Changho Kim,Jong Kun Kim,In Hwan Yeo,Jae Young Choe,Jeong Eun Lee,So Jeong Kang,Chan Sub Park,Ki Tae Kwon,Soyoon Hwang

Changho Kim,Jong Kun Kim,In Hwan Yeo,Jae Young Choe, Department of Emergency Medicine,School of Medicine,Kyungpook National University,Daegu 41944,South Korea

Jeong Eun Lee,So Jeong Kang,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine,School of Medicine,Kyungpook National University,Kyungpook National University Hospital,Daegu 41944,South Korea

Chan Sub Park,Department of Surgery,School of Medicine,Kyungpook National University,Kyungpook National University Hospital,Daegu 41944,South Korea

Ki Tae Kwon,Soyoon Hwang, Department of Internal Medicine,School of Medicine,Kyungpook National University,Daegu,Korea;Department of Infection Control,Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital,Daegu 41944,South Korea

Abstract

Key words:COVID-19;Appendicitis;Appendectomy;Emergency room;Infection control;Case report

INTRODUCTION

The novel coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)began in Wuhan,China,at the end of 2019 and spread rapidly across the country and worldwide.Thereafter,the World Health Organization declared it to be a pandemic[1].In South Korea,the first confirmed case was reported in January 2020.The 31stpatient became a superspreader,and group infection quickly occurred in Daegu Metropolitan City.Daegu became a major center for the epidemic,accounting for approximately 70% of all COVID-19 cases in South Korea[2].The experience with Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS)taught us that managing infections in the emergency room(ER)is crucial[3].However,when patient numbers increase rapidly,the infection management system collapses,leaving the ER and healthcare workers vulnerable to contamination because of scarce medical resources.

Several studies published after the severe acute respiratory syndrome or MERS pandemics have investigated how to prevent the spread of infection during general surgery[4].However,most studies have focused on the management of elective surgical procedures,whereas only a few reports of emergency surgery have been published in China since the outbreak of COVID-19[5,6].

The present study reports successful appendectomy and infection control in a patient with appendicitis who was strongly suspected of having COVID-19.The results of previous repeated reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RTPCR)tests for COVID-19 had been negative,and a positive result was obtained only after surgery.

回顧性分析本院骨關(guān)節(jié)科2016年1月～2017年1月行TKA或UKA手術(shù)治療的494位患者。其中199例符合上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，納入本研究，其中男39例，女160例，平均年齡（69.84±6.43）歲。199個(gè)病例中，行UKA 94個(gè)膝關(guān)節(jié)，男20例，女74例；行TKA 105個(gè)膝關(guān)節(jié)，男14例，女91例。兩組患者一般資料見表1，兩組在年齡、性別構(gòu)成、BMI、手術(shù)側(cè)別的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義（P＞0.05）。

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

In March 2020,a 67-year-old man presented with right lower quadrant(RLQ)pain and vomiting.

History of present illness

He had visited a local medical clinic after complaining of RLQ pain and vomiting for 2 d.He was referred by ambulance to our hospital to undergo a test for appendicitis.On March 19(at 9 p.m.)upon arrival,he was fully conscious but complained of severe RLQ pain and tenderness.He had no respiratory symptoms or fever.

History of past illness

He had hypertension,diabetes mellitus,hyperlipidemia,and chronic kidney disease.

Personal and family history

The patient's wife had been diagnosed with COVID-19 10 d earlier,and the patient was in close contact with her.The patient tested negative twice(10 and 8 d earlier)in upper respiratory COVID-19 RT-PCR screens performed at the public health center.

Physical examination

He had localized tenderness in the RLQ.

Laboratory examinations

His vital signs were as follows:Blood pressure,150/80 mmHg;heart rate,80 beats/min;respiratory rate,20/min;and body temperature,37.2 °C.Laboratory data showed a significant white blood cell count of 8.8×109cells/L,containing 72.7%neutrophils.Both the C-reactive protein level and erythrocyte sedimentation rates were elevated:6.5 mg/L(reference:＜0.5 mg/dL)and 48 mm/h(reference:0-10 mm/h),respectively.The coagulation test results were normal.

Imaging examinations

The patient had no respiratory symptoms,but COVID-19 RT-PCR screening and radiography of the chest were performed outside the ER according to the ER policy.The chest radiograph showed ground-glass opacity in the right upper lobe;therefore,the patient was immediately moved to an isolation room(Figure 1).Contrastenhanced chest computed tomography(CT)revealed patchy ground-glass opacity in both upper lobes(Figure 2).An 11-mm dilatation of the appendix was confirmed on a non-contrast-enhanced abdomen CT image,and the patient was diagnosed with appendicitis(Figure 3).

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The final diagnosis of the presented case was appendicitis with COVID-19 pneumonia.Histopathological analysis of the removed appendix revealed acute appendicitis.

