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      組蛋白H1的研究進(jìn)展

      2020-08-28 09:45馬佳琦劉鵬
      江蘇農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué) 2020年13期

      馬佳琦 劉鵬

      摘要:核小體是染色質(zhì)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)單位,DNA纏繞在組蛋白八聚體外側(cè)形成核小體。核小體的串珠結(jié)構(gòu)在組蛋白H1的存在下形成緊密的30 nm染色質(zhì)纖維。多種H1亞型的存在及其不同翻譯后修飾揭示組蛋白H1功能的復(fù)雜性。本文綜述了組蛋白H1的生物學(xué)功能,H1在表觀修飾、基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和DNA復(fù)制方面的調(diào)控機制,并概括了H1翻譯后修飾及其功能調(diào)控的研究進(jìn)展,為H1的研究工作提供了參考。

      關(guān)鍵詞:組蛋白H1;表觀遺傳修飾;基因轉(zhuǎn)錄;翻譯后修飾

      中圖分類號: Q811.4文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A文章編號:1002-1302(2020)13-0034-07

      收稿日期:2020-01-20

      基金項目:國家科技重大專項轉(zhuǎn)基因生物新品種培育(編號:2018ZX08020003-003)。

      作者簡介:馬佳琦(1995—),女,江蘇靖江人,碩士研究生,主要從事表觀遺傳研究。E-mail:812730438@qq.com。

      通信作者:劉鵬,博士,助理研究員,主要從事表觀遺傳研究。E-mail:pengliu@yzu.edu.cn。染色質(zhì)是真核生物遺傳物質(zhì)的載體。核小體是染色質(zhì)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)單位,由組蛋白和DNA構(gòu)成。組蛋白是染色質(zhì)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白,分別為H1、H2A、H2B、H3、H4,其中H1是最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的組蛋白,其余4種為核心組蛋白。組蛋白H2A、H2B、H3、H4各2個分子形成組蛋白八聚體,約147 bp DNA以左旋超螺旋方式纏繞在組蛋白八聚體構(gòu)成的核心結(jié)構(gòu)外,形成核小體[1-3]。組蛋白H1不構(gòu)成核小體,而是將DNA與核小體緊扣在一起。作為染色體的基本結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白,組蛋白H1在表觀調(diào)控、基因轉(zhuǎn)錄、DNA復(fù)制、DNA損傷修復(fù)、染色體重塑等方面發(fā)揮重要作用。本文將重點介紹組蛋白H1主要生物學(xué)功能及其發(fā)生的翻譯后修飾。

      1組蛋白H1變體

      1.1動物中H1亞型

      組蛋白H1有多個變體。在人和小鼠中已經(jīng)鑒定出了11種變體,包括7種體細(xì)胞亞型H1.0、H1.1、H1.2、H1.3、H1.4、H1.5、H1X,3種睪丸特異性亞型H1t、H1T2、HILS1和1種卵母細(xì)胞特異性亞型H1oo[4-5]。體細(xì)胞中H1.1-H1.5的表達(dá)依賴于DNA復(fù)制,而H1.0和H1X不依賴于DNA復(fù)制并且可以在非增殖細(xì)胞中表達(dá)[6]。H1.0則主要富集在已分化的細(xì)胞中[7]。在兩棲動物和禽類生物中,H1.0(在鳥類中稱為H5)主要富集在高度濃縮的惰性染色質(zhì)中。在鳥類等紅細(xì)胞中的H5變體與哺乳動物中組蛋白H1.0具有較高同源性,雞紅細(xì)胞中H5占總H1含量的60%[8]。果蠅的幼蟲和成體中最初只發(fā)現(xiàn)1個H1變體。而后,鑒定出1個具有較長的氨基端的H1變體,命名為dBigH1,主要在胚胎發(fā)育初期表達(dá)[9]。dBigH1由單個基因編碼,為研究組蛋白功能提供了便利。

      1.2植物中H1亞型

      目前,在擬南芥中僅鑒定出3個組蛋白H1亞型H1.1、H1.2、H1.3[10-12]。這3個組蛋白H1富集度都與H3K4me3負(fù)相關(guān),但相比較組蛋白H1.1、H1.2,組蛋白H1.3與H3K4me3的負(fù)相關(guān)程度低于H1.1和H1.2。H3K4me3修飾水平越高,H1.3表達(dá)水平越高;而與H3K4me3修飾相反,H3K9me2修飾水平越高,H1.3表達(dá)水平越低[13]。組蛋白H1.1和H1.2有85%的序列同源性,而H1.3與H1.1和H1.2基因的同源性較低。H1.3在脫落酸誘導(dǎo)時表達(dá)[11,14]。

