涂雄兵 李霜 杜桂林 潘凡 徐超民 陳俊 王卓然 楊智 張澤華
摘要? 歷史記載中,沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria(Forsk.,1775)主要在北非發(fā)生,對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)作物構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重威脅。大規(guī)模發(fā)生時(shí),可向西亞等地繼續(xù)擴(kuò)散為害。2020年初沙漠蝗在巴基斯坦、印度大量發(fā)生,肆虐為害,對(duì)糧食安全和生態(tài)安全構(gòu)成了嚴(yán)重威脅。因其具有遷飛性,周邊多個(gè)國(guó)家面臨重大入侵風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因本次沙漠蝗發(fā)生規(guī)模與破壞程度堪比1985年非洲蝗災(zāi),2020年2月11日,聯(lián)合國(guó)糧農(nóng)組織(FAO)向全球發(fā)布預(yù)警:“高度戒備正在肆虐的蝗災(zāi),防止被入侵國(guó)家出現(xiàn)糧食危機(jī)”。本文介紹了沙漠蝗分類地位、形態(tài)學(xué)特征,概述了沙漠蝗生物學(xué)特性、監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警與防治技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展,為科學(xué)防控沙漠蝗提供理論支撐。
關(guān)鍵詞? 沙漠蝗; 入侵風(fēng)險(xiǎn); 綜合防治
中圖分類號(hào): S 433.2
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A
DOI: 10.16688/j.zwbh.2020204
Abstract
Schistocerca gregaria has been recorded to occur mainly in North Africa, posing a serious threat to local crops. When occurring on a large scale, it might spread to Western Asia and other places. At the beginning of 2020, S.gregaria ravaged Pakistan and India due to its migration, threatening food security and ecological security in many countries. The scale and destruction of S.gregaria this year was comparable to the African locust plague of 1985. On February 11, 2020, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) issued an alert:“high alert for an ongoing plague of desert locusts to prevent food crisis in the invaded countries”. Here, we summarized the classification status, morphological and biological characteristics, and the research progresses in monitoring and sustainable management methods of desert locust, helping to provide effective measures to defeat this notorious pest.
Key words
Schistocerca gregaria; potential invasion risk; sustainable management
根據(jù)歷史記載,蝗蟲(chóng)造成了周期性的人類災(zāi)難[1]。直到今天,蝗災(zāi)仍是世界農(nóng)牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重大威脅[23]。沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria(Forsk.,1775)是發(fā)生最為嚴(yán)重的蝗蟲(chóng)之一,據(jù)報(bào)道,公元前2800年烏干達(dá)語(yǔ)中就有沙漠蝗的記載[4]。公元2世紀(jì)以來(lái),沙漠蝗幾乎連年發(fā)生[4]。20世紀(jì)以來(lái),沙漠蝗大規(guī)模暴發(fā)15次,波及非洲和亞洲3 000萬(wàn)km2農(nóng)田和草原,影響65個(gè)國(guó)家8.5億人口的生活 [57]。2020年初沙漠蝗在巴基斯坦、印度肆虐為害,威脅多個(gè)國(guó)家糧食安全和生態(tài)安全[8]。據(jù)報(bào)道,沙漠蝗直接跨越喜馬拉雅山脈進(jìn)入我國(guó)的可能性較小,但是如果5-7月份西風(fēng)急流和印度洋暖濕氣流強(qiáng)勁,沙漠蝗仍然存在入侵我國(guó)的可能,進(jìn)而對(duì)我國(guó)的農(nóng)牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重威脅[9]。因此,了解沙漠蝗分類地位、分布與為害,掌握其形態(tài)特征,摸清其生物學(xué)特性,是開(kāi)展沙漠蝗監(jiān)測(cè)與防治工作的前提和基礎(chǔ)。本文概述了沙漠蝗分布與為害、生物學(xué)特性,綜述了近年來(lái)沙漠蝗監(jiān)測(cè)與防治工作進(jìn)展,為科學(xué)防治提供理論支撐。
1 形態(tài)特征
