張劍波 史琦玉 胡亞民
[摘要]目的 探討氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性對(duì)經(jīng)皮冠脈介入術(shù)(PCI)后患者出血及缺血事件的評(píng)估效果。方法 選取2017年1月~2018年1月滄州市中心醫(yī)院收治的306例經(jīng)PCI置入藥物洗脫支架且術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)進(jìn)行了氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性測(cè)定的患者作為研究對(duì)象,所有患者平均氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性的值為(31.2±12.9)%。所有患者在術(shù)前及術(shù)后均服用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷。收集患者的基線資料及1年出血及缺血事件發(fā)生情況。結(jié)果 1年內(nèi),共35例(11.4%)患者發(fā)生出血事件,23例(7.5%)患者出現(xiàn)缺血事件。氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性對(duì)出血事件評(píng)價(jià)的受試者工作特征曲線下面積(AUROC)為0.88,敏感度和特異度分別為74.3%和89.3%,切點(diǎn)值為≤15.0%。氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性對(duì)缺血事件評(píng)價(jià)的AUROC為0.74,敏感度和特異度分別為73.9%和77.0%,切點(diǎn)值為>43.7%。氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性在≤15.0%、>15.0%~43.7%、>43.7%這三個(gè)區(qū)間內(nèi)發(fā)生出血及缺血事件的人數(shù)分別為26和1例、9和5例、17和0例。結(jié)論 氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性對(duì)PCI后1年出血及缺血事件具有較好的評(píng)價(jià)效果,尤其是出血事件。但其治療窗需要更進(jìn)一步的研究來(lái)證實(shí),從而為制定更加個(gè)性化的抗栓治療策略提供依據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性;出血事件;血栓事件;經(jīng)皮冠脈介入術(shù)后
[中圖分類號(hào)] R541? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2020)8(a)-0008-04
Evaluated effect of Clopidogrel platelet reactivity on the risk of bleeding and ischemia in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention
ZHANG Jian-bo? ?SHI Qi-yu? ?HU Ya-min▲
The Sixth Department of Cardiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Hebei Province, Cangzhou? ?061000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate evaluated effect of Clopidogrel platelet reactivity on the risk of bleeding and ischemia events after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods A total of 306 patients admitted to Cangzhou Central Hospital from January 2017 to January 2018 who had undergone PCI with drug-eluting stents and had undergone Clopidogrel platelet reactivity measurement within 48 hours after surgery were selected as the study subjects. The mean value of Clopidogrel platelet reactivity was (31.2±12.9)%. Aspirin and Clopidogrel before and after surgery were taken. Baseline information and the occurrence of bleeding and ischemia events were collected within 1 year. Results Within 1 year, bleeding events merged in 35 patients (11.4%), with ischemia events in 23 patients (7.5%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of Clopidogrel platelet reactivity for bleeding events was 0.88, sensitivity and specificity were 74.3% and 89.3%, respectively, and the cut-off value was ≤15.0%. The AUROC of Clopidogrel platelet reactivity for ischemic events was 0.74, sensitivity and specificity were 73.9% and 77.0%, respectively, and the cut-off value was >43.7%. The number of Clopidogrel platelet reactivity in the three intervals ≤15.0%, >15.0%-43.7%, >43.7% occurring bleeding and ischemic events was 26 and 1, 9 and 5, 17 and 0, respectively. Conclusion Clopidogrel platelet reactivity presents good evaluated performance for bleeding and ischemic events in 1 year after PCI, especially for bleeding events. However, its therapeutic window needs to be further verifyed, so as to provide evidence for more individualized antithrombotic strategies.
[Key words] Clopidogrel platelet reactivity; Bleeding events; Thrombosis events; After percutaneous coronary intervention
冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病是當(dāng)今威脅人類健康最重要的疾病之一。經(jīng)皮冠脈介入術(shù)(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)是治療冠心病的重要手段[1]。PCI后聯(lián)合服用阿司匹林和以氯吡格雷為代表的P2Y12受體拮抗劑的雙抗治療是預(yù)防術(shù)后缺血事件發(fā)生的重要措施,但同時(shí)也增加了出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[2]。氯吡格雷的抗血小板效應(yīng)在不同患者中有所差別,稱為血小板多反應(yīng)性(VPR)。氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性的檢測(cè),即血小板功能檢測(cè),是對(duì)服用氯吡格雷后血小板殘余反應(yīng)性進(jìn)行測(cè)定以了解患者對(duì)抗栓治療的反應(yīng)性,從而評(píng)估PCI后雙抗治療的出血及缺血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)??寡“逯委熀舐冗粮窭籽“甯叻磻?yīng)性(HPR)者,體內(nèi)血小板聚集抑制率下降,發(fā)生支架內(nèi)血栓等缺血事件的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加。氯吡格雷血小板低反應(yīng)性(LPR)者,體內(nèi)血小板聚集抑制率升高,發(fā)生消化道出血等風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[3-5]。但以上研究對(duì)象多為歐美人群且多聚焦于術(shù)后缺血事件,而對(duì)出血事件的研究較少,故本研究通過(guò)回顧性分析PCI后進(jìn)行雙抗治療患者出血及缺血事件的發(fā)生情況,探討氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性對(duì)患者出血及缺血事件的評(píng)估效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
回顧性收集2017年1月~2018年1月于滄州市中心醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科因急性冠脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)行PCI成功置入藥物洗脫支架的306例患者,其中男144例,女162例;平均年齡(61.5±9.5)歲;平均體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)(25.4±2.6)kg/m2;42例(13.7%)患者曾有心肌梗死病史,170例(55.6%)為ST抬高型心肌梗死;平均接受治療的血管數(shù)及置入的支架數(shù)分別為(1.5±0.6)和(1.6±0.5);平均氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性的值為(31.2±12.9)%。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①所有患者在術(shù)前連續(xù)服用常規(guī)劑量阿司匹林(100 mg/d)和氯吡格雷(75 mg/d)5 d,或術(shù)前口服負(fù)荷劑量阿司匹林300 mg和氯吡格雷300 mg;②PCI后48 h內(nèi)對(duì)患者進(jìn)行氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性測(cè)定;③PCI后服用阿司匹林(100 mg/d)聯(lián)合氯吡格雷(75 mg/d);④ACS的診斷符合2013年及2014年美國(guó)ACS防治指南的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6-7]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①臨床資料不完整的患者;②術(shù)中及術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)應(yīng)用替羅非班的患者;③入院前長(zhǎng)期服用抗血小板藥物的患者;④房顫患者;⑤長(zhǎng)期服用抗凝藥物的患者;⑥血小板計(jì)數(shù)<70×109/L的患者;⑦嚴(yán)重肝腎功能損害的患者;⑧伴有外傷、外科手術(shù)及敗血癥的患者;⑨有惡性腫瘤史、血液病史、近期有嚴(yán)重出血病史的患者。本研究經(jīng)滄州市中心醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2方法
氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性測(cè)定采用新型的PL-11血小板分析儀(南京神州英諾華醫(yī)療科技有限公司),其以血細(xì)胞分析儀為基礎(chǔ),基于庫(kù)爾特原理的連續(xù)自動(dòng)技術(shù),以“全血連續(xù)計(jì)數(shù)法”原理來(lái)動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)激活前后血小板數(shù)量變化,并計(jì)算出血小板聚集率。測(cè)量時(shí)使用微量加樣器吸取充分混勻的0.4 ml枸櫞酸鹽抗凝全血兩管加至PL-11檢測(cè)試管,在誘聚劑誘導(dǎo)下開始自動(dòng)檢測(cè)。全血標(biāo)本經(jīng)2次血小板基礎(chǔ)值計(jì)數(shù)后,加入誘聚劑(終濃度為4 mmol/L),并連續(xù)間隔一定時(shí)間對(duì)血標(biāo)本中血小板計(jì)數(shù),當(dāng)?shù)玫阶畹脱“逵?jì)數(shù)時(shí)結(jié)果自動(dòng)換算,評(píng)價(jià)血小板聚集率。最大血小板聚集率(MAR)=(初始血小板數(shù)-最低血小板數(shù))/初始血小板數(shù)×100%。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)及評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
(1)出血事件。依據(jù)TIMI出血分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]:①主要出血:顱內(nèi)出血或臨床可見(jiàn)出血(包括影像學(xué)診斷),伴血紅蛋白(HGB)下降≥50 g/L;②小出血:臨床可見(jiàn)出血(包括影像學(xué)診斷),伴HGB下降30~<50 g/L;③輕微出血:臨床可見(jiàn)出血(包括影像學(xué)診斷),HGB下降<30 g/L。
(2)缺血事件。心絞痛,再次血運(yùn)重建,支架內(nèi)血栓形成,再發(fā)心肌梗死及心源性死亡。根據(jù)學(xué)術(shù)研究聯(lián)盟(ARC)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將支架內(nèi)血栓形成定義為肯定的、可能的或不能排除的支架內(nèi)血栓形成[9]。心肌梗死定義同第3版心肌梗死全球定義[10],即血清心肌標(biāo)志物(主要是肌鈣蛋白)升高(至少超過(guò)99%參考值上限),并至少伴有以下l項(xiàng)臨床指標(biāo):①缺血癥狀;②新發(fā)生的缺血性心電圖改變;③心電圖病理性Q波形成;④影像學(xué)證據(jù)顯示有新的心肌活性喪失或新發(fā)的局部室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)異常;⑤冠狀動(dòng)脈造影或尸檢證實(shí)冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)有血栓。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 15.0(Chicago,USA)、Medcalc 9.3(Medcalc Software,Mariakerke,Belgium)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用受試者工作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲線及ROC曲線下面積(area under the ROC,AUROC)評(píng)價(jià)診斷效力,計(jì)算其切點(diǎn)值、精確度、敏感度及特異度。采用柱形圖表示依據(jù)不同切點(diǎn)值進(jìn)行分組后,每組的出血及血栓事件。
2結(jié)果
2.1患者出血及缺血事件發(fā)生情況
PCI后1年內(nèi),共35例(11.4%)患者發(fā)生出血事件,23例(7.5%)患者出現(xiàn)缺血事件。
2.2氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性對(duì)出血及缺血事件的評(píng)價(jià)
氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性對(duì)出血事件評(píng)價(jià)的AUROC為0.88,敏感度和特異度分別為74.3%和89.3%,切點(diǎn)值為≤15.0%(圖1)。氯吡格雷血小板反應(yīng)性對(duì)缺血事件評(píng)價(jià)的AUROC為0.74,敏感度和特異度分別為73.9%和77.0%,切點(diǎn)值為>43.7%(圖2)。
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(收稿日期:2019-12-09)