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      溫州版畫藝術(shù)的前世今生

      2020-06-21 15:08:40陳培培
      文化交流 2020年6期
      關(guān)鍵詞:紙馬印刷術(shù)瑞安

      陳培培

      畫面以蠶母、蠶繭和吉祥圖案等為主,較為完整地反映了北宋時(shí)期蠶神的形象和蠶繭豐收的場(chǎng)景,畫面左上方的長(zhǎng)方形字框內(nèi)有直排的“蠶母”二字。

      溫州博物館歷史廳里展示的絕大多數(shù)是文物原件,有一件用的卻是復(fù)制品,那是北宋時(shí)期的木刻套色版畫《蠶母》。溫州博物館研究員伍顯軍說,這是從保護(hù)文物的角度出發(fā),防止紫外線長(zhǎng)期輻射對(duì)紙質(zhì)文物的傷害,因此才用了復(fù)制品,原件則保管在庫房中。

      這幅《蠶母》目前是我國現(xiàn)存最早的木刻套色版畫,它蘊(yùn)藏了溫州桑蠶絲織業(yè)的歷史痕跡。

      前世:《蠶母》刻畫北宋蠶神形象

      1994年,溫州博物館的工作人員在整理國安寺石塔內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)的破損嚴(yán)重的一批印本、釋道畫時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)了這幅木刻套色版畫《蠶母》。

      國安寺石塔,坐落在龍灣區(qū)皇岙村五峰山麓。1987年,浙江省文物局撥??顚?duì)該塔進(jìn)行修繕。根據(jù)修復(fù)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)的碑文,推斷該塔建于北宋元祐庚午至癸酉年(1090~1093年)。

      伍顯軍介紹,這幅《蠶母》藏于塔的第三層塔心方形石室內(nèi),同室內(nèi)藏有北宋元祐辛未年(1091年)的碑記一方,因此可以斷定它為北宋元祐時(shí)(至遲為1093年)或稍早的印刷品。

      這幅《蠶母》局部殘缺,但整體效果未受影響。畫面以蠶母、蠶繭和吉祥圖案等為主,較為完整地反映了北宋時(shí)期蠶神的形象和蠶繭豐收的場(chǎng)景。畫面左上方的長(zhǎng)方形字框內(nèi)有直排的“蠶母”二字。左側(cè)為蠶母立像,頭梳高髻,髻上插花;面頰豐滿圓潤(rùn),白皙而帶紅暈;柳眉清秀,雙目深沉,容光照人。

      伍顯軍介紹,溫州地區(qū)歷來是桑蠶絲織業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)。新石器時(shí)代的一些遺址,如樂清白石楊柳灘遺址、鹿城區(qū)上戍鄉(xiāng)曹灣山遺址、鹿城區(qū)藤橋鎮(zhèn)嶼兒山遺址、瑞安市碧山鎮(zhèn)山前山遺址、龍灣區(qū)上河濱村龍崗山遺址等,均發(fā)現(xiàn)有紡紗工具石紡輪或陶紡輪,說明溫州先民已能將松散的細(xì)纖維質(zhì)捻成麻花狀線索,而用于縫制或編織。瑞安岱石山西周晚期至春秋初期的一座石棚墓擾土層中,采集到的一件原始瓷罐殘片上堆塑有蠶紋。南朝劉宋時(shí)育蠶一年八熟。隋代,豫章、永嘉等地蠶一年四五熟,人們勤于紡績(jī),亦有夜浣紗而旦成布者,俗呼為“雞鳴布”。北宋永嘉胡氏栽靛為業(yè)。宋代“溫地不宜桑而織纴工”(陳謙《永寧編》),但是從北宋慧光塔發(fā)現(xiàn)團(tuán)鸞紋紅羅雙面繡經(jīng)袱和花枝紋褐羅雙面繡經(jīng)袱來看,溫州的絲織和刺繡工藝在當(dāng)時(shí)都有很大發(fā)展。