1.1 分類地位
沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria(Forsk.,1775)為直翅目Orthoptera,蝗亞目Caelifera,蝗總科Acridoidea,斑腿蝗科Catantopidae,刺胸蝗亞科Cyrtacanthacridinae,沙漠蝗屬Schistocerca[1012]昆蟲(chóng)。沙漠蝗1775年由德國(guó)分類學(xué)家Forskl定名為Gryllus gregarious,1804年Olivier定名的 Acridium peregrinum為其同物異名[10]。1838年Bureister將采自非洲南部的標(biāo)本定名為Acridium flaviventre,1979年Jago將其定為沙漠蝗的亞種[13]。1873年Stl建立了沙漠蝗屬Schistocerca,并把沙漠蝗移到該屬。1910年Kirby完成了系統(tǒng)的蝗蟲(chóng)分類工作,并建立了刺胸蝗亞科,將沙漠蝗屬分類到該亞科[12]。Krauss曾在其論文中詳細(xì)記載了Forskl和Olivier關(guān)于沙漠蝗的定名工作,但Kirby 忽略了前人的工作,誤認(rèn)為Gryllus talarieus L.就是沙漠蝗。1923年俄國(guó)分類學(xué)家Uvarov發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤并將其訂正為Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.,1775)[14],該學(xué)名一直沿用至今。1979年Jago將沙漠蝗分為兩個(gè)亞種 Schistocerca gregaria gregaria (Forskl 1775) 和Schistocerca gregaria flaviventris (Burmeister 1838) [13]。
1.2 沙漠蝗屬特征
沙漠蝗屬Schistocerca主要形態(tài)學(xué)特征為:雄蟲(chóng)下生殖板雙葉狀,其裂片明顯突出。該屬體色多變是其分類困難的原因之一。其余特征還包括:頭部有明顯的顳凹;顏?lái)斀锹晕⒙∑穑瑴锨皡^(qū)寬度略等于溝后區(qū)寬度,形成一個(gè)圓角;背面有條紋,從頭部延伸到前胸端部;具復(fù)眼,單眼內(nèi)側(cè)的額脊寬;前胸較發(fā)達(dá),有的種可見(jiàn)3個(gè)橫溝;前胸腹板直,完全不向中胸腹板傾斜,分布有刺,中胸腹板的側(cè)裂片長(zhǎng)小于或等于寬。前翅可延伸到腹部末端甚至更長(zhǎng),翅脈清晰可見(jiàn),不密集,多數(shù)種前翅上布有斑紋;前翅翅基端部圓形或斜圓形,末端支脈部分垂直于主脈;有的種有較長(zhǎng)的后翅。后足發(fā)達(dá),股節(jié)基部短寬,端部窄長(zhǎng),脛節(jié)基部強(qiáng)烈側(cè)向收縮,不同種類后足脛節(jié)顏色不同,脛節(jié)內(nèi)外側(cè)均密被剛毛[12,15]。
1.3 沙漠蝗形態(tài)特征
雄蟲(chóng)體長(zhǎng)45.8~55.3 mm,雌蟲(chóng)體長(zhǎng)50.7~61.0 mm。雌蟲(chóng)形態(tài)近似雄蟲(chóng),體型粗大,頭頂短于前胸背板,略凹陷;復(fù)眼大,卵形;觸角到達(dá)或超過(guò)前胸背板的后緣;前胸腹板突圓錐狀,直或微后傾,背板溝前區(qū)在群居型甚縮狹,具小刻點(diǎn),中隆線不明顯,后緣呈寬圓形,而散居型溝前區(qū)略縮狹,具粗刻點(diǎn),中隆線明顯,后緣近90°,略圓;中胸腹板側(cè)葉狹長(zhǎng),后角明顯向內(nèi)傾斜成銳角;側(cè)葉間的中隔呈梯形,中隔的長(zhǎng)度明顯大于其最狹處;后胸腹板側(cè)葉略分開(kāi)或毗連;前、后翅狹長(zhǎng),明顯超過(guò)后足股節(jié)的端部,長(zhǎng)約為寬的5~5.5倍;后足股節(jié)細(xì)長(zhǎng),其長(zhǎng)度為其寬度的5~5.6倍。后足脛節(jié)無(wú)外端刺,外緣具刺9~10個(gè),內(nèi)緣具刺10~11個(gè)[10,16]。
2 分布與為害
2.1 分布
沙漠蝗主要分布在沙漠灌叢地區(qū),包括薩赫勒地區(qū)、阿拉伯半島、西亞部分地區(qū)及印度西部[1718]。沙漠蝗猖獗發(fā)生時(shí),每天可隨氣流飛行150~200 km[6,1920]。通常情況下,入侵?jǐn)U散可由非洲的西部、北部遷飛擴(kuò)散到非洲中東部和亞洲西南部等地區(qū),有時(shí)還可以從非洲遷飛到葡萄牙的馬德拉群島和西班牙的加那利群島[21],波及65個(gè)國(guó)家的全部或部分地區(qū)[15]。而當(dāng)沙漠蝗蝗群處于衰退期,即平靜期時(shí),沙漠蝗通常局限于非洲西北部、中東及西南亞的半干旱和干旱沙漠,尤其是年降雨量不超過(guò)200 mm的地區(qū),該地區(qū)面積約1 600萬(wàn)km2,近30個(gè)國(guó)家受害[15]。
2.2 食性與棲境
沙漠蝗為雜食性昆蟲(chóng),可取食300多種植物[6],包括一年生紫草科Boraginaceae天芥菜屬Heliotropium,禾本科Gramineae狼尾草屬Pennisetum、黍?qū)貾anicum,大戟科Euphorbiaceae沙戟屬Chrozophora,蒺藜科 Zygophyllaceae蒺藜屬Tribulus等4個(gè)科5個(gè)屬植物[2223],以及多年生禾本科賴草屬Leymus、羊茅屬Festuca、狼尾草屬Pennisetum,大戟科大戟屬Euphorbia,豆科Leguminosae苜蓿屬M(fèi)edicago,莧科 Amaranthaceae白花莧屬Aerva等4個(gè)科6個(gè)屬植物[16,2224]。決定沙漠蝗食性的主要因子是植物次生代謝物,如沙漠蝗對(duì)黃酮含量高的植物具有偏好性[25]。但會(huì)拒食一些苦味的植物,如常春藤Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis (Tobl.) Rehd等[26]。同時(shí),開(kāi)闊的草原植被中,裸露地面為沙漠蝗創(chuàng)造了理想的繁殖場(chǎng)所[2728]。在夏季,巴基斯坦、伊朗和印度等地的蝗蟲(chóng)往往集中暴發(fā)于有成片裸露地面的沙丘頂部和斜坡上,而在冬季和春季,沙漠蝗喜歡在低覆蓋的開(kāi)放草原植被周邊區(qū)域大量繁殖[27]。
