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      抗苗勒管激素與男性不育疾病相關(guān)性的研究進展

      2020-04-01 15:12:57楊雨陽余鵬謝德高滕若冰
      中國當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2020年6期

      楊雨陽 余鵬 謝德高 滕若冰

      [摘要]抗苗勒管激素(AMH)也稱苗勒管抑制物(MIS),由未成熟睪丸支持細(xì)胞和卵巢顆粒細(xì)胞的不同時期分泌進入血液循環(huán)并發(fā)揮獨特的生理作用。男性中,AMH主要參與了胚胎苗勒管的消退、男性睪丸發(fā)育、調(diào)節(jié)精子發(fā)生等過程,上述生理過程中出現(xiàn)異常均可造成男性不育。精子發(fā)生的過程依賴支持細(xì)胞的微環(huán)境,支持細(xì)胞作為男性AMH唯一來源,AMH一定程度上反映睪丸生精上皮功能進而提示男性生育能力水平。本文就AMH與男性不育疾病的相關(guān)性作一綜述。

      [關(guān)鍵詞]抗苗勒管激素;男性不育;苗勒管永存綜合征;精子參數(shù);隱睪癥;克氏綜合征

      [中圖分類號] R321.1? ? ? ? ? [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1674-4721(2020)2(c)-0022-05

      Research progress on the correlation between anti-mullerian hormone and male infertility

      YANG Yu-yang1? ?YU Peng1? ?XIE De-gao1? ?TENG Ruo-bing2

      1. Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,Guilin? ?541000, China; 2. Reproduction Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,Guilin? ?541000, China

      [Abstract] Anti-mullerian hormone, also known as mullerian inhibiting substance, is secreted into the blood circulation by immature testicular Sertoli cells and ovarian granulosa cells at different periods and plays its unique physiological role. In men, AMH is mainly involved in the regression of embryonic mullerianduct, male testicular development, regulation of sperm production and other processes, and the abnormality of above physiological process could cause male infertility. The process of sperm production relies on microenvironment of Sertoli cells, which are the only source of AMH in male and AMH partly reflects the spermatogenic epithelial function of testes to a certain extent, thus suggesting the level of fertility in men. This article reviews the correlation between AMH and male infertility.

      [Key words] Anti-mullerian hormone; Male infertility; Persistent mullerianduct syndrome; Sperm parameter; Cryptorchidism; Klinefelte′s syndrome

      抗苗勒管激素(anti-mullerian hormone,AMH)是一種由二硫鍵連接2個相同亞基的同二聚體糖蛋白,分子量為140 kD,人類AMH基因位于染色體19(13.3p19)位點,長度為2.75 kbp,含有5個外顯子,屬于轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β超家族成員。AMH最早應(yīng)用于女性生殖腫瘤及輔助生殖領(lǐng)域。近年來隨著男科學(xué)的迅速發(fā)展,發(fā)現(xiàn)AMH與男性生理及生殖系統(tǒng)相關(guān)疾病關(guān)系密切,尤其是男性不育方面。本文就AMH與男性不育疾病的相關(guān)性作一綜述。

      1 AMH與男性分化

      胚胎具有苗勒管(mullerian)和沃爾夫管(wolffian)兩套系統(tǒng),男性生殖系統(tǒng)分化主要受兩種激素調(diào)節(jié):AMH和睪酮。在男性胚胎中,原始性腺在睪丸決定因子(testis-determining factor,TDF),即Y染色體性別決定區(qū)(sex-determining region Y gene,SRY)作用下,啟動相關(guān)的基因表達(dá),引導(dǎo)原始性腺向睪丸分化,隨后睪丸索間的間葉細(xì)胞在SRY影響下分化為睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞,并分泌睪酮刺激沃爾夫管分化為附睪、輸精管、前列腺和精囊,睪丸未成熟支持細(xì)胞通過旁分泌釋放AMH,抑制苗勒管分化為子宮、輸卵管和陰道上段。男性胚胎第7~8周睪丸支持細(xì)胞開始分泌AMH并發(fā)揮獨特生理作用。出生后3個月血清AMH到達(dá)頂峰,約1歲時開始下降并一直保持在相對穩(wěn)定的水平。隨著青春期進展,睪酮的合成增加,對AMH抑制作用大于卵泡刺激素(FSH)的刺激作用,使得AMH水平繼續(xù)穩(wěn)定下降直到成年,AMH在成年期保持最低水平[1]。