      我國古代版畫(木刻)歷史悠久,比歐洲早五百多年,是世界版畫的策源地。魯迅先生在《木刻紀(jì)程》一書的小引中說:“中國木刻和圖畫,從唐到明,曾經(jīng)有過體面的歷史?!?/p>

      隋唐之前的中國佛教石窟、寺院壁畫中采用了漏印填彩技術(shù)。唐代,隨著雕版印刷術(shù)的發(fā)明,書籍由寫本時(shí)代進(jìn)入印本時(shí)代。這時(shí),刻書和版畫技術(shù)有機(jī)地結(jié)合在一起。早期有木版捺印、木版刷印的佛教彩色版畫。捺印是在印好的佛經(jīng)圖案上逐個(gè)印上色彩。刷版填色法則是采用雕版印刷與手工上色相結(jié)合的方法:先用雕版印刷術(shù),在紙上印制出版畫,然后在手工墨線版畫上填涂各種顏色,使黑白圖畫變成彩色圖畫。套色印刷法是雕版印刷術(shù)發(fā)展過程中的新成就。套色印刷主要采用兩種方式:一是單版涂色印刷,即用幾種顏色涂在一塊雕版上,然后覆紙印刷;一是套版印刷,則用兩塊或兩塊以上的版片,使用不同顏色,逐次印在同一紙上。

      溫州博物館原館長(zhǎng)金柏東研究認(rèn)為,這幅《蠶母》具備明顯的雕版套色印刷特征,如線條剛勁、規(guī)整,帛巾、對(duì)襟的纖細(xì)線條,有輕微凹陷;線條粗細(xì)、濃淡不一,過渡欠自然,長(zhǎng)線中有斷線出現(xiàn);“蠶母”兩字,字體蒼勁有力、干練明快,并設(shè)有長(zhǎng)方形字框,與北宋版本字體及版畫字框式樣相一致;用色多樣,色調(diào)明快、協(xié)調(diào);色區(qū)邊緣整齊。因此,可以斷定這是一件北宋元祐時(shí)(至遲為1093年)或稍早的套色版畫,應(yīng)是我國現(xiàn)存最早的木刻套色版畫之一。

      伍顯軍表示,蠶母作為藝術(shù)形象留傳下來的為數(shù)不多,早期的僅見宋代巨鹿遺址出土的人物雕版,該版尚可隱約看出“三姑置蠶大吉”六字,“疑是宋代民間供奉的蠶神神像雕版”。溫州博物館這幅《蠶母》,年代確切,且有“蠶母”二字,是被專家判定為現(xiàn)存最早反映蠶母形象的作品。

      今生:非遺“三術(shù)”重現(xiàn)屏紙版畫

      那么,當(dāng)年制作這幅《蠶母》的技藝,在如今的溫州是否還有流傳呢?

      筆者來到瑞安平陽坑鎮(zhèn)東源村,找到了今年63歲的王釧巧。他是瑞安僅有的11位木活字印刷術(shù)“譜師”之一,也是紙馬雕版印刷術(shù)技藝的唯一傳人,是目前瑞安獨(dú)有的一位身兼兩項(xiàng)傳統(tǒng)技藝的“雙料”省級(jí)非遺傳承人。

      只見他在紙馬木雕版上刷一層墨,然后鋪上一層宣紙,再用棕刷反復(fù)均勻按壓……輕輕揭紙,一幅生動(dòng)的《麒麟吐玉書》躍然眼前。

      東源村是中國木活字印刷技藝的主要傳承地,作為東源王氏后裔的王釧巧,幼時(shí)酷愛字畫。1974年,18歲的他跟隨堂叔祖王聲初和堂兄王釧合學(xué)習(xí)傳統(tǒng)的木活字印刷技藝及修譜技藝。至于紙馬雕版印刷術(shù),則是他在成家后,跟著妻子的家人學(xué)習(xí)的。但他天資聰穎、勤學(xué)苦練,很快就熟練地掌握了這兩門技藝。