2.3 為害
遷飛擴(kuò)散為害是沙漠蝗造成重大損失的重要原因。1967年4-5月沙漠蝗在阿拉伯半島西南部大暴發(fā),擴(kuò)散為害至紅海沿岸國(guó)家,至1969年中結(jié)束,3年間成功繁衍了7代,大規(guī)模發(fā)生了5次,僅第5代沙漠蝗(1968年4月)為害面積就達(dá)10萬(wàn)km2[29]。1986年-1989年沙漠蝗蝗災(zāi)造成毛里塔尼亞近300萬(wàn)hm2遭受為害,政府耗資約2億美元用于開(kāi)展防治工作[30]。2003年-2005年大規(guī)模沙漠蝗災(zāi),使得西非、北非及非洲中東部多個(gè)國(guó)家受到影響,引起了FAO高度重視[20];這次蝗災(zāi)導(dǎo)致整個(gè)薩赫勒地區(qū)800多萬(wàn)人遭受糧食危機(jī),除直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失外,蝗災(zāi)還造成了嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)影響,據(jù)調(diào)查,2004年馬里受災(zāi)地區(qū)出生兒童的身高較未受災(zāi)地區(qū)出生兒童的身高明顯降低[31]。2019年5月開(kāi)始的沙漠蝗災(zāi)至今仍未停息,為害區(qū)域遍布非洲、亞洲,使得巴基斯坦、索馬里、埃塞俄比亞、肯尼亞等國(guó)家和地區(qū)宣布進(jìn)入緊急狀態(tài),聯(lián)合國(guó)糧農(nóng)組織呼吁全球高度重視此次蝗災(zāi),并計(jì)劃籌集約7 600萬(wàn)美元來(lái)阻止蝗災(zāi)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)散蔓延[32]。
3 生物學(xué)特性
3.1 生活史
沙漠蝗為不完全變態(tài)昆蟲(chóng),分為卵、蝗蝻和成蟲(chóng)3個(gè)階段,蝗蝻有5個(gè)齡期,成蟲(chóng)有兩種類型:一種為散居型,呈灰黃色或灰色,即在低密度條件下,蝗蟲(chóng)多以散居型出現(xiàn),相對(duì)不活躍;另一種為群居型,呈鮮黃色或黑色,更加活躍。當(dāng)散居型沙漠蝗密度較高時(shí),個(gè)體間的身體接觸會(huì)刺激其向群居型轉(zhuǎn)變[3335]。
散居型雌成蟲(chóng)每頭可產(chǎn)卵200~300粒,群居型可產(chǎn)95~158粒?;嚷淹ǔ.a(chǎn)在10~15 cm深的濕潤(rùn)沙土中,每頭雌成蟲(chóng)平均可產(chǎn)卵2~3次,一般間隔6~11 d左右。產(chǎn)下的卵被一種分泌物結(jié)合在一起,形成一個(gè)卵莢,長(zhǎng)約3~4 cm?;嚷炎罡呙芏瓤蛇_(dá)5 000~6 000塊/m2[6,16]。蝗卵一般在2周后開(kāi)始孵化,蝗蝻分為5個(gè)齡期,最快在25 d后羽化,成蟲(chóng)至少需要3周才能性成熟,并開(kāi)始交配產(chǎn)卵。成蟲(chóng)存活時(shí)間為2.5~5個(gè)月,主要取決于天氣和環(huán)境條件,且性成熟越早,壽命就越短[29,36]。一般而言,不同區(qū)域沙漠蝗每年可發(fā)生1~4代[18]。例如,1967年在沙特阿拉伯沙漠蝗一年可發(fā)生3代[29]。
3.2 發(fā)生規(guī)律
沙漠蝗無(wú)滯育現(xiàn)象[3739]。在非洲,每年3月、7月和10月上旬是沙漠蝗卵孵化盛期;每年5-6月、11月,受氣流影響,成蟲(chóng)可遠(yuǎn)距離遷飛擴(kuò)散為害。若遭遇不利條件,如低溫,沙漠蝗發(fā)育較慢,羽化后成蟲(chóng)到產(chǎn)卵可能需要長(zhǎng)達(dá)6個(gè)月的發(fā)育時(shí)間[18]。
3.3 遷飛規(guī)律
沙漠蝗具備很強(qiáng)的遷飛能力,每年夏季從紅海經(jīng)阿拉伯半島遷飛至印度河流域,冬天從印度河流域回遷至紅海附近,并進(jìn)一步遷移至薩赫勒地區(qū);紅海沿岸為沙漠蝗重要蟲(chóng)源地,向南經(jīng)過(guò)埃塞俄比亞到達(dá)肯尼亞,轉(zhuǎn)向?yàn)醺蛇_(dá)進(jìn)入南蘇丹為害;薩赫勒西段受西非季風(fēng)控制,向北進(jìn)入北非,轉(zhuǎn)而向東進(jìn)入埃及,可到達(dá)兩河(底格里斯和幼發(fā)拉底河)流域,嚴(yán)重威脅農(nóng)牧業(yè)生產(chǎn) [5,31,39]。
4 環(huán)境因子對(duì)沙漠蝗種群的影響
4.1 溫度
沙漠蝗卵孵化溫度范圍為21~45℃,在42~43℃發(fā)育最快,9 d即可孵化,在21℃時(shí)孵化則需23 d,在15.5℃以下和45℃以上時(shí),蝗卵不發(fā)育[6,19,40]。24℃時(shí),蝻期約62~64 d;41℃條件下,蝻期僅21 d,且當(dāng)溫度在20℃及以下時(shí)蝗蝻活動(dòng)減弱[6]。沙漠蝗蝗蝻和成蟲(chóng)活動(dòng)的最適溫度約40℃[19,41]。高于40℃時(shí),活動(dòng)開(kāi)始減弱[36]。溫度還決定了沙漠蝗的遷飛,通常將20℃作為蝗蟲(chóng)飛行的閾值溫度。群居型沙漠蝗遷飛的環(huán)境溫度范圍為22~24℃[42],散居型持續(xù)飛行溫度范圍為19.5~33℃[43]。
4.2 光照
沙漠蝗產(chǎn)卵與光照無(wú)關(guān),但光周期是決定卵孵化的重要因子,并相應(yīng)地控制了孵化時(shí)間[4446]。群居型沙漠蝗日夜均能遷飛,而散居型沙漠蝗通常只能在晚上發(fā)生短距離遷移擴(kuò)散[29]。另一個(gè)有趣的發(fā)現(xiàn)是,適當(dāng)延長(zhǎng)光照時(shí)間可使沙漠蝗體內(nèi)乙酰膽堿酯酶的活性上升,且在光照期間,溫度升高到30℃時(shí),可導(dǎo)致沙漠蝗所有神經(jīng)節(jié)的酶活性顯著升高,反之下降[47]。