      2組蛋白H1結(jié)構(gòu)

      組蛋白H1分子由1個中央球狀結(jié)構(gòu)域(globular domain)和氨基端結(jié)構(gòu)域(amino-terminal domain)、羧基端結(jié)構(gòu)域(carboxy-terminal domain)構(gòu)成。在不同物種中氨基端和羧基端結(jié)構(gòu)域序列變化較大,中央球狀結(jié)構(gòu)域序列在所有H1變體中是高度保守的,這個結(jié)構(gòu)是H1與核小體結(jié)合必需的[15-17]。在低等真核四膜蟲中組蛋白H1只包含1個羧基端尾巴[18]。

      3組蛋白H1的生物學(xué)功能

      3.1H1與核心組蛋白表觀修飾

      真核生物通過核心組蛋白的翻譯后修飾和DNA甲基化來動態(tài)調(diào)控表觀修飾水平。組蛋白H1在基因組中分布并不是均一的,其分布受基因組環(huán)境的影響。試驗表明,在活躍轉(zhuǎn)錄基因的啟動子區(qū),當(dāng)H3K4me3等激活性組蛋白修飾富集,則組蛋白H1水平驟減。在異染色質(zhì)或非轉(zhuǎn)錄區(qū)H1富集程度增加,抑制性組蛋白修飾水平也會同時增加,如H3K9me和H3K27me。因此,組蛋白H1調(diào)控核心組蛋白的翻譯后修飾狀態(tài)[19-21]。

      研究發(fā)現(xiàn),H1富集度與核心組蛋白的低乙?;揎椌o密相關(guān)。H1通過負(fù)調(diào)控組蛋白乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶抑制組蛋白乙?;痆22]。人類中p300/CBP相關(guān)因子(p300/CBP-associated factor,PCAF)具有乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶活性,組蛋白H1的羧基端結(jié)構(gòu)域會阻礙PCAF與組蛋白H3接近,從而抑制組蛋白H3發(fā)生乙酰化修飾。在果蠅中,H1對于維持雌性生殖細(xì)胞的干細(xì)胞是必需的。通常H1抑制乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶MOF活性,MOF可特異識別乙酰化H4K16位點,當(dāng)H1減少時H4K16ac水平增加,導(dǎo)致雌性生殖細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞過早分化[23]。此外,組蛋白去乙?;敢矃⑴c調(diào)控這一過程。人類中組蛋白去乙?;窼irtuin 1可使H4K16、H3K9、H1K26位點發(fā)生去乙酰化,維持H1富集狀態(tài),同時H3K79me2修飾水平降低[24]。

      H1參與調(diào)控抑制轉(zhuǎn)座元件活性。在果蠅生殖細(xì)胞中,轉(zhuǎn)座元件在轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯后水平受piRNAs(PIWI-interacting RNAs)調(diào)控,piRNAs與PIWI蛋白結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物,伴隨H3K9發(fā)生甲基化,抑制轉(zhuǎn)座子轉(zhuǎn)錄。進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)PIWI蛋白和H1發(fā)生相互作用,并招募異染色質(zhì)蛋白(heterochromatin protein 1,HP1),實現(xiàn)異染色質(zhì)化。PIWI蛋白減少會導(dǎo)致轉(zhuǎn)座元件附近的H1含量減少,使轉(zhuǎn)座元件去抑制[25]。盡管這一過程需要H1、H3K9me和HP1共同參與,然而H1減少后,靶位點染色質(zhì)開放程度增加,H3K9me3修飾在這些位點的富集度不變,另一方面HP1的缺失不影響H1分布[25]。

      H1也會影響另一個組蛋白抑制標(biāo)記H3K27me。體外試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)存在H1的寡聚核小體時,PRC2-EZH2(enhancer of zeste 2)復(fù)合體可使H3K27甲基化。這是由于H1和hPRC2復(fù)合物中的SUZ12、EED和AEBP2組分相互作用導(dǎo)致的[26]。人的H1.2優(yōu)先結(jié)合發(fā)生H3K27me3修飾的核小體,同時H3K27me3也會增加H1.2水平[27]。因此,H1和H3K27me3修飾之間形成一個正反饋環(huán),二者共同維持染色質(zhì)沉默狀態(tài)[27]。