      2 AMH與男性不育癥相關(guān)疾病

      男性不育是指育齡夫妻同居一年以上,未采取任何避孕措施,性生活正常,排除女方因素而由于男方原因致使女方無法自然懷孕的一類疾病。AMH可影響男性生殖系統(tǒng)分化、調(diào)節(jié)精子發(fā)生等過程,均可導(dǎo)致男性不育。

      2.1 AMH與性腺發(fā)育障礙

      性腺發(fā)育障礙(disorders of sex development,DSD)可能是由于AMH和睪酮的分泌和或信號傳導(dǎo)缺陷所致。當(dāng)AMH缺乏或Ⅱ型AMH受體(AMHR Ⅱ)變異時,導(dǎo)致患者外生殖器為男性特征,體內(nèi)男女內(nèi)生殖器共存,稱為苗勒管永存綜合征(persistent mullerianduct syndrome,PMDS),屬于性腺發(fā)育障礙疾病的一種[1]。在正常的血清睪酮水平和AMH水平未檢出情況下,結(jié)合體格檢查、影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)等,應(yīng)高度懷疑本病。PMDS的嚴(yán)重后果是隱睪癥(cryptorchidism)及其不育的后遺癥和罹患睪丸癌的風(fēng)險增加,該病患者基本不具備生育能力,早期診斷PMDS并予苗勒管系統(tǒng)切除術(shù)和睪丸固定術(shù),患者是可能具有生育能力的。PMDS患者血清AMH水平很可能決定于AMH和AMHR分子水平的突變情況,AMH水平很低或不可測定的情況下提示AMH突變;正常AMH水平則提示AMHR Ⅱ突變[2]。然而,在特殊情況下,AMH檢測陽性的PMDS可能是由于AMH基因發(fā)生突變,從而影響AMH的生物活性而不是分泌[3]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在157例PDMS患者中,AMH及AMHR基因突變占88%,其中臨床表現(xiàn)主要為隱性睪丸,其余12%為特發(fā)性[4]。Di Clemente等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AMH Ⅱ型突變占PMDS病例的40%,AMH突變占46%,余下14%的PMDS具有正常水平的血清AMH,其中未發(fā)現(xiàn)遺傳因素。兩者相似的研究結(jié)論說明AMH和AMH Ⅱ突變可導(dǎo)致PMDS。近兩年來的PMDS病例報道中,通過基因分析發(fā)現(xiàn)了AMH基因中的一個新的純合子突變p.C526F(c.1577G>T),以及7AMHR Ⅱ基因中的一個新的純合子突變C.24G>A(p.W8X)[6-7]。由于AMH和AMHR變異的多樣性,基因測序中有限的敏感性、特異性,以及不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)新的AMH和AMHR突變類型,尚不能排除AMH或AMHR及其信號通路中其他分子存在其他突變的可能性。但了解特發(fā)性PMDS的病因目前是研究的重點。