4.3 濕度
沙漠蝗在半干旱環(huán)境中發(fā)育快,喜在濕潤(rùn)的新沙土中產(chǎn)卵,降雨有利于其生存和繁殖,大發(fā)生多出現(xiàn)在年降雨量超過(guò)200 mm的地區(qū)[19],如2003年7月至2004年4月,薩赫勒地區(qū)和非洲西北部地區(qū)的降雨量超過(guò)平均水平,為沙漠蝗聚集創(chuàng)造了理想的條件,形成了蝗災(zāi)[20]?;闰锖蛢尚统上x(chóng)正常發(fā)育和迅速成熟的相對(duì)濕度為60%~75%,當(dāng)缺乏足夠的濕度時(shí)蝗蝻壽命可延長(zhǎng)幾個(gè)月[19,41]。濕度還可控制沙漠蝗體壁顏色的多型現(xiàn)象,在潮濕的條件下沙漠蝗以綠色種為主,而在干燥條件下棕色種居多[4850]。
5 沙漠蝗監(jiān)測(cè)與防控技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展
5.1 監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)
沙漠蝗監(jiān)測(cè)工作最早始于1912年,Uvarov在摩洛哥采用捕蟲(chóng)網(wǎng)開(kāi)展野外調(diào)查[11],到20世紀(jì)90年代中期,聯(lián)合國(guó)糧農(nóng)組織及其他防蝗組織利用遙感圖像、氣候變化預(yù)測(cè)模型和氣象數(shù)據(jù),提出了早期預(yù)警和快速反應(yīng)的預(yù)防策略。同時(shí),結(jié)合蝗蟲(chóng)種群現(xiàn)狀(實(shí)地調(diào)查)、生態(tài)條件(植被和土壤水分)和歷史資料(過(guò)去的類似情況)等數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行綜合研判[5153],借助蝗蟲(chóng)信息服務(wù)系統(tǒng)(DLIS)、物種分布模型(SDMS)和數(shù)字工具,評(píng)估、預(yù)警蝗蟲(chóng)暴發(fā)的潛在可能性[5455]。在上述技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上, Gómez等基于人工智能算法和衛(wèi)星遙感數(shù)據(jù),開(kāi)發(fā)了一種用于識(shí)別沙漠蝗的預(yù)警系統(tǒng),能快速、有效提高沙漠蝗早期預(yù)警效率,減少地理偏差。該系統(tǒng)能結(jié)合物種分布模型(SDMs)、歸一化植被指數(shù)(NDVI)、葉面積指數(shù)(LAI)等模型,大大提高了監(jiān)測(cè)效率和準(zhǔn)確率[56]。
5.2 防治策略
1921年,Uvarov提出沙漠蝗“預(yù)防控制”策略[57],主要是在群居型沙漠蝗活躍早期開(kāi)始使用。但這種策略在很大程度上依賴于有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥的使用,由于其對(duì)環(huán)境的破壞性,這種防治策略在20世紀(jì)80年代后期限制使用,僅在災(zāi)情大面積暴發(fā)時(shí)使用[58]。隨后,Haskell于1993年提出了“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)控制系統(tǒng)”的理念,Lecoq等在此基礎(chǔ)上制定了沙漠蝗綜合防治戰(zhàn)略,即預(yù)防、應(yīng)急防治和保守控制,其主要內(nèi)容包括開(kāi)展沙漠蝗種群動(dòng)態(tài)研究(地理分布、密度和發(fā)育進(jìn)度等),利用氣象、衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù),開(kāi)發(fā)專門監(jiān)測(cè)沙漠蝗動(dòng)態(tài)的地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS),在此基礎(chǔ)上制定一級(jí)和二級(jí)緊急防治計(jì)劃[54,58],根據(jù)不同受災(zāi)程度采取對(duì)應(yīng)的防治措施。
5.3 防治藥劑
沙漠蝗防治工作最早始于1860年,主要采用挖掘溝渠、誘捕后將其焚燒的方法以減少種群數(shù)量[59]。至1945年,英國(guó)海外害蟲(chóng)研究中心開(kāi)始采用化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑如狄氏劑防治沙漠蝗,化學(xué)防治在當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)揮了重要作用[60]。隨后研發(fā)的殺硝脲等有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥也在60年代用于防治沙漠蝗[61]。70年代初,非洲多個(gè)國(guó)家發(fā)現(xiàn)有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥包括狄氏劑具有廣譜性,不僅造成非靶標(biāo)生物死亡,還嚴(yán)重污染環(huán)境[6263]。人們開(kāi)始選用有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥(如殺螟松和馬拉硫磷)、氨基甲酸酯(如苯二甲酸乙酯)和擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯(如溴氰菊酯)等觸殺型、持效期短的殺蟲(chóng)劑來(lái)替代狄氏劑等有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥[64]。但因有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥(馬拉硫磷)、氨基甲酸酯類殺蟲(chóng)劑(惡蟲(chóng)威)等對(duì)環(huán)境毒性大,加之使用量大幅增加造成嚴(yán)重的“3R”問(wèn)題,因此在90年代開(kāi)始使用昆蟲(chóng)生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑(如除蟲(chóng)脲、殺鈴脲和氟樂(lè)美?。┖托滦捅交吝颍ǚx(chóng)腈)等產(chǎn)品[54,65]。90年代中期至今,綠僵菌[66]和白僵菌[67]、印楝油[68]、微孢子蟲(chóng)[69]等生物源農(nóng)藥開(kāi)始用于沙漠蝗的防治。同時(shí),一些生態(tài)治理手段也逐漸用于沙漠蝗防治中,如改變作物種植結(jié)構(gòu)[70]、利用天敵等[7172]。