      DNA甲基化也是真核生物中一個重要的表觀遺傳標(biāo)志[28]。在哺乳動物和植物中均發(fā)現(xiàn)H1與DNA甲基化密切聯(lián)系。在擬南芥中H1敲減突變體不能正常發(fā)育,這與DNA低甲基化突變體表型相似[29]。在小鼠ES細(xì)胞中,H1減少顯著影響某些區(qū)域DNA甲基化水平,特別在印記基因H19和Meg3的印記控制區(qū)呈現(xiàn)低甲基化[12]。在H1敲減的ES細(xì)胞中H1水平得到恢復(fù)后,印記基因H19和Meg3的甲基化水平相應(yīng)的提高,從而抑制其基因表達(dá)[20]。由此推測H1調(diào)控在特異位點發(fā)生的DNA甲基化。多個H1亞型直接與DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶DNMT1和DNMT3B相互作用,將DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶招募到印記控制區(qū)。此外H1還參與調(diào)控X染色體連鎖的Hox基因簇[30]。H1減少的小鼠ES細(xì)胞中細(xì)胞分化受到影響,是因為全能性基因Oct4的表達(dá)受到抑制[31]。小鼠ES細(xì)胞中H1敲減實驗表明H1促進(jìn)調(diào)控區(qū)域發(fā)生DNA甲基化,尤其是在增強子區(qū)域[32]。H1調(diào)控DNA甲基化對疾病機理研究來說也是非常重要的。例如,在淋巴B細(xì)胞中,觀察到編碼H1的基因發(fā)生突變,阻止了H1與DNMT3B的相互作用[33]。

      3.2H1與基因表達(dá)

      不同組蛋白H1亞型調(diào)控特定基因表達(dá)水平的上調(diào)和下調(diào)。在早期研究中,Shen等證明H1調(diào)控四膜蟲中的特定基因的表達(dá)[18]。Hashimoto等在雞細(xì)胞中建立H1敲除細(xì)胞系,敲除了所有的6種H1亞型,發(fā)現(xiàn)多種基因的表達(dá)受到影響,主要是基因表達(dá)水平下調(diào)[34]。在果蠅中,H1基因RNAi材料中發(fā)現(xiàn)H1減少后影響異染色區(qū)的基因表達(dá),H1也是維持轉(zhuǎn)座因子沉默所必需的[35]。Skoultchi等發(fā)現(xiàn),在小鼠中,單個H1亞型的減少可以影響位置效應(yīng)斑(position effect variegation)和基因表達(dá)[36]。在小鼠ES細(xì)胞中同時敲除3個H1亞型后,H1總含量降低50%,而只有極少數(shù)特異性基因上調(diào)或下調(diào),證明H1精準(zhǔn)調(diào)控基因表達(dá)[37]。Sancho等在T47D乳腺癌細(xì)胞系中,用shRNA(short hairpin RNA)技術(shù)分別靶向沉默H1.0、H1.2、H1.3、H1.4或H1.5亞型,發(fā)現(xiàn)特定H1亞型的減少會影響不同基因的表達(dá)[38]。這種方法能夠快速沉默單個H1亞型,避免了由于常規(guī)基因敲除引起的劑量補償效應(yīng);然而,在shRNA沉默材料中可能存在低水平的目標(biāo)蛋白[38]。

      組蛋白H1還參與調(diào)控特定基因表達(dá)的模型。構(gòu)建受激素誘導(dǎo)的小鼠MMTV(mouse mammary tumor virus)啟動子表達(dá)體系,最初發(fā)現(xiàn)在激素誘導(dǎo)條件下H1位置發(fā)生變化[39]。隨后研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在激素誘導(dǎo)發(fā)生之前,H1就存在并有效促進(jìn)轉(zhuǎn)錄[40]。事實上,H1發(fā)生磷酸化后與MMTV啟動子的結(jié)合使染色質(zhì)構(gòu)象發(fā)生改變,新的結(jié)構(gòu)易于激素受體和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合[41-42]。