TREATMENT

Immediately after appendicitis was diagnosed,antibiotics - ceftriaxone and metronidazole - were administered intravenously.Although the patient's previous COVID-19 RT-PCR test results were negative twice,he waited for surgery in an isolation room,and the surgeon wore personal protective equipment(PPE)comprising inner and outer gloves,an N95 respirator,eye shield/face shield/goggles,and a hooded coverall/gown before coming into contact with the patient to prepare for surgery.On March 20,3 a.m.,the patient was transferred to the operating room(OR)in a negative-pressure transfer device equipped with a negative-pressure air conditioning system.Two anesthesiologists,a nurse,and two surgeons wore PPE with powered air-purifying respirators.Endotracheal intubation was applied with a video-laryngoscope using rapid sequence induction.General anesthesia was maintained with desflurane and remifentanil.Laparoscopic appendectomy was performed to minimize patient fluid contact.The procedure was performed using three ports.According to the operative findings,the appendix was a pelvic type.Each procedure was performed carefully to avoid unnecessary scattering of fluid or aerosols.The peritoneal smoke generated during surgery was removed as much as possible using suction and air filters attached to the trocar.The entire appendix was extracted carefully and placed in a bag.We observed that the appendix was swollen and erythematous.However,there were no signs of perforation.Turbid peritoneal fluid was found near the appendix and in the pelvis.After surgery,the anesthesiologists planned to remove the endotracheal tube in the OR to minimize contamination,and the patient was extubated with continuous infusion of remifentanil to reduce coughing.Post-anesthetic care was performed in the OR for 30 min.The patient was placed in a negative-pressure transfer device and then admitted to a negative-pressure isolation facility in the intensive care unit(ICU).No personnel contacted the patient without wearing PPE between the quarantine area and ICU,and secondary transmission to the healthcare workers did not occur.On March 20,10 a.m.,a few hours after surgery,the samples taken in the ER were found to be negative for COVID-19 in the upper respiratory tract specimen(nasal and throat swab)but positive for COVID-19 in the lower respiratory tract specimen(sputum).Combinations of hydroxychloroquine,lopinavir/ritonavir,and darunavir/cobicistat were added to treat the COVID-19 infection.

Figure 1 Chest radiography.Consolidation is seen in the right upper lobe of the lung.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

The postoperative course was successful and without complication.There were no traces of fever or respiratory symptoms during hospitalization,and the patient was discharged 11 d after admission.

DISCUSSION

During the current COVID-19 outbreak,at-risk patients should be treated in the same manner as patients with confirmed infection.The experience and knowledge accumulated following the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2003 and MERS in 2015 have ensured the safety of patients and medical staff and guided them in dealing with similar situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic[7].However,it is very difficult to control and manage the escalating number of patients with relatively insufficient medical resources,and if all interest and resources are focused on COVID-19,a different emergency may be missed.However,because emergency cases cannot be treated in the same manner as they were before the COVID-19 outbreak,an approach appropriate to the type of emergency disease,the patient's situation,and the hospital's situation is necessary[8].

In accordance with hospital policy,regular non-emergency surgeries were delayed and these patients were required to visit a screening clinic 3 d before surgery to reduce the risk of nosocomial infection during the COVID-19 outbreak.Furthermore,all patients were required to undergo a COVID-19 RT-PCR screening test and chest radiography before entering the ER.If they had pneumonia,fever or respiratory symptoms,traveled abroad in the past 2 wk,or a history of contact with patients with COVID-19,they were quarantined until the RT-PCR results were obtained.

Clear guidelines are needed to prevent COVID-19 transmission and emergency surgeries;if the importance of either infection prevention or the requirement for emergency surgery is imbalanced,both can be missed.For patients in need of emergency surgery,a protocol has been established,i.e.,to perform CT using a negative-pressure transport device even before COVID-19 is confirmed.The principles applied during the treatment of the patient with appendicitis were also applied while caring for patients with cerebral hemorrhage and intestinal perforation with suspected COVID-19 who visited the ER.

Recently,some guidelines for surgery complicated by COVID-19 have suggested that a trial of antibiotics can be considered for uncomplicated or early appendicitis based on the surgeon's judgment and patient's condition.However,operations should be performed if delaying the surgery is likely to prolong the hospital stay,increase the likelihood of later hospital admission,or cause harm to the patient[9,10].Hospitalization was essential owing to the rapid progression of the COVID-19 pneumonia,the wide range of the pneumonia,and the distance between hospitals and homes.Furthermore,continuous self-isolation was necessary;hence,it was decided to perform emergency appendectomy considering that long-term hospitalization would be needed.Following receipt of the transfer inquiry,the departments of surgery,anesthesiology,emergency medicine,and infection control planned his isolation and postoperative ICU care in a meeting prior to the patient's arrival.Because of the patient's close contact with a COVID-19-positive patient and typical chest CT findings,the previous two negative COVID-19 results were ignored and the patient was treated as being COVID-19-positive.If COVID-19 is strongly suspected even if repeated upper respiratory tract test results are negative,it is necessary to repeat the test and obtain a different sample before releasing the person from quarantine because the result may be false negative.

In the early stages of COVID-19 infection,the virus primarily colonizes the upper respiratory tract but with time moves into the lower respiratory tract.Therefore,a lower respiratory tract examination using sputum should be performed as the infection progresses[11].In addition,studies have shown that urine or stool samples are useful for testing pediatric patients or patients with no respiratory symptoms[12].

Figure 2 Contrast-enhanced chest computed tomography(Axial plane).Chest computed tomography showing patchy ground-glass opacity in the right upper lobe.

CONCLUSION

During the COVID-19 outbreak,the principles applied to emergency surgery for infected patients should be applied to both suspected and confirmed cases.In addition,emergency surgery should not be postponed due to a delay in obtaining COVID-19 test results.Prior consultation is required between experts in various fields,including infection control,surgery preparation,patient transfer,OR management,anesthesia,and surgery.Guidelines for emergency surgery in patients with COVID-19 should be prepared in advance according to the hospital environment and the patient's special circumstances.

Figure 3 Non-contrast-enhanced abdomen computed tomography.A:Axial plane;B:Coronal plane.Abdomen computed tomography showing an 11-mm dilatation of the appendix.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Professor Gyu-Seog Choi for assistance with surgery arrangements.