趙雯 徐宏治
摘 要 膠質(zhì)瘤是腦內(nèi)常見的侵襲性原發(fā)腫瘤,治療效果不理想,尋找有效的治療方法刻不容緩。已有研究證實(shí),有些中藥有抗腦膠質(zhì)瘤作用,其中研究比較多的包括細(xì)辛醚、川芎嗪、當(dāng)歸、芍藥苷、姜黃素、蛇床子素、類黃酮等,但這些藥物的抗腦膠質(zhì)瘤作用機(jī)制各異。全文綜述腦膠質(zhì)瘤的中藥治療現(xiàn)狀,為膠質(zhì)瘤的中藥治療提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞 膠質(zhì)瘤;中藥;活性成分;機(jī)制
中圖分類號(hào):R739.41 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1006-1533(2020)10-0003-05
Current Situation of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of glioma
ZHAO Wen1, XU Hongzhi2
(1. Department of Anaesthesiology of Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; 2. Department of Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China)
ABSTRACT Glioblastoma(GBM) is the common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults with poor prognosis, and the more effective GBM therapeutic options are urgently needed. A large number of studies show that traditional Chinese medicine is effective in the treatment of GBM, and among of them many researches, both domestic and foreign, focus on the study of active constituents of traditional Chinese medicine, including B-asarone, 2,3,5,6-tetramathylpyrazine(TMP), angelica sinensis, paeoniflorin(PF), curcumin, Osthol and flavonoids, which have multiple mechanisms of anti-glioma effects. This paper reviews recent researches on current situation of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of GBM, and provides the reference for traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of GBM.
KEY WORDS glioma; traditional Chinese medicine; active constituent; mechanism
神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)最常見的惡性腫瘤,起源于神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞。占所有顱內(nèi)腫瘤的一半以上,高級(jí)別膠質(zhì)瘤生長(zhǎng)迅速,術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)快,死亡率高。目前,膠質(zhì)瘤的治療方法包括手術(shù)、化療和放療,基因治療和免疫治療也在積極研究中。但總體療效仍不理想,膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的生物學(xué)機(jī)制仍不清楚。隨著科研的進(jìn)步,發(fā)現(xiàn)了幾種中藥可以抑制膠質(zhì)瘤發(fā)展。傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)與現(xiàn)代科學(xué)方法相結(jié)合,為膠質(zhì)瘤的治療提供了新的研究方向。
1 細(xì)辛醚(B-asarone)
細(xì)辛醚是石菖蒲屬主要成分。細(xì)辛作為君藥,與丁香、瓜蒂、糯米、腦子、麝香配伍成透頂散,主治偏正頭風(fēng),夾腦風(fēng)。細(xì)辛醚可以通過(guò)血腦屏障,并主要分布在腦,影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),保護(hù)神經(jīng)元。
2017年Wang等[1]的研究顯示,細(xì)辛醚可促進(jìn)替莫唑胺(TMZ)進(jìn)入膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞,降低P糖蛋白(P-gp)和多種藥物抗性-1(MDR1)的表達(dá)。2018年Wang等[2]發(fā)現(xiàn),B-asarone能抑制膠質(zhì)瘤U251細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),在GO/G1階段阻斷DNA循環(huán)。細(xì)辛醚可能通過(guò)P53/Bcl-2/bclin1和P53/AMPK/mTOR信號(hào)通路促進(jìn)U251細(xì)胞的自噬。異質(zhì)性胞核核糖核蛋白A2/B1(hnRNP A2/B1)是一種與人膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)密切相關(guān)的致癌蛋白,調(diào)控mRNA的剪接和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),參與生長(zhǎng)調(diào)控和癌變。2018年Li等[3-4]的研究顯示,細(xì)辛醚通過(guò)調(diào)控hnRNP A2/B1相關(guān)信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)Bcl-x選擇性剪接,提高Bcl-xS/Bcl-xL的比例,調(diào)節(jié)p21、p27、Cdc25A、cyclin D、cyclin E和CDK2,誘導(dǎo)G1期細(xì)胞周期阻滯,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡和細(xì)胞周期阻滯,抑制了上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)過(guò)程,阻斷了膠質(zhì)瘤U251細(xì)胞的遷移、侵襲和粘附。