劑型和施藥方式也在逐漸改變。20世紀(jì)70年代以前,防治沙漠蝗主要使用餌劑,少量使用粉劑和水劑[29]。至70年代,開(kāi)始少量使用粉劑、餌劑,大量使用水劑、乳油[30],目前這幾種劑型一直沿用至今[62]。20世紀(jì)50代年開(kāi)始使用噴霧方式施藥,主要采用人工和小型機(jī)械。1989年11月7日,聯(lián)合國(guó)糧農(nóng)組織開(kāi)始利用超輕型飛行器施藥[70]。現(xiàn)階段,在上述施藥方式基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)施藥機(jī)械進(jìn)行了進(jìn)一步改進(jìn),包括背負(fù)式小型機(jī)械、地面大型器械和飛機(jī)等,推廣使用超低容量(ULV)噴霧[63]。特別是21世紀(jì)以來(lái),結(jié)合全球定位系統(tǒng)逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)了精準(zhǔn)用藥,減少了化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的浪費(fèi)和環(huán)境污染[54,63]。
6 展望
我國(guó)關(guān)于沙漠蝗僅有4次報(bào)道,1956年蔡邦華先生記錄云南有分布[73],1974年中科院動(dòng)物所在西藏聶拉木縣的樟木地區(qū)采集到沙漠蝗,1982年陳永林先生報(bào)告西藏有沙漠蝗分布[74],2002年,陳永林先生撰文《警惕沙漠蝗的猖獗發(fā)生》,指出西藏、云南等邊境地區(qū)應(yīng)加強(qiáng)監(jiān)測(cè)工作[6]。這些報(bào)道表明沙漠蝗曾借助風(fēng)場(chǎng)遷飛到上述地區(qū),由于青藏高原地理阻隔,沒(méi)有形成種群,尚未造成災(zāi)害。我國(guó)近30年也并未發(fā)現(xiàn)沙漠蝗種群。但是,目前沙漠蝗災(zāi)在印巴邊境和非洲之角等地大規(guī)模暴發(fā)[75],除西藏外,我國(guó)云南、新疆也與印度、緬甸接壤,仍然存在一定的入侵風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,現(xiàn)階段應(yīng)加強(qiáng)邊境地區(qū)沙漠蝗監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警工作。印巴邊境塔爾沙漠地區(qū)是沙漠蝗的重要蟲(chóng)源地,擴(kuò)散區(qū)可達(dá)緬甸,因此應(yīng)重點(diǎn)關(guān)注印巴邊境地區(qū)沙漠蝗種群動(dòng)態(tài),以及夏季西風(fēng)和印度洋暖濕氣流的變化,開(kāi)展沙漠蝗遷飛路線、落點(diǎn)區(qū)域等研究工作。近年來(lái),沙漠蝗持續(xù)為害,氣候變化被認(rèn)為是沙漠蝗成災(zāi)的主要原因。因此,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)氣候變化對(duì)沙漠蝗種群動(dòng)態(tài)演變規(guī)律研究,從生態(tài)系統(tǒng)角度出發(fā),分析環(huán)境因子、氣象因子對(duì)沙漠蝗種群的影響。同時(shí),應(yīng)加快構(gòu)建新型、高效沙漠蝗防控技術(shù)體系,針對(duì)不同區(qū)域沙漠蝗為害,篩選適合不同區(qū)域防控藥劑和施藥方式;加快研制一批真菌、細(xì)菌、病毒等高效、新型防蝗產(chǎn)品,建立分區(qū)分級(jí)防控策略,實(shí)現(xiàn)沙漠蝗持續(xù)控制。沙漠蝗災(zāi)情影響多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū),應(yīng)加快建立國(guó)際合作溝通機(jī)制,共同應(yīng)對(duì)蝗蟲(chóng)災(zāi)害。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 康樂(lè), 陳永林. 關(guān)于蝗蟲(chóng)災(zāi)害減災(zāi)對(duì)策的探討[J]. 中國(guó)減災(zāi), 1992, 2(1): 5052.
[2] 聯(lián)合國(guó)糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織. 沙漠蝗[EB/OL]. (20200131)[20200402]. http:∥www.fao.org/locusts/zh/.
[3] HUNTER D M. Advances in the control of locusts (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in eastern Australia: from crop protection to preventive control [J]. Australian Journal of Entomology, 2004, 43(3): 293303.