      Kim等發(fā)現(xiàn)H1.2招募E3泛素連接酶cullin 4A(CUL4A)將H4K31位點泛素化,促進(jìn)靶基因區(qū)組蛋白修飾激活標(biāo)記H3K4me3和H3K79me2水平增加,從而增強靶基因轉(zhuǎn)錄[43]。H1.2選擇性識別RNA聚合酶Pol Ⅱ磷酸化位點Ser2,招募PAF1(RNA PolⅡ associated factor 1)和CUL4A,在特定位點維持活躍轉(zhuǎn)錄狀態(tài)[43]。

      H1也與抑制特定基因有關(guān)。例如,H1參與干擾素應(yīng)答基因的調(diào)控[44]。H1與轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制因子形成復(fù)合物。與抑制性染色質(zhì)狀態(tài)相關(guān)的Msx1(Msh homeobox 1)蛋白,是肌肉細(xì)胞分化負(fù)調(diào)控因子,也是HP1蛋白的負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)因子。小鼠中Msx1將組蛋白H1b招募到MyoD(myogenic differentiation D)基因的關(guān)鍵調(diào)控元件區(qū),從而呈現(xiàn)抑制性染色質(zhì)狀態(tài),抑制肌肉細(xì)胞分化[45]。

      3.3H1與DNA復(fù)制

      DNA復(fù)制中染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行重塑,組蛋白H1在DNA復(fù)制中發(fā)揮重要作用[46]。利用HeLa細(xì)胞提取物在體外重新構(gòu)建SV40 DNA復(fù)制體系,發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)反應(yīng)中H1與核心組蛋白的摩爾比大于1時,H1顯著減少SV40復(fù)制[47]。從處于細(xì)胞周期不同階段的細(xì)胞中提取H1用于體外實驗,發(fā)現(xiàn)來源于G0期和M期細(xì)胞的H1可以強烈抑制SV40 DNA復(fù)制,這可能與周期特異的H1翻譯后修飾有關(guān)[48]。不同的H1變體抑制DNA復(fù)制能力不同,這取決于H1羧基端結(jié)構(gòu),也與H1變體結(jié)合染色質(zhì)親和力相關(guān)[49-50]。

      果蠅幼蟲中發(fā)現(xiàn)H1調(diào)控核內(nèi)復(fù)制。果蠅中H1是SUUR(protein suppressor of underreplication)蛋白的上游效應(yīng)子[51]。在染色質(zhì)延遲復(fù)制區(qū),H1招募SUUR蛋白到多線染色體的異染色質(zhì)區(qū),阻遏復(fù)制叉前移,導(dǎo)致復(fù)制效率降低,異染色質(zhì)區(qū)基因拷貝數(shù)減少。核內(nèi)復(fù)制時H1在多線染色體上呈現(xiàn)出動態(tài)的時間分布。在S期,H1富集在延遲復(fù)制的位點上。在多頭絨泡菌(Physarum polycephalum)中也發(fā)現(xiàn)H1是復(fù)制過程中的重要調(diào)控因子,H1缺失會阻礙延遲復(fù)制進(jìn)程[52]。

      3.4H1與DNA損傷修復(fù)、基因組穩(wěn)定

      組蛋白H1含量的減少直接影響染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),從而影響DNA損傷修復(fù)和基因組穩(wěn)定性。HHO1是釀酒酵母(S. cerevisiae)H1的同系物,抑制同源重組影響DNA修復(fù)[53]。H1抑制果蠅基因組中轉(zhuǎn)座元件活性,H1缺失后導(dǎo)致基因組不穩(wěn)定[19,35]。在果蠅幼蟲成蟲盤和唾液腺細(xì)胞中H1敲除引發(fā)過度重組和基因組重排,從而積累了源于rDNA的環(huán)狀DNA。果蠅H1減少會導(dǎo)致全基因組范圍DNA雙鏈斷裂的頻率增加[19]。

      組蛋白H1與DNA修復(fù)機制中多個組分及DNA損傷應(yīng)答因子之間發(fā)生相互作用。在人類中,E2泛素結(jié)合酶UBE2N(也稱UBC13)將H1泛素化,E3泛素連接酶RNF168識別泛素化的H1,導(dǎo)致在DSBs(double-stranded DNA breaks)處Lys63位泛素化修飾,從而招募DNA修復(fù)因子結(jié)合。人H1.0與Ku86、Ku70相互作用,而Ku86和Ku70形成二聚體與DSBs結(jié)合,它們的相互作用是非同源末端連接DNA修復(fù)所必需的[54]。

