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      加速康復(fù)外科理念對(duì)高齡患者全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后康復(fù)的影響

      2020-10-09 10:33:43蘆海燕杜少杰楊立強(qiáng)
      中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào) 2020年24期
      關(guān)鍵詞:全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)高齡

      蘆海燕 杜少杰 楊立強(qiáng)

      [摘要] 目的 探討加速康復(fù)外科理念對(duì)高齡骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后康復(fù)的影響。 方法 選擇2018年1月—2020年1月北京市東城區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院擇期行膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)的高齡患者86例,根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為E組和T組,E組(n = 43)應(yīng)用加速康復(fù)外科理念指導(dǎo)圍術(shù)期管理,T組(n = 43)采用常規(guī)治療。記錄術(shù)前及術(shù)后24 h匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量評(píng)分(PQSI),術(shù)后24 h惡心嘔吐評(píng)分(PONV),入院第2天、術(shù)日晨、術(shù)后24 h及48 h空腹血糖水平,術(shù)后24、48 h疼痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(VAS),術(shù)前及術(shù)后7 d膝關(guān)節(jié)綜合評(píng)分(AKS),術(shù)前禁飲時(shí)間、術(shù)中液體出入量情況、初次下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間。 結(jié)果 T組術(shù)后24 h PQSI評(píng)分高于術(shù)前,E組24 h PQSI評(píng)分低于T組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);E組術(shù)日晨、術(shù)后24 h及48 h空腹血糖與T組比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),T組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)空腹血糖比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),E組入院第2天和術(shù)日晨空腹血糖比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),其余時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05);術(shù)后24 h及48 h VAS評(píng)分E組均低于T組,T組術(shù)后48 h VAS評(píng)分低于術(shù)后24 h,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05);術(shù)后7 d AKS評(píng)分兩組組間及組內(nèi)比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05或P < 0.01);兩組在禁飲時(shí)間、初次下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、輸入液體總量、出血量及尿量比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 加速康復(fù)外科理念對(duì)高齡骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)圍術(shù)期快速康復(fù)影響顯著,能夠明顯改善患者圍術(shù)期不適,保持內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定,有利于術(shù)后康復(fù)并減少住院時(shí)間。

      [關(guān)鍵詞] 加速康復(fù)外科學(xué);高齡;全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù);圍術(shù)期快速康復(fù)

      [中圖分類號(hào)] R473.6 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2020)08(c)-0177-04

      Influence of the concept of accelerated rehabilitation surgery on the rehabilitation of elderly patients after total knee arthroplasty

      LU Haiyan1 ? DU Shaojie2 ? YANG Liqiang3

      1.Department of Anesthesiology, the First People′s Hospital of Dongcheng District, Beijing ? 100075, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Handan Central Hospital, Hebei Province, Handan ? 056001, China; 3.Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing ? 100053, China

      [Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of the concept of accelerated rehabilitation surgery on the rehabilitation of elderly patients with osteoarthritis after total knee arthroplasty. Methods From January 2018 to January 2020, 86 elderly patients undergoing knee arthroplasty in the First People′s Hospital of Dongcheng District, Beijing were selected. Group E and Group T were divided according to the random number table method. Group E (n = 43) was guided by the concept of accelerated rehabilitation surgery during perioperative management, while group T (n = 43) was treated with routine therapy. Pittsburgh sleep quality score (PQSI) was recorded before surgery and 24 h after surgery and nausea and vomiting score (PONV) was recorded 24 h after surgery. Fasting blood glucose levels on the second day of admission, the morning of surgery, 24 h and 48 h after surgery, visual analogue scale (VAS) at 24 h and 48 h after surgery, the Amercian knee society (AKS) before and seven days after surgery, preoperative duration of abstinence, intraoperative fluid inflow and outflow, time of first getting out of bed and length of stay were recorded. Results PQSI score 24 h after surgery in group T was higher than that before surgery, and PQSI score at 24 h after surgery in group E was lower than that in group T, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05); Compared with group T, fasting blood glucose in group E on the morning of operation, 24 h and 48 h after operation showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Comparison of fasting blood glucose in T group at each time point showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in fasting blood glucose and on the second day of admission and the morning of operation in group E (P > 0.05). The differences between the remaining time points were statistically significant (all P < 0.05); VAS score at 24 h and 48 h after surgery in group E were lower than those in group T, and 48 h after surgery in group T was lower than that 24 h after surgery, with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05); AKS scores on seven days after surgery showed statistically significant differences between and within the two groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in the duration of abstinence, time of first getting out of bed, length of hospital stay, total amount of fluid input, blood loss and urine output (all P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Conclusion The concept of accelerated rehabilitation surgery has a significant impact on the perioperative rapid rehabilitation of elderly patients with osteoarthritis, which can significantly improve the perioperative discomfort of patients, maintain a stable internal environment, and is conducive to postoperative rehabilitation and reduce the length of hospital stay.