[4] NEVO D. The desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, and its control in the land of Israel and the near east in antiquity, with some reflections on its appearance in Israel in modern times [J]. Phytoparasitica, 1996, 24(1): 732.
[5] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Desert Locust situation update [EB/OL]. (20200317) [20200402]. http:∥www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/index.html.
[6] 陳永林. 警惕沙漠蝗的猖獗發(fā)生[J]. 昆蟲(chóng)知識(shí), 2002,39(5): 335339.
[7] TUCKER C J, HIELKEMA J U, ROFFEY J. The potential of satellite remote sensing of ecological conditions for survey and forecasting desert-locust activity [J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1985, 6(1): 127138.
[8] FAO of the United Nations. Desert locust bulletin, general situation during February 2020. Forecast until mid-April 2020 [R]. FAO of the United Nations, 20200414(497).
[9] 張澤華, 張?chǎng)危?石旺鵬. 蝗蟲(chóng)壓境, 會(huì)否影響我國(guó)糧食安全[N]. 中國(guó)科學(xué)報(bào), 20200218(1).
[10]中國(guó)動(dòng)物主題數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)[DB/OL]. (20200330) http:∥www.zoology.csdb.cn/page/showTreeMap.vpage?uri=cnfauna.tableTaxa&id=.
[11]WALOFF N, POPOV G B. Sir Boris Uvarov (18891970): The father of acridology [J]. Annual Review of Entomology, 1990, 35(1): 126.
[12]UVAROV B P. XI.—A revision of the old world Cyrtacanthacrini (Orthoptera, Acridid).—I. Introduction and key to genera [J]. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, 1923, 11(61): 130144.
[13]JAGO N D, ANTONIOU A, SCOTT P. Laboratory evidence showing the separate species status of Schistocerca gregaria, americana and cancellata (Acrididae, Crytacanthacridinae) [J]. Systematic Entomology, 1979, 4(2): 133142.
[14]UVAROV B P. XLVII—A revision of the old world Cyrtacanthacrini (Orthoptera, Acrididae)—II. Genera Phyxacra to Willemsea [J]. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1923, 11(64): 473490.
[15]Food and Agriculture. Organization of the United Nations. Locust watch—desert locust [DB/OL] (20200211) [20200402]. http:∥www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/faq/index.html.
[16]中國(guó)生物志庫(kù)·動(dòng)物[DB/OL]. (20200330)[20200402]. http:∥species.sciencereading.cn/biology/v/speciesDetails/122/DW/3456324.html.2020.
[17]YIN Xiangchu, SHI Jianping, YIN Zhan. A synonymic catalogue of grasshoppers and their allies of the world: Orthoptera: Caelifera [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 1996: 626631.
[18]SHOWLER A. Desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskl (Orthoptera: Acrididae) plagues [M]. Dordrecht:Springer, 2005: 682685.
[19]SIR B U. Grasshopper and locusts—a handbook of general acridology [EB/OL]. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, 1977: 128.