      王釧巧說,東源的紙馬雕版印刷品是民間祈福禳災(zāi)祭祀活動(dòng)焚燒的各種各樣雕版印刷品的總稱,也是中國民俗版畫體系中的特殊類型。該印刷術(shù)在明末清初之際由福建傳入瑞安并傳承至今,2014年被列入浙江省非遺名錄。

      20世紀(jì)80年代后期,時(shí)任澤雅區(qū)區(qū)長(zhǎng)的周榮光提出了大力開發(fā)澤雅旅游業(yè),近年他著手研究甌海與瑞安兩地的“三術(shù)”(造紙術(shù)、木活字印刷術(shù)、紙馬雕版印刷術(shù))融合問題,即將瑞安的木活字印刷術(shù)及紙馬雕版印刷術(shù)呈現(xiàn)在澤雅屏紙上。2018年5月,他找到了王釧巧。王釧巧找出收藏多年的紙馬雕版,用周榮光帶來的屏紙制出了版畫。

      王釧巧說,現(xiàn)在他一直在新制雕版,拓寬題材,推動(dòng)紙馬雕版從祭祀民俗向裝飾收藏功能轉(zhuǎn)變。他甚至還設(shè)計(jì)了套色版,讓屏紙版畫形式感更強(qiáng)、色彩更豐富。而這種套色版,保留了最古老的套色版畫的工藝,與這幅《蠶母》的制作工藝相似。

      浙江省版畫家協(xié)會(huì)理事、溫州商學(xué)院傳媒與設(shè)計(jì)藝術(shù)學(xué)院教授廖笑焱擅長(zhǎng)水彩、銅版畫。2007年,她的銅版作品《楠溪雪霽》入選全國十八屆版畫展并被浙江美術(shù)館收藏;2009年,銅版作品《張溪》入選第九屆全國“三版”版畫作品展,并被中國美術(shù)館收藏;2009年,版畫《中國長(zhǎng)城》獲中國美術(shù)家協(xié)會(huì)主辦的全國教師優(yōu)秀作品獎(jiǎng);2018年,水印木刻《后臺(tái)》系列之一入選浙江省版畫展。

      去年,溫州博物館曾邀請(qǐng)廖笑焱與市民分享了一個(gè)話題——當(dāng)代版畫藝術(shù)和傳統(tǒng)年畫。她表示,版畫藝術(shù)伴隨著印刷術(shù)的發(fā)明與發(fā)展擁有非常悠久的歷史。中國古代版畫主要是指木刻版畫,如溫州博物館歷史館展示的北宋套色版畫《蠶母》圖,就具有較高的歷史價(jià)值和藝術(shù)價(jià)值。當(dāng)代版畫主要指由藝術(shù)家構(gòu)思創(chuàng)作并且通過制版和印刷程序而產(chǎn)生的藝術(shù)作品,是以刀或化學(xué)藥品等在木、石、麻膠、銅、鋅等版面上雕刻或蝕刻后印刷出來的圖畫,比如在溫州博物館的固定陳列“王維新銅版畫陳列廳”中的銅版畫,溫州博物館歷史廳中展示的抗戰(zhàn)題材木刻版畫等。

      廖笑焱說,溫州曾是中國抗戰(zhàn)版畫活動(dòng)的重要陣地。1931年,魯迅先生在上海倡導(dǎo)發(fā)起中國新興木刻版畫運(yùn)動(dòng),在這個(gè)時(shí)期,溫州曾涌現(xiàn)了大批的版畫大師。如今,在溫州從事版畫創(chuàng)作的人,雖然沒有像書法、國畫等藝術(shù)門類普及,但也有不少人還在從事創(chuàng)作。