      3.5H1與早期胚胎形成

      研究發(fā)現(xiàn)存在在生殖細(xì)胞特異表達(dá)的H1。果蠅H1變體dBigH1在生殖細(xì)胞和在胚胎發(fā)育最初幾小時期間表達(dá),在細(xì)胞化開始后它被體細(xì)胞dH1取代。dBigH1對早期胚胎發(fā)育至關(guān)重要,防止早熟的合子基因組激活[9]。在非洲爪蟾的卵子中發(fā)現(xiàn)母系表達(dá)B4蛋白是主要的連接組蛋白,在胚囊期被體細(xì)胞H1取代[55]。B4有利于開放染色質(zhì)的形成,并導(dǎo)致依賴ATP的染色質(zhì)重塑[56]。哺乳動物的卵母細(xì)胞中特異性組蛋白H1oo持續(xù)表達(dá)直至雙細(xì)胞胚胎末期[57]。延長H1oo的表達(dá)導(dǎo)致多能性標(biāo)記基因的延長表達(dá),并阻止細(xì)胞分化[58]。

      4組蛋白H1的翻譯后修飾

      組蛋白H1的氨基端或羧基端結(jié)構(gòu)域經(jīng)過翻譯后修飾發(fā)揮其生物學(xué)功能。

      4.1H1磷酸化

      早在20世紀(jì)70年代就發(fā)現(xiàn)了組蛋白H1磷酸化。到目前為止,對H1磷酸化研究較為充分[59]。組蛋白H1磷酸化主要發(fā)生在其羧基端特定的基序,這些基序能被細(xì)胞周期蛋白依賴性激酶(cyclin-dependent kinase,CDK)識別。H1磷酸化修飾參與DNA復(fù)制過程。H1磷酸化水平隨細(xì)胞周期變化[60-64],在G1期水平最低,在S期和G2期升高并在有絲分裂時達(dá)到最高,在末期急劇下降[62,65-66]。Talasz等發(fā)現(xiàn),H1.5中Ser殘基磷酸化發(fā)生在G1期和S期,Thr磷酸化主要發(fā)生在有絲分裂期[62]。在有絲分裂中,CDK1/CycB(Cyclin B)主要負(fù)責(zé)H1磷酸化,但也有其他激酶參與。研究表明組蛋白H1本身是中期染色體凝聚所必需的[67],同時在有絲分裂細(xì)胞中誘導(dǎo)H1發(fā)生去磷酸化導(dǎo)致染色體去凝聚化[66,68]。

      H1磷酸化也參與基因轉(zhuǎn)錄過程。H1磷酸化后,H1與染色質(zhì)間結(jié)合減弱,有利于活性啟動子區(qū)域去除H1[41-42,69]。Vicent等發(fā)現(xiàn)磷酸化的H1參與調(diào)控受激素誘導(dǎo)的小鼠MMTV啟動子表達(dá)[69]。Zheng等在人類HeLaS3細(xì)胞中確定了3個磷酸化位點H1.2 S173p、H1.4 S172p、H1.4 S187p,這些磷酸化定位在核仁中。通過ChIP(chromatin immunoprecipitation)實驗表明H1.4 S187磷酸化富集在活性rRNA啟動子區(qū)及激素應(yīng)答元件區(qū),證明H1磷酸化參與調(diào)控RNA PolⅠ和RNA PolⅡ介導(dǎo)的轉(zhuǎn)錄[70]。

      組蛋白H1磷酸化及其對染色質(zhì)結(jié)合的影響也與DNA損傷修復(fù)相關(guān)。研究證實H1磷酸化的狀態(tài)確實可以指示DNA損傷程度[71]。發(fā)生低程度DNA損傷,只有少量H1分子磷酸化并從染色質(zhì)中釋放出來,致使染色質(zhì)解凝,從而允許修復(fù)損傷蛋白結(jié)合。如果DNA發(fā)生嚴(yán)重?fù)p傷,那么更多的H1被磷酸化并從染色質(zhì)釋放出來,暗示DNA損傷已經(jīng)超出可修復(fù)的范圍。Roque等分析了當(dāng)H1與DNA結(jié)合時,H1的羧基端發(fā)生部分磷酸化和完全磷酸化對其二級結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)磷酸化水平會影響羧基端的α螺旋、β結(jié)構(gòu)以及無結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)域的比例,表明依賴磷酸化水平的結(jié)構(gòu)重排[72],并且H1部分磷酸化損害了其凝聚染色質(zhì)的能力[73]。因此,不同位點的H1磷酸化引起染色質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)變化,進(jìn)而影響染色質(zhì)高級結(jié)構(gòu)形成[72-73]。