[20]CECCATO P, CRESSMAN K, GIANNINI A, et al. The desert locust upsurge in West Africa (20032005): Information on the desert locust early warning system and the prospects for seasonal climate forecasting [J]. International Journal of Pest Management, 2007, 53(1): 713.
[21]WALOF Z. Proceedings of the international study conference on the current and future problems of acridology, London 1970 [M]. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, 1972: 343349.
[22]AKWAI L K E. Field study of host plant preference of solitary desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskl) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) [D]. Sudan: Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum Shambat, 2003.
[23]PEKEL J F, CECCATO P, VANCUTSEM C, et al. Development and application of multi-temporal colorimetric transformation to monitor vegetation in the desert locust habitat [J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2011, 4(2): 318326.
[24]TOYE S A. Effects of food on the development of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) [J]. Physiological Entomology, 2009, 48(1): 95102.
[25]LOUVEAUX A, JAY M, HADI O T M E, et al. Variability in flavonoid compounds of four Tribulus species: Does it play a role in their identification by desert locust Schistocerca gregaria? [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1998, 24(9): 14651481.
[26]WILLIAMS L H. The feeding habits and food preferences of Acrididae and the factor that determine them [J]. Ecological Entomology, 2009, 105(18): 423454.
[27]STEEDMAN A. Locust handbook [M]. London: Natural Resources Institute Chatham UK, 1990: 204.
[28]UVAROV B P S. Grasshoppers and locusts. Behavior, ecology, biogeography population dynamics [M]. London: Centre of Overseas Pest Reasearch, 1977: 1613.
[29]BENNETT L V. The development and termination of the 1968 plague of the desert locust [J]. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1976, 66(3): 511552.
[30]SKAF R, POPOV G B, ROFFEY J. The desert locust: an international challenge [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, 1990, 328(1251): 525538.
[31]CONTE B, PIEMONTESE L, TAPSOBA A. Ancient plagues in modern times: The impact of desert locust invasions on child health [R/OL].Toulouse School of Economics, 2020. http:∥publications.ut-capitole.fr/33912/1/wp_tse_1069.pdf.
[32]DEVI S. Locust swarms in east Africa could be “a catastrophe” [J]. The Lancet, 2020, 395(10224): 547.
[33]SIMPSON S J, McCAFFERY A R, HGELE B F, et al. A behavioural analysis of phase change in the desert locust [J]. Biological Reviews, 1999, 74(4): 461480.
[34]DESPLAND E, SIMPSON S J. Food choices of solitarious and gregarious locusts reflect cryptic and aposematic antipredator strategies [J]. Animal Behaviour, 2005, 69(2): 471479.
[35]ENSERINK M. Entomology: An insects extreme makeover [J]. Science, 2004,306(5703): 1881.
[36]NEVO D. Pests and diseases of agricultural crops and their control in Erez Israel during the Biblical and Mishna Periods [D]. Ramat Gan, Israel: Bar-Ilan University, 1992.
[37]HUSAIN M A, AHMAD T. Studies on Schistocerca gregaria Forsk, II: the biology of the desert locust with special reference to temperature [J]. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 1936, 6:188263.
[38]SCHMIDT G H, ALBUTZ R. Laboratory studies on pheromones and reproduction in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) [J]. Journal of Applied Entomology, 1994, 118(15): 378391.
[39]BRADER L, DJIBO H, FAYE F G, et al. Towards a more effective response to desert locusts and their impacts on food security, livelihoods and poverty [R]. Multilateral evaluation of the 200305 desert locust campaign. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,Rome, 2006: 185.
[40]HUQUE H, JALEEL M A. Temperature-induced quiescence in the eggs of the desert locust [J]. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1970, 63(5): 13981400.
[41]HEMMING C F. The locust menace [EB/OL]. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, 1974: 348.
[42]WEIS-FOGH T. Biology and physics of locust flight. II. Flight performance of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Biological Sciences, 1956, 239(667): 459510.
[43]ROFFEY J. Observations on gliding in the desert locust [J]. Animal Behaviour, 1963,11: 359366.
[44]STOWER W J, POPV G B, GREATHEAD D J. Oviposition behaviour and egg mortality of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskl) on the coast of Eritrea [J]. Anti-Locust Bulletin, 1958, 30:133.
[45]ELLIS P E, ASHALL C. Field studies on diurnal behaviour, movement and aggregation in the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskl) [J]. Anti-Locust Bulletin, 1957, 25: 194.
[46]NISHIDE Y, TANAKA S, SEAKIA S. Egg hatching of two locusts, Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria, in response to light and temperature cycles [J]. Journal of Insect Physiology, 2015, 76: 2429.
[47]BAUER H C. Effects of photoperiod and temperature on the cholinesterase activity in the ganglia of Schistocerca gregaria [J]. Journal of Insect Physiology, 1976, 22(5): 683688.
[48]MAENO K, TANAKA S. Artificial miniaturization causes eggs laid by crowd-reared (gregarious) desert locusts to produce green (solitarious) offspring in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria [J]. Journal of Insect Physiology, 2009, 55(9): 849854.
[49]TANAKA S, HARANO K, NISHIDE Y. Re-examination of the roles of environmental factors in the control of body color polyphenism in solitarious nymphs of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria with special reference to substrate color and humidity [J]. Journal of Insect Physiology, 2012, 58(1): 89101.