2 川芎嗪(2,3,5,6-tetramathylpyrazine,TMP)
川芎(wallichi franchat)最早見于公元前200年的中醫(yī)著作《神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)》。川芎是君藥,與白芷、羌活、細(xì)辛、防風(fēng)、荊芥、薄荷、甘草等川芎茶調(diào)丸,作為治風(fēng)劑,具有疏風(fēng)止痛之功效。主治風(fēng)邪頭痛。其生物活性成分2,3,5,6-四甲基吡嗪(TMP),于1973年從川芎中提取,是Ca2+拮抗劑。
TMP主要通過(guò)其神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用被認(rèn)為具有治療膠質(zhì)瘤的潛力。2013年Chen等[5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TMP通過(guò)下調(diào)在腫瘤發(fā)展中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用的趨化因子受體CXCR4的表達(dá),保護(hù)腦神經(jīng)細(xì)胞,抑制膠質(zhì)瘤。CXCR4在免疫系統(tǒng)中調(diào)控著免疫過(guò)程的多樣性,阻斷SDF1/CXCR4通路,增強(qiáng)特異性免疫殺滅腫瘤細(xì)胞。TMP有可能在體內(nèi)完善免疫系統(tǒng)CXCR4通路,發(fā)揮治療腫瘤和神經(jīng)保護(hù)的生物活性。對(duì)原代培養(yǎng)的腦神經(jīng)細(xì)胞與100 μmol/L TMP體外共培養(yǎng)14 d后,與對(duì)照組相比,TMP能有效促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元存活,抑制過(guò)氧化氫誘導(dǎo)的腦神經(jīng)細(xì)胞Ca2+和谷氨酸釋放。在膠質(zhì)瘤-神經(jīng)元共培養(yǎng)系統(tǒng),進(jìn)一步證實(shí)TMP在抑制膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞和保護(hù)腦神經(jīng)細(xì)胞方面的生物活性。2012年Keming等[6]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TMP介導(dǎo)的C6膠質(zhì)瘤的抑制和神經(jīng)保護(hù)涉及CXCR4表達(dá)的抑制,無(wú)論是單獨(dú)培養(yǎng)還是聯(lián)合培養(yǎng),趨化因子受體CXCR4在腦神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和C6膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中表達(dá)均顯著降低,與CXCR4拮抗劑AMD3100相比,TMP對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤的抑制和神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用更有效。Chen等[5]認(rèn)為TMP治療膠質(zhì)瘤的機(jī)制主要有:(1)能有效抑制腦神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中Ca2+的升高;(2)能有效抑制腦神經(jīng)細(xì)胞谷氨酸的釋放;(3)顯著降低C6膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的遷移和增殖;(4)介導(dǎo)的抑制C6膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞,神經(jīng)保護(hù)包括降低CXCR4表達(dá)。2008年Fu等[7]研究TMP抑制膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞活性和谷氨酸神經(jīng)興奮毒性,測(cè)試了TMP對(duì)神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞株和移植到大鼠腦中的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤,結(jié)果表明TMP可以抑制膠質(zhì)瘤的生長(zhǎng),保護(hù)神經(jīng)元免受膠質(zhì)瘤誘導(dǎo)的興奮性侵襲。
3 當(dāng)歸
當(dāng)歸(angelica sinensis,oliv)作為一種中藥,在中國(guó)已有2 000多年的歷史。作為君藥,與川芎、芍藥、熟地等,再輔以其他中草藥構(gòu)成加味四物湯。是補(bǔ)血、養(yǎng)血的經(jīng)典方劑,也是婦科最常用的藥物。當(dāng)歸具有神經(jīng)保護(hù)、抗氧化、抗炎、免疫調(diào)節(jié)等多種治療作用。
當(dāng)歸多糖(Aps)是當(dāng)歸的生物活性成分。2017年Zhang等[8]利用人膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞系U251進(jìn)行體外和體內(nèi)模型的研究,結(jié)果顯示Aps能明顯抑制U251細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)和增殖,誘導(dǎo)其凋亡。Aps能有效降低細(xì)胞周期調(diào)節(jié)因子cycdlins D1、cycdlins B、cycdlins E的表達(dá),下調(diào)凋亡抑制蛋白Bcl-2表達(dá),促凋亡蛋白Bax和裂解的胱天蛋白酶3表達(dá)增加,抑制轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β(TGF-β)信號(hào)通路,刺激上皮細(xì)胞鈣粘蛋白(E-cadherin)表達(dá),從而抑制細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡。