      2.2 AMH與精子參數(shù)

      精子發(fā)生受到下丘腦-垂體-性腺軸(hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis,HPG axis)調(diào)控。AMH可在下丘腦和垂體層面發(fā)揮作用,通過AMH在垂體促性腺激素細(xì)胞譜系中激活Smad信號通路影響促性腺激素(gona-dotropin,Gn)分泌,從而影響生精過程[8]。精子質(zhì)量低下是造成男性不育的重要原因之一,目前通過精液常規(guī)分析可快速便捷評估男性生育能力。男性AMH僅由睪丸支持細(xì)胞分泌,可反映睪丸生精上皮的功能狀態(tài)[9],并與精子的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),可能機制是精子生成過程中,睪丸支持細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生影響因子作用生精細(xì)胞,促進精子生成,并通過內(nèi)分泌作調(diào)節(jié)生精過程。Appasamy等[10-11]認(rèn)為血清AMH與精子參數(shù)成正相關(guān),國內(nèi)研究者通過實驗得出相同結(jié)論[12]。而El-Halawaty等[13-14]認(rèn)為兩者無相關(guān)性,一項納入970名普通人群的橫斷面研究結(jié)果亦未發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者存在相關(guān)性[15]??梢妵鴥?nèi)外研究者對兩者相關(guān)性仍持不同觀點。研究顯示,精漿AMH水平與精子濃度、精子總數(shù)、進行性精子活力和總精子活力成正相關(guān)(P<0.001),血清中抑制素B與精漿、血清中的AMH之間存在強烈關(guān)聯(lián)(P<0.001),可能是由于這兩種激素均由睪丸支持細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生,而血清AMH水平與精子特性無顯著相關(guān)性[16]。血清AMH與精漿AMH水平差異極大,可能與由于生精小管和血液之間存在著血睪屏障(blood testis barrier,BTB)中的緊密連接(tight junction,TJ),導(dǎo)致AMH不易進入血液循環(huán)有關(guān)。同時,AMH的分泌可由睪丸支持細(xì)胞頂部向生精小管內(nèi)分泌,也可由基部向循環(huán)系統(tǒng)分泌。成年期AMH主要向生精小管內(nèi)分泌為主[17]。由此,精漿AMH水平結(jié)合常規(guī)精液分析可提高檢查結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性。且精漿AMH較血清AMH預(yù)測精子持續(xù)發(fā)生更具優(yōu)勢,但在較低范圍內(nèi)其預(yù)測性較低[16]。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)使用重組人AMH可改善精子活力[18]。Condorelli等[19]認(rèn)為血清AMH聯(lián)合抑制素B和睪丸體積對青春期睪丸疾病和原發(fā)性睪丸損傷具有早期診斷的作用。這種檢查將有助于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)睪丸損傷,從而預(yù)防成年期的男性不育癥。

      2.3 AMH與無精癥

      男性常規(guī)精液分析3次及以上檢測不出精子稱為無精癥,根據(jù)其射精管道系統(tǒng)是否存在物理阻塞,可分為梗阻性無精癥(obstructive azoospermia,OA)和非梗阻性無精癥(non-obstructive azoospermia,NOA)。大多數(shù)OA患者可通過解除梗阻后獲取精子并生育后代。大約50%的真性NOA患者中可成功提取精子[20]。在一側(cè)睪丸活檢中未提取出精子并不能保證在此睪丸中完全沒有精子存在,部分NOA患者經(jīng)重復(fù)多次睪丸活檢,仍可提取出足夠的精子供卵泡漿內(nèi)單精子注射(ICSC)使用[21]。提示NOA患者睪丸中存在局灶性精子生成[22]。有研究表明在NOA患者中,精漿AMH可作為一種無創(chuàng)性的持續(xù)低精子發(fā)生標(biāo)志物[23]。也有學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)精漿AMH水平與精子參數(shù)相關(guān)但對NOA患者睪丸取精術(shù)(TESE)結(jié)果預(yù)測性較差[24]。另有研究表明在NOA患者中,精漿AMH對外科精子提取結(jié)局沒有預(yù)測價值[25]。徐進等[26]研究結(jié)果顯示,血清AMH有助于預(yù)測顯微TESE(m-TESE)結(jié)局,獲精組血清AMH水平低于無精組,與Alfano等[27]報道一致,說明AMH水平增高提示NOA患者生殖細(xì)胞庫的耗竭,可作為睪丸外分泌功能整體受損的標(biāo)志。利用統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法繪制血清FSH,精漿抑制素B、AMH的綜合受試者工作特征曲線(SROC)下產(chǎn)生曲線下面積(AUC)為0.985(敏感性100%,特異性80%),提示該模型對TESE結(jié)局有較好的預(yù)測效果[28]。研究人員利用AMH水平和AMH與總睪酮(AMH/tT)的比例預(yù)測NOA患者m-TESE結(jié)局,陽性預(yù)測準(zhǔn)確率分別為93%和95%[27]。不同研究結(jié)果的產(chǎn)生可能與研究對象、實驗儀器、操作相關(guān)??梢娋珴{AMH聯(lián)合其他檢測指標(biāo)如FSH、抑制素B、睪酮等參數(shù),其預(yù)測外科精子提取術(shù)結(jié)局準(zhǔn)確性優(yōu)于使用某單一檢驗參數(shù)。2010年發(fā)表診斷準(zhǔn)確性薈萃分析研究表明,血清AMH和精漿AMH對NOA患者取精術(shù)結(jié)局的預(yù)測作用是有限的[29]。但該研究納入文獻數(shù)量較少,缺乏說服力。類似文獻尚未見更新,AMH對NOA患者睪丸精子提取術(shù)結(jié)局的預(yù)測作用有待進一步的研究。