[50]HUNTRER J P. Coloration of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskl) reared in isolation [J]. Entomologists Monthly Magazine, 1962, 98: 8992.
[51]CRESSMAN K, HODSON D. Surveillance, information sharing and early warning systems for transboundary plant pests diseases: the FAO experience [J]. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 2009,27: 226232.
[52]ELLIOTT C C H. FAOs perspective on migratory pests [C]. Workshop on Research Priorities for Migrant Pests of Agriculture in Southern Africa. 2000, 3(37): 17.
[53]FRANOIS W, MOHAMED A B E, KEITH C, et al. Operational monitoring of the desert locust habitat with earth observation: an assessment [J]. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2015, 4(4): 23792400.
[54]LECOQ M. Recent progress in desert and migratory locust management in Africa: are preventative actions possible? [J]. Journal of Orthoptera Research 2001,10: 277291.
[55]ROBINSON T P, WINT G W, CONCHEDDA G, et al. Mapping the global distribution of livestock [J]. PLoS ONE, 2014, 9(5): e96084.
[56]GMEZ D, SALVADOR P, SANZ J, et al. Desert locust detection using earth observation satellite data in Mauritania [J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2019, 164: 2937.
[57]UVAROV B P. A revision of the genus Locusta L. (=Pachytylus Fieb.), with a new theory as to the periodicity and migrations of locusts [J]. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1921, 12: 135163.
[58]LECOQ M, DURANTON J F, RACHADI T. Towards an integrated strategy for the control of the desert locust [M]∥KRALL S, PEVELING R, DIALLO D B. New strategies in locust control. Birkhuser Basel, 1997: 467473.
[59]VAN HUIS A. Desert locust plagues [J]. Endeavour, 1995, 19(3): 118124.
[60]MATTHEWS G A. Pesticide application methods [M]. Harlow, UK: Longmans, 1992: 405.
[61]SKAF R. A story of a disaster: why locust plagues are still possible [J]. Disasters, 1988, 12(2): 122127.
[62]GUNN D L, RAINEY R C. Systems and management: Strategies, systems, value judgements and dieldrin in control of locust hoppers [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, 1979, 287(1022): 429445.
[63]SHARMA A. Locust control management: moving from traditional to new technologies—an empirical analysis [J/OL]. Entomology, Ornithology, and Herpetology: Current Research, 2014, 4:1. DOI:10.4172/21610983.1000141.
[64]Locust Pesticide Referee Group of FAO. Evaluation of field trial data on the efficacy and selectivity of insecticides on locusts and grasshoppers [C]. Referee Group Meeting, 7th, Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization Rome, Italy,1998: 24.
[65]Locust Pesticide Referee Group of FAO. Evaluation of field trials data on the efficacy and selectivity of insecticides on locusts and grasshoppers [C]. The pesticide referee group meeting, 8th, Rome, Food and Agriculture Orgnization of the United Nations, Rome, 1999: 1114.
[66]DRIVER F, MILNER R J, TRUEMAN W H. A taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on a phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA sequence data [J]. Mycological Research, 2000, 104: 135151.
[67]SHAH P A, EVANS H C. Sorosporella: a cryptic pathogen of grasshoppers and locusts in Africa [J]. Mycologist, 1997, 11: 106110.
[68]BASHIR E M, ELSHAFIE H A F. Toxicity, antifeedant, and growth regulating potential of three plant extracts against the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskl (Orthoptera: Acrididae) [J]. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 2014, 4(8): 959970.
[69]JOHNSON D L. Nosematidae and other Protozoa as agents for control of grasshoppers and locusts: current status and prospects [J]. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 1997, 129(S171): 375389.
[70]SHOWLER A T, POTTER C S. Synopsis of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskl), plague 19861989 and the concept of strategic control [J]. American Entomologist, 1991, 37: 106110.
[71]RITCHIE J M, DOBSON H. Desert locust control operations and their environmental impacts [M]. UK: Hobbs the Printers Ltd,1995: 142.
[72]BAKER G L, DYSART R J, PIGOTT R G. Parasitism of grasshopper and locust eggs (Orthoptera: Acrididae) by Scelio species (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in southern Australia [J]. Australian Journal of Zoology,1996, 44(4): 427433.
[73]蔡邦華. 昆蟲(chóng)分類學(xué)上冊(cè)[M]. 北京:財(cái)政經(jīng)濟(jì)出版社, 1956: 212.
[74]陳永林. 我國(guó)西藏初次發(fā)現(xiàn)沙漠蝗[J]. 昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)報(bào), 1982, 25(1): 69.
[75]聯(lián)合國(guó)糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織. 沙漠蝗[EB/OL]. (20200414) [20200415]. http:∥www.fao.org/ag/locusts.
(責(zé)任編輯:張文蔚)
2020,46(3):23-29Plant Protection
收稿日期: 20200417?? 修訂日期: 20200419
基金項(xiàng)目:
中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院應(yīng)急任務(wù)(Y2020YJ02);
中央級(jí)公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)(Y2018YJ16)
通信作者E-mail:zhangzehua@caas.cn
#為并列第一作者