2006年Tsai等[9]從當(dāng)歸中提取的天然化合物正丁苯酞(n-butylidenephthalide,BP)能抑制惡性腦瘤的生長(zhǎng)。BP上調(diào)包括p21和p27在內(nèi)的Cyclin激酶抑制劑(CKI)的表達(dá),降低成視網(wǎng)膜細(xì)胞瘤(RB)蛋白的磷酸化,下調(diào)細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控因子,致人膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(GBM)細(xì)胞DBTRG-05MG系、大鼠GBM細(xì)胞RG2系在Go/G1期細(xì)胞阻滯。在DBTRG 05MG和RG2細(xì)胞中,BP均顯著上調(diào)并激活凋亡相關(guān)蛋白。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,BP可觸發(fā)p53依賴和獨(dú)立的凋亡通路。在體內(nèi),BP抑制了大鼠皮下和人腦腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng),降低原位GBM腫瘤體積,顯著延長(zhǎng)生存時(shí)間。2005年Tsai等[10]觀察當(dāng)歸氯仿提取物(AS-C)對(duì)GBM的作用,認(rèn)為AS-C通過(guò)調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期和凋亡,抑制惡性腦腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)。AS-C可以上調(diào)包括p21在內(nèi)的cdk抑制劑的表達(dá),降低Rb蛋白的磷酸化,從而使DBTRG-05MG和RG2細(xì)胞在G0/ G1期發(fā)生細(xì)胞阻滯。凋亡相關(guān)蛋白在DBTRG-05MG細(xì)胞和RG2細(xì)胞顯著增加并活化。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示AS-C可觸發(fā)p53依賴和p53獨(dú)立的凋亡通路。在體內(nèi)研究中,AS-C不僅可以抑制大鼠和人源性惡性腦瘤的生長(zhǎng),還可以使原位GBM體積縮小,延長(zhǎng)生存期。
4 芍藥苷(paeoniflorin,PF)
PF是傳統(tǒng)中草藥赤芍的主要成分,在中藥中應(yīng)用廣泛[11-16],具有修復(fù)損傷、保護(hù)神經(jīng)、抗炎、免疫調(diào)節(jié)等作用[17-19]。作為君藥,赤芍與生地黃、大黃、白茅根等同用,可治療血熱、吐血;與金銀花、天花粉、乳香等同用,可治療熱毒壅盛、癰腫瘡瘍;與當(dāng)歸、川芎、延胡索等同用,可治療血滯經(jīng)閉、痛經(jīng)、癥瘕腹痛等癥。芍藥苷可以抑制腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,被視為較有前途的抗膠質(zhì)瘤藥。2018年Ouyang等[20]認(rèn)為芍藥苷通過(guò)滅活腫瘤細(xì)胞中S期激酶相關(guān)蛋白(Skp)2發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。Skp2已經(jīng)被證明可以調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲、遷移、衰老、糖酵解和Warburg效應(yīng)以及癌癥干細(xì)胞的自我更新和功能[21]。Skp2是膠質(zhì)瘤治療的潛在治療靶點(diǎn)。Ouyang等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)PF可抑制膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲,誘導(dǎo)G2/M阻滯和凋亡。PF治療的膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞Skp2表達(dá)下調(diào),Skp2過(guò)表達(dá)可消除PF的抗腫瘤作用。PF治療可抑制異種移植小鼠模型中U87腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng),通過(guò)抑制膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞中Skp2的表達(dá)部分發(fā)揮了抗腫瘤作用。此外,PF通過(guò)上調(diào)microRNA-16和抑制基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)-9抑制膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的增殖[18],通過(guò)促進(jìn)信號(hào)傳感器和轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子(STAT)3的降解抑制膠質(zhì)瘤的生長(zhǎng)和增殖[19]。
5 姜黃素(curcumin)
姜黃素是印度植物姜黃中的主要成分,用于治療炎癥已有幾千年的歷史。姜黃素具有抑制膠質(zhì)瘤的增殖、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡、抑制侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移、減少血管生成等抗腫瘤特性[22-24],可以調(diào)節(jié)多種對(duì)腫瘤干細(xì)胞自我更新和生存重要的信號(hào)通路。2017年Gersey等[25]研究認(rèn)為,姜黃素通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)活性氧(ROS)降低膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤干細(xì)胞的惡性特征。ROS是氧代謝形成的天然產(chǎn)物,在正常細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和體內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)節(jié)中發(fā)揮著重要作用。ROS的失調(diào)與許多疾病有關(guān),如癡呆、心血管疾病以及癌癥[26-28]。目前的研究也表明,ROS對(duì)腫瘤干細(xì)胞(CSCs)具有抗腫瘤作用,這些作用是通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)包括有絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)和Janus kinas(JAK)-信號(hào)傳感器和STAT3信號(hào)級(jí)聯(lián)的幾個(gè)分子通路實(shí)現(xiàn)的[29-33]。MAPKs和JAK-STAT3通路的畸變已被證明在GBM的發(fā)生中起關(guān)鍵作用[34]。