      [Key words] Enhanced recovery after surgery; Elderly; Total knee arthroplasty; Perioperative rapid rehabilitation

      膝關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)發(fā)病率逐年上升,研究表明[1-2],截至2012年我國近20萬例患者接受了全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(total knee arthroplasty,TKA),術(shù)后康復(fù)成為其重要組成部分。Henrik Kehlet首次提出加速康復(fù)外科(ehhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)理念[3],采用有詢證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)的優(yōu)化措施,減少創(chuàng)傷應(yīng)激,達(dá)到快速康復(fù)目的[4]。本研究探討ERAS理念對(duì)高齡骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者TKA后快速康復(fù)的影響。

      1 資料與方法

      1.1 一般資料

      選取2018年1月—2020年1月北京市東城區(qū)第一人民醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)擇期行TKA的高齡患者86例?;颊呒凹覍偻夂蠛炇鹬橥鈺8鶕?jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為快速康復(fù)的E組(n = 43)及常規(guī)治療的T組(n = 43)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡60~81歲;②美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)分級(jí)(ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅲ級(jí)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①凝血功能障礙患者;②穿刺部位感染、血腫患者;③惡性腫瘤患者。兩組性別、年齡、身高、體重指數(shù)(BMI)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。見表1。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。

      1.2 方法

      1.2.1 T組 ?術(shù)前兩周戒煙酒??刂蒲獕? 150/90 mmHg[5](1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa),血糖6.1~7.8 mmol/L[6-7],血紅蛋白(Hb)>100 g/L。麻醉醫(yī)生及護(hù)士共同訪視患者,宣教ERAS理念及流程。術(shù)前12 h口服短效安定類藥物。術(shù)前8 h禁肉類食物,6 h禁固體及乳制品,術(shù)前2 h飲清水≤5 mL/kg。麻醉前行股神經(jīng)及坐骨神經(jīng)阻滯,分別給予0.25%羅哌卡因(AstraZeneca AB,批號(hào):NAVW)20 mL和25 mL。麻醉后放置尿管并早期拔除。術(shù)中體溫管理及限制性輸液[8](<1500 mL)。手術(shù)開始即泵入右美托咪定0.1 μg/(kg·h)(揚(yáng)子江制藥有限公司,批號(hào):19010431)鎮(zhèn)靜。應(yīng)用個(gè)體化血液管理方案(patient blood management,PBM)進(jìn)行血液回收輸注。

      1.2.2 E組 ?訪視患者,評(píng)估基本情況。術(shù)前禁食水8 h。焦慮者術(shù)前晚口服安定類藥物。手術(shù)開始給予咪達(dá)唑侖0.04 mg/kg(江蘇恩華藥業(yè)股份有限公司,批號(hào):20180105)鎮(zhèn)靜。

      兩組均應(yīng)用腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉,蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔給予1%羅哌卡因1.5 mL(AstraZeneca AB,批號(hào):NAVW)+5%葡萄糖1.5 mL(中國大冢制藥有限公司,批號(hào):9K86J1)。術(shù)畢均安裝靜脈自控鎮(zhèn)痛泵(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA):舒芬太尼1 μg/kg(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,批號(hào):81B10011)+托烷司瓊15 mg(西南藥業(yè)股份有限公司,批號(hào):1811001),0.9%生理鹽水(中國大冢制藥有限公司,批號(hào):9J83J3)稀釋為200 mL,背景劑量1 mL/h,追加劑量2 mL/h,鎖定時(shí)間30 min。手術(shù)及麻醉操作均由同一手術(shù)醫(yī)師及麻醉醫(yī)師完成。

      1.3 觀察與評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)

      記錄術(shù)前及術(shù)后24 h匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量評(píng)分(PQSI)[9],術(shù)前及術(shù)后7 d膝關(guān)節(jié)綜合評(píng)分(AKS)[10],入院第2天、術(shù)日晨、術(shù)后24 h及48 h空腹血糖,術(shù)后24 h惡心嘔吐評(píng)分(PONV)[11],術(shù)后24 h及48 h疼痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(VAS)[12]。記錄禁飲時(shí)間、術(shù)中液體出入量情況(輸入液體總量、出血量及尿量)、初次下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間及住院院時(shí)間。