      今年開始,廖笑焱在學(xué)校針對(duì)大三學(xué)生開設(shè)了黑白木刻的選修課,教學(xué)生一些比較基礎(chǔ)的木刻版畫技藝。廖笑焱說,現(xiàn)在一共有32名學(xué)生選修這門課程,學(xué)生對(duì)于這門課程的評(píng)價(jià)都很高。

      (本文圖片攝影:張嘯龍)

      In the history exhibition hall of Wenzhou Museum, one exhibit stands out from all other counterparts in the room. While this one, a woodprint in multiple colors that features a silkworm lady and dates back to the Northern Song (960-1127), is a replica, all the others are authentic. This woodprint is titled . The original is too precious to be on show for fear that long-term exposure to ultraviolet could damage the treasured paper.

      The chromatic woodprint is precious partly because this is Chinas extant earliest woodprint in color and partly because it showcases the history of sericulture in Wenzhou.

      was discovered in 1994 when experts of Wenzhou Museum were sorting out a batch of books and prints, in seriously damaged conditions, discovered in the stone pagoda from Guoan Temple. The pagoda stands on the top of Five-Peak Mountain in Longwan District of Wenzhou. In 1987, a restoration project, funded by the provincial administration of cultural heritage, was launched. A stone stele, discovered in the restoration, indicates the pagoda was built from 1090 to 1093, which were the years of the Northern Song. The chromatic woodprint was discovered in a square stone alcove on the third floor of the pagoda. A stone stele in the alcove is dated 1091. It is therefore assumed that the woodprint was produced no later than 1093 when the pagoda was done with construction.

      Part of the woodprint is damaged, but the damage does not prevent the print from showing what it is. The print presents a standing image of Silkworm Lady, which was the name for goddess of silkworm. Inside a small rectangle in the upper left corner are two Chinese words 蠶母, which means goddess of silkworm. The rest of the print shows cocoons and other auspicious images. This print showcases the image of silkworm lady and a bumper harvest of cocoons.

      Stone and pottery spinning wheels excavated from ancient sites in Wenzhou reveal that sericulture in the region can date back to prehistoric periods. A paste-on-paste decoration on a primitive pottery, which was unearthed from an ancient tomb that can be traced back at least to the Spring and Autumn period (770-476BC), presents a pattern of silkworm. Before the Tang Dynasty (618-907), silkworm farmers could produce eight rounds of cocoons a year. Silk weaving and embroidery were quite advanced in Wenzhou.

      Woodprint as an art appeared in China five hundred years earlier than in Europe. Some murals in caves and temples before the Sui Dynasty (581-617) were colored. In the Tang, the block printing technology appeared and made book printing into a reality. Chromatic woodprints also appeared, using a variety of techniques. Generally, there were two major coloring techniques: in one way, a set of carved printing blocks was used, each block for one single color; in the other, one single block was used repeatedly for printing different colors.

      Whether the woodprint of ?in the collection of the museum was printed in Wenzhou is unknown, but Wenzhou does have at least one master who carries on an ancient woodprint technology. The 63-year-old Wang Xunqiao is a master of movable-type printing and woodprint. He is a native of Dongyuan Village where the ancient movable-type printing technology is still alive. In Ruian, a county-level city of Wenzhou, there are eleven such masters who still use the technology to print genealogy books for local clans. Of the eleven, Wang is the only one who is also a master of woodprint technology. At 18 he began to study the movable-type printing under the guidance of his great uncle. After he got married, he studied the woodprint technology from relatives of his wifes family. Woodprints he learned and mastered include some prints and “hell money” largely burnt in folk ceremonies. The woodprint technology was first carried to Ruian from Fujian in the 17th century and was inscribed onto the list of intangible cultural heritage of Zhejiang Province in 2014.

      Wang Xunqiao is not confined to producing hell-money to be used in sacrifices and ceremonies. With some new techniques he has mastered, he is working to produce woodprints featuring subject matters that are artistic and decorative.

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