      2.4 AMH與隱睪癥

      隱睪癥是指睪丸未能按正常發(fā)育過程通過腹股溝管等解剖部位,而是停留在下降路徑中某一部位的一種常見小兒先天畸形。隱睪癥是導(dǎo)致男性不育和睪丸癌的重要原因之一。研究推測AMH及其受體基因型與隱睪癥相關(guān)[30],但缺乏足夠多的樣本,無法得出明確的結(jié)論。睪丸異常解剖位置溫度引起睪丸支持細(xì)胞數(shù)量不同程度的下降,導(dǎo)致AMH水平下降和生殖細(xì)胞發(fā)生異常[31-32]。Cortes等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn)可通過AMH水平下降程度反映睪丸支持細(xì)胞受損的嚴(yán)重程度,從而評估其不育的風(fēng)險。臨床工作中鑒別無睪癥和隱睪癥,可通過體格檢查、影像學(xué)等手段,均存在一定的局限性,手術(shù)探查可明確有無睪丸,但外科干預(yù)具有不可預(yù)知風(fēng)險性。由于支持細(xì)胞是最早出現(xiàn)在胚胎睪丸中的細(xì)胞類型,且作為男性體內(nèi)分泌AMH的唯一細(xì)胞,并可作為青春期前支持細(xì)胞功能的標(biāo)志物[34]。評估睪丸組織是否存在,應(yīng)首先考慮檢測AMH。Lee等[35]通過實驗證明AMH水平預(yù)測睪丸組織是否存在的敏感性為92%,特異性為90%,均優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)的檢測Y染色體預(yù)測睪丸組織效果。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AMH可能具有縮短人類睪丸引帶的作用,并參與睪丸的下降過程中經(jīng)腹股溝階段[36]。

      2.5 AMH與克氏綜合征(Klinefelte′s yndrome,KS)

      KS是人類不孕癥最常見的遺傳原因之一,KS在不育男性中上升至3%~4%,在無精子癥患者中上升至10%~12%[37],臨床表現(xiàn)為身材高大,長腿和長臂,乳房增大、睪丸小而硬,可伴有隱睪和尿道下裂等表現(xiàn),無精癥是該病的典型癥狀。通過核型和Y染色體微缺失(YCMD)試驗,最常見核型異常是KS(47,XXY,發(fā)現(xiàn)于1/600男性),多項研究表明KS患者青春期前AMH、抑制素B、和FSH水平正常,青春期后AMH水平下降,提示KS患者的睪丸支持細(xì)胞功能可保持至青春期,AMH水平可一定程度上反映KS患者病變嚴(yán)重程度[38-40]。Aksglaede等[38]認(rèn)為這種下降是與青春期相關(guān)的生精小管透明化的結(jié)果,而不是由垂體性腺軸水平的調(diào)節(jié)機制紊亂引起的,而血清AMH未能作為KS患者外科睪丸精子提取術(shù)結(jié)局的預(yù)測指標(biāo)[41]。

      3小結(jié)

      總之,AMH作為新興男性生育能力標(biāo)志物具有廣闊的前景,筆者認(rèn)為通過AMH聯(lián)合其他內(nèi)分泌激素水平和或影像學(xué)等指標(biāo),在評估精子質(zhì)量、預(yù)測外科取精術(shù)結(jié)局、判斷性腺組織存在等方面具有特殊優(yōu)勢,一定程度上可避免不必要的外科手術(shù)干預(yù),減輕患者心理、經(jīng)濟負(fù)擔(dān)。近年發(fā)現(xiàn)AMH對外科取精術(shù)結(jié)局均有較好預(yù)測作用。完善男性AMH水平范圍、確定最佳診斷閾值、闡明AMH及其受體基因的多樣性與遺傳性男性不育疾病的相關(guān)性,將更有助于指導(dǎo)臨床實踐和為臨床醫(yī)師診斷提供更多有力證據(jù)。

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      (收稿日期:2019-09-19? 本文編輯:任秀蘭)

      [基金項目]廣西壯族自治區(qū)桂林市科學(xué)研究與技術(shù)開發(fā)計劃項目(2016012706-3)

      [作者簡介]楊雨陽(1994-),男,桂林醫(yī)學(xué)院2018級在讀碩士研究生,研究方向:泌尿外科、男性不育

      通訊作者:滕若冰(1979-),男,博士,副主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:男性不育

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