      路桃影等[13]、Zheng[14]按國內(nèi)常模將PQSI評(píng)分劃分7個(gè)維度,每個(gè)維度0~3分,總分0~21分,總分越高睡眠質(zhì)量越差。PONV評(píng)分中視覺模擬評(píng)分法最常用[15],取10 cm直尺,0端表示無惡心嘔吐,10端表示最嚴(yán)重惡心嘔吐。AKS評(píng)分包括膝評(píng)分100分(疼痛50分、膝關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度25分、穩(wěn)定性25分)和功能評(píng)分100分(行走距離50分,上下樓梯50分,使用輔助工具者相應(yīng)減分)。VAS評(píng)分:0分表示無痛,10分表示最劇烈疼痛。

      1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

      采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),配對(duì)資料采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料采用百分率表示,重復(fù)測量資料采用重復(fù)測量方差分析,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 兩組PQSI及PONV評(píng)分比較

      兩組術(shù)前PSQI評(píng)分比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),E組術(shù)后24 h PSQI評(píng)分低于T組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),T組術(shù)后24 h PQSI評(píng)分高于術(shù)前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),E組組內(nèi)比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。T組術(shù)后24 h PONV評(píng)分高于E組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。

      2.2 兩組空腹血糖比較

      不滿足對(duì)稱性檢驗(yàn)P = 0.003,按Greenhoue-Geisser法獲取F值和P值。F時(shí)間×組間 = 60.650;P時(shí)間×組間<0.001,提示存在交互作用,進(jìn)一步分析單獨(dú)效應(yīng):組內(nèi)比較:T組各個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)血糖比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均P < 0.05),術(shù)后24 h高于入院第2天、術(shù)日晨、術(shù)后48 h;E組入院第2天血糖和術(shù)日晨比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),其他時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),術(shù)后24 h大于入院第2天、術(shù)日晨、術(shù)后48 h(P < 0.05)。組間比較:入院第2天兩組血糖比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),其余各時(shí)間點(diǎn)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表3。

      2.3 兩組VAS及AKS評(píng)分比較

      E組術(shù)后24、48 h VAS評(píng)分明顯低于T組(P < 0.05),T組術(shù)后48 h VAS評(píng)分低于術(shù)后比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),E組組內(nèi)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。E組術(shù)后7 d AKS評(píng)分高于T組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),兩組術(shù)后7 d AKS評(píng)分均明顯高于術(shù)前,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見表4。

      2.4 兩組禁飲時(shí)間、初次下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間比較

      E組禁飲時(shí)間、初次下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間均明顯短于T組(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。見表5。

      2.5 兩組液體出入量比較

      液體輸入總量E組明顯低于T組,出血量及尿量也均明顯少于T組(均P < 0.01)。見表6。

      3 討論

      TKA能夠重建關(guān)節(jié)功能,提高生活質(zhì)量[16-19],是治療KOA的有效方法[20-21],但手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,圍術(shù)期管理不當(dāng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)不良等[22]。應(yīng)用ERAS可減輕應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、提高術(shù)后舒適度、促進(jìn)康復(fù)。

      本研究將ERAS應(yīng)用于高齡患者TKA圍術(shù)期管理,結(jié)果顯示疼痛、睡眠、惡心嘔吐反應(yīng)及膝關(guān)節(jié)功能治療效果均顯著優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)治療。禁飲時(shí)間縮短,患者術(shù)日晨血糖接近術(shù)前血糖水平,由于創(chuàng)傷應(yīng)激,術(shù)后血糖均有波動(dòng),但ERAS波動(dòng)小于傳統(tǒng)治療,同時(shí)實(shí)施術(shù)中控制性輸液[23-24],降低前負(fù)荷,減少氧耗[25],出血量及尿量減少。ERAS鎮(zhèn)痛充分,早期進(jìn)行功能鍛煉促進(jìn)康復(fù),縮短住院時(shí)間。自體血液回輸減少創(chuàng)傷所致紅細(xì)胞丟失,提高攜氧能力,對(duì)術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能影響小[26]。

      麻醉管理是圍術(shù)期規(guī)范化管理的重要組成部分,是促進(jìn)術(shù)后康復(fù)的重要環(huán)節(jié),最大限度地減少焦慮和應(yīng)激反應(yīng),提高依從性[27]。近期有研究提出“預(yù)康復(fù)”理念[28],即在術(shù)前提高患者各項(xiàng)功能水平,優(yōu)化生理儲(chǔ)備,提高應(yīng)激閾值等,將ERAS理念拓寬到術(shù)前麻醉門診的評(píng)估及自主訓(xùn)練指導(dǎo)等,制訂更加個(gè)體化的康復(fù)方案。

      [參考文獻(xiàn)]

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      (收稿日期:2019-03-10)

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