2017年Gersey等[25]發(fā)現(xiàn)姜黃素通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)ROS下調(diào)STAT3活性靶向成膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞瘤干細(xì)胞。STAT3在GBM中的重要性已經(jīng)被明確[35],抑制STAT3信號(hào)通路會(huì)降低生殖干細(xì)胞(GSC)在培養(yǎng)和原位異種移植模型中的存活率。此外,STAT3下游靶蛋白Survivin水平與星形細(xì)胞瘤分級(jí)相關(guān),是患者預(yù)后不良的先兆。低劑量的姜黃素抑制GSC的自我更新,是化療后GBM復(fù)發(fā)的一個(gè)重要特征,姜黃素以劑量依賴方式降低GSC的生存能力,這些結(jié)果均表明姜黃素可能是一種安全的膠質(zhì)瘤化療藥物。2012年Thani等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)姜黃素和chokeberry提取物均可通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡和降低MMP基因表達(dá)抑制細(xì)胞侵襲發(fā)揮其抗癌作用。2010年P(guān)erry等[37]研究認(rèn)為,姜黃素通過(guò)抑制膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和血管生成抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)。
6 蛇床子素(Osthole)
蛇床子果實(shí)中含有豐富的Osthole,Osthole是從傘形科植物中分離得到的一種具有廣泛藥理作用的天然香豆素。常與山茱萸肉、南五味子、車前子配伍用于治療白帶因寒濕者,是中藥的常用成分。Osthole有對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤等其他多種惡性腫瘤的治療作用。Osthole在大腦中保護(hù)神經(jīng)元的重要作用及穿透血腦屏障的能力表明,它可能成為腦腫瘤化療的未來(lái)藥物。
2015年,Lin等[38]將普通膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞系U87分別在0、50、100、200 mmol/L濃度下進(jìn)行Osthole處理,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)蛇床子通過(guò)上調(diào)miR-16表達(dá)和下調(diào)MMP-9表達(dá)可抑制U87細(xì)胞的增殖,加速其凋亡。2013年Ding等[39]研究了Osthole對(duì)C6大鼠膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的作用,認(rèn)為蛇床子對(duì)膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞具有抗癌作用,包括增殖抑制、凋亡誘導(dǎo)和遷移/侵襲抑制。在經(jīng)過(guò)Osthole處理的C6細(xì)胞中也觀察到PI3K/Akt和MAPK信號(hào)通路的抑制。PI3K/Akt信號(hào)通路主要通過(guò)觸發(fā)磷酸化水平,參與調(diào)控癌癥的進(jìn)展。細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1表達(dá)增加與幾種癌癥有關(guān),Osthol可以減少DI的表達(dá)。2014年Lin等[40]提出Osthole通過(guò)阻斷PI3K/Akt通路抑制胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子-1(IGF-1)誘導(dǎo)的EMT。EMT是腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)鍵步驟,多種生長(zhǎng)因子均可誘導(dǎo)其發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移。IGF-1能夠誘導(dǎo)GBM8401細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生EMT。Osthole可逆轉(zhuǎn)IGF-1誘導(dǎo)的形態(tài)學(xué)改變,上調(diào)上皮標(biāo)志物表達(dá),下調(diào)間充質(zhì)標(biāo)志物表達(dá)。傷口愈合實(shí)驗(yàn)也表明,Osthole可抑制IGF-1誘導(dǎo)的GBM8401細(xì)胞遷移。Osthole降低了Akt和GSK3的磷酸化,恢復(fù)了GSK3p在抑制EMT轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Snail和Twist表達(dá)中的生物活性。
7 類黃酮(flavonoids)
類黃酮(flavonoids)是植物物種合成的一類多酚類化合物,具有多種生物活性,如抗氧化、抗炎、抗病毒和抗癌作用。最近,一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)類黃酮具有對(duì)GSCs的治療潛力[41-42]。
2016年,Kim等[43]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),黃酮類化合物,特別是芹菜素和槲皮素,可以降低GBM干細(xì)胞的自我更新能力。黃酮類化合物通過(guò)調(diào)控GBM細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲抑制GBM轉(zhuǎn)移。芹菜素對(duì)GSC的抑制作用可能是由c-Met信號(hào)通路下調(diào)引起的。芹菜素阻斷了c-Met及其下游效應(yīng)物、STAT3、AKT和絲分裂原活化蛋白激酶的磷酸化,從而降低了GSC標(biāo)志物如CD133、Nanog和Sox2的表達(dá)水平。
8 結(jié)語(yǔ)
中醫(yī)藥博大精深,其在抗癌治療中的應(yīng)用仍有很多值得探索。中藥以多途徑、多靶點(diǎn)、多效性和少不良反應(yīng)等特點(diǎn),相比于其他傳統(tǒng)化療藥物而言,應(yīng)用前景值得期待。膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展機(jī)制及病程特點(diǎn)因人而異,個(gè)體化綜合治療是未來(lái)膠質(zhì)瘤治療的趨勢(shì),中藥活性成分的研究為增加治療手段和開展個(gè)體化治療奠定了一定基礎(chǔ)。但相信隨著更多研究的深入開展,中藥在治療膠質(zhì)瘤的治療上必定會(huì)添上濃墨重彩的一筆。
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