      4.2H1甲基化

      在原生動物Euglena gracilisl中首次發(fā)現(xiàn)了H1賴氨酸甲基化[74]。組蛋白H1甲基化主要發(fā)生在其氨基端。H1.4的氨基端K26位點甲基化是人類H1發(fā)生最多的甲基化位點[75],K26位點甲基化在脊椎動物中是保守的[76]。在哺乳動物細(xì)胞中,PRC2-EZH2和G9a甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶催化H1.4 K26甲基化,賴氨酸去甲基化酶JMJD2/KDM4催化其去甲基化[77-78]。H1.4 K26甲基化為HP1和L3MBTL1結(jié)合提供了基礎(chǔ),這2種蛋白在異染色質(zhì)形成中具有重要作用[79-80]。

      4.3H1乙?;?/p>

      H1乙酰化發(fā)生在氨基端、羧基端和球狀區(qū)域。球狀結(jié)構(gòu)域中的乙?;稽c大多直接參與DNA結(jié)合[81]。核心組蛋白乙?;ǔEc開放染色質(zhì)和活躍轉(zhuǎn)錄有關(guān)。H1乙?;稽c可直接影響H1與DNA結(jié)合,并導(dǎo)致H1位置發(fā)生改變。如果用組蛋白去乙酰化酶的抑制劑處理,一般難以區(qū)分H1乙酰化與核心組蛋白乙?;痆24,82]。

      H1的氨基端發(fā)生的乙?;瘏⑴c轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控。實驗證實組蛋白乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶GCN5(general control of amino acid synthesis 5)乙?;疕1.4 K34位點,招募轉(zhuǎn)錄因子TFⅡD(transcription factor ⅡD)的亞基TAF1,致使H1與染色質(zhì)的結(jié)合能力降低,從而激活轉(zhuǎn)錄。H1.4 K34乙?;诨钴S轉(zhuǎn)錄的啟動子處富集[83]。

      4.4H1泛素化

      在2000年,Pham和Sauer發(fā)現(xiàn)在果蠅中存在由TAFⅡ250誘導(dǎo)的H1單泛素化[84]。TAFⅡ2 50是轉(zhuǎn)錄因子TFⅡD的一個亞基,參與基因轉(zhuǎn)錄。當(dāng)TFⅡD失活時,組蛋白H1泛素化水平和基因表達(dá)水平均降低。果蠅中發(fā)現(xiàn)H1的3個位點K23、K27、K165均可泛素化[85]。小鼠HRF(+)細(xì)胞中觀察到,H1.5單泛素化對于HIV-1抗性產(chǎn)生很重要[86]。

      4.5其他H1翻譯后修飾

      H1還有其他各種翻譯后修飾,包括瓜氨酸化、甲?;⒚撓?、ADP-核糖基化、巴豆?;龋鼈兊墓δ苋杂写U明。

      5總結(jié)

      過去數(shù)十年間,組蛋白H1的研究取得了實質(zhì)性進(jìn)展。一方面,作為染色質(zhì)重要的結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白,H1各種變體以不同方式與核小體結(jié)合穩(wěn)定核小體結(jié)構(gòu),從而形成多樣的染色質(zhì)高級結(jié)構(gòu)。另一方面,H1作為染色質(zhì)中重要的調(diào)控蛋白,通過與其他蛋白相互作用而發(fā)揮生物學(xué)功能??茖W(xué)家將從更多的方面探索H1特性和功能,借助結(jié)構(gòu)生物學(xué)方法揭示不同物種中的H1在染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)組織的特點及表觀修飾存在下H1如何調(diào)控染色質(zhì)高級結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,利用反向遺傳學(xué)方法從不同H1亞型突變體材料著手研究H1調(diào)控通路的分子機制。

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