)大量積累造成損害[3]。研究表明NO對提高植物抗逆性的作用機理主要有2個方面,一是NO作為信息轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的第二信使,如NO作為生長素下游信號分子調(diào)控抗氧化酶活性,參與生理活動調(diào)控[4];二是NO與活性氧(ROS)發(fā)生相互作用,并包括直接作用(以抗氧化劑形式直接進行反應(yīng)[5])和間接作用(改變植物細胞的氧化還原電位差)2種形式。目前,關(guān)于NO在植物耐鋁毒中的作用的研究取得了一定進展,但主要集中在灌木和草本植物(紅蕓豆[6])方面。

      迄今,關(guān)于速生桉的研究有很多,但關(guān)于鋁脅迫對速生桉生長和生理生化指標的傷害以及緩解該傷害的研究甚少。還沒有關(guān)于NO對速生桉鋁脅迫傷害緩解作用的研究。因此,本試驗以巨尾桉品種‘廣林9號為供試材料,探討了不同濃度外源NO處理對巨尾桉鋁毒害的調(diào)控作用,以期分析酸鋁毒害對速生桉品種生長、生理的影響,解決中國西南地區(qū)酸鋁脅迫對速生桉生長的抑制問題,提高林地生產(chǎn)力,緩解木材供需矛盾。

      1??材料與方法

      1.1材料

      試驗地位于廣西大學(xué)林學(xué)院苗圃基地(108° 17′E,22°50′N),氣候類型屬亞熱帶季風(fēng)氣候,日照時間長,降水量充沛,霜凍少,年平均氣溫約為21?℃,極端最高氣溫可達40.6?℃,極端最低氣溫?2.5?℃。年均降雨量1305 mm,平均相對濕度為78%。供試苗木為廣西林業(yè)科學(xué)院提供的3月齡長勢健康且一致的巨尾桉‘廣林9號組培苗,苗高(20.6±0.65)cm,地徑(2.03±0.15)?mm。苗木移植到裝有滅菌河沙的多孔塑料花盆中,花盆規(guī)格為500 mm?(徑)×400 mm?(高),每盆1株,每天澆水,1周后,每周每盆澆1次1 L改良Hoagland營養(yǎng)液進行緩苗。

      1.2方法

      1.2.1 ?試驗設(shè)計??參考葉紹明[7]關(guān)于桉樹林地pH測定結(jié)果為4.0~4.8和楊梅等[2]認為酸性條件下120?mg/L Al3+對桉樹幼苗產(chǎn)生了抑制作用,以及一氧化氮(sodium nitroprussid, SNP為供體)能夠緩解鋁毒害,濃度為10?μmol/L可以緩解植株根、莖和葉生長抑制,而500?μmol/L時僅緩解植株葉片生長抑制[5]。因此,本試驗采用完全隨機試驗,設(shè)置3個NO濃度(0、10、500?μmol/L)和2個Al3+水平[0 (?Al)和5 mmol/L (+Al)],共組成6個處理,每處理10株重復(fù)。處理期間每周澆1次處理液,NO-Al持續(xù)處理20周。K+的濃度用K2SO4調(diào)平,處理液的pH用HCl或NaOH調(diào)節(jié)到4.1~4.2,保證酸性環(huán)境,具體處理設(shè)計見表1。

      1.2.2 ?測定指標與方法 ?處理結(jié)束后,每個處理選取3株生長良好、位置一致的功能葉片測量相關(guān)生理指標。生理指標桉照《植物生理學(xué)實驗指導(dǎo)》[8]要求測量。其中,葉綠素、類胡蘿卜素含量采用丙酮-乙醇混合提取法;丙二醛含量采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法;葉片可溶性糖含量采用蒽酮比色法;可溶性蛋白含量采用考馬斯亮藍G-250染色法;過氧化物酶(POD)活性采用愈創(chuàng)木酚法測定,而過氧化物酶(CAT)活性采用紫外分光光度法測定。同時,每個處理精選3株生長情況具備代表性的桉樹測其生物量,將植株根、莖、葉分開分別裝入紙袋,105?℃殺青后于80?℃烘至恒重,再稱取其根、莖、葉生物量(干重)。

      模糊綜合評價法根據(jù)隸屬度理論把定性評價轉(zhuǎn)化為定量評價,對多個對象做出一個總體的評價。巨尾桉耐鋁性評價應(yīng)用模糊綜合評價中隸屬函數(shù)值法[9],對所有測定的生長和生理指標進行綜合評價。隸屬函數(shù)的計算公式:U(Xij)= (Xij?Xmin)/(Xmax?Xmin)。

      [13]Yang L T, Qi Y P, Chen L S,et al. Nitric oxide protects sour pummelo (Citrus grandis) seedlings against aluminum-?induced inhibition of growth and photosynthesis[J]. Environ mental & Experimental Botany, 2012, 82: 1-13.

      [14]Aggarwal A, Ezaki B, Tripathi B N. Two detoxification mechanisms by external malate detoxification and anti-?peroxidation enzymes cooperatively confer aluminum tolerance in the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)[J]. Environmental & Experimental Botany, 2015, 120: 43-54.

      [15]Wei H?M, Guo J?W, Zhang S,et al. The presence of phosphorylation form of D1 protein in its cross-linked aggregates in high light treated spinach leavesin vivo[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2006, 51(1): 69-74.

      [16]?Beligni M V, Lamattina L. Nitric oxide interferes with plant photo-oxidative stress by detoxifying reactive oxygen species[J]. Plant Cell Environment, 2002, 25(6): 737-748.

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