侯玉麗 付靜軒 王培昌
[摘要] 目的 探討二甲雙胍(Met)通過IGF-1/PI3K/Akt信號通路對細(xì)胞衰老的影響。 方法 選取2BS細(xì)胞分成四組,即對照(NC)組、胰島素樣生長因子-1(IGF-1)組、Met組、Met+IGF-1組。加藥處理后進(jìn)行SA-β-Gal染色檢測細(xì)胞衰老水平、CCK8試驗(yàn)檢測細(xì)胞增殖能力、EdU試驗(yàn)檢測DNA合成能力以及Western blot檢測各組PI3K、p-PI3K、Akt、p-Akt蛋白表達(dá)。 結(jié)果 各組SA-β-Gal染色陽性率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。Met+IGF-1組SA-β-Gal染色陽性率低于IGF-1組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。在相同時(shí)間點(diǎn),Met+IGF-1組OD450值高于IGF-1組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。EdU染色后在370 nm處的染色結(jié)果顯示,各組OD370值比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);Met+IGF-1組OD370值高于IGF-1組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。Met組p-PI3K、p-Akt蛋白表達(dá)量低于其他組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。IGF-1組p-PI3K、p-Akt蛋白表達(dá)量高于其他組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。Met+IGF-1組p-PI3K、p-Akt蛋白表達(dá)量低于IGF-1組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 Met可通過抑制IGF-1/PI3K/Akt信號通路來延緩細(xì)胞衰老。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 二甲雙胍;2BS細(xì)胞;胰島素樣生長因子1;PI3K/Akt信號通路;細(xì)胞衰老
[中圖分類號] R730? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)10(b)-0009-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effect of metformin (Met) on cell senescence through IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Methods 2BS cells were selected and divided into four groups, namely control (NC) group, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) group, Met group, Met+ IGF-1 group. After drug treatment, SA-β-Gal staining was performed to detect cell senescence, CCK8 test was used to detect cell proliferation ability, EdU test was performed to detect DNA synthesis ability, and Western blot? was used to detect the protein expression of PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, and p-Akt in each group. Results The positive rate of SA-β-Gal staining in each group was compared, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The positive rate of SA-β-Gal staining in Met+IGF-1 group was lower than that in IGF-1 group, and the difference was highly statistically significant (P < 0.01). At the same time point, the OD450 value of the Met+IGF-1 group was higher than that of the IGF-1 group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The staining results at 370 nm after EdU staining showed that the OD370 value of each group was compared with statistical significance (P < 0.05); the OD370 value of the Met+IGF-1 group was higher than that of the IGF-1 group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The expressions of p-PI3K and p-Akt protein in Met group were lower than those in other groups, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt protein in IGF-1 group were higher than those in other groups, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The expressions of p-PI3K and p-Akt protein in Met+IGF-1 group were lower than those in IGF-1 group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Metformin can delay cell senescence by inhibiting IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
[Key words] Metformin; 2BS cells; Insulin-like growth factor 1; PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; Cell senescence
伴隨著人口數(shù)量的增長和生活水平的提高,社會正在迅速老齡化,老齡化也是大多數(shù)慢性病的主要危險(xiǎn)因素[1-3]。二甲雙胍(Metformin,Met)作為治療2型糖尿病的一線用藥,通過增強(qiáng)胰島素敏感性、誘導(dǎo)糖酵解、抑制肝臟糖異生、穩(wěn)定血糖發(fā)揮作用[4]。胰島素樣生長因子-1(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-1)與受體結(jié)合通過 PI3K/Akt信號通路調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞過程,包括細(xì)胞增殖、代謝、分化、衰老和凋亡等[5-6]。最近研究顯示[7],Met可以抑制mTOR的激活延緩衰老的進(jìn)展,但對IGF-1誘導(dǎo)的PI3K/Akt通路的作用機(jī)制尚不清楚。因此,本研究通過培養(yǎng)衰老典型細(xì)胞2BS,外源性添加Met和IGF-1,檢測2BS細(xì)胞衰老指標(biāo)的變化,探究Met對IGF-1誘導(dǎo)的PI3K/Akt通路的影響,為延緩衰老提供新的理論基礎(chǔ)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 儀器? CO2培養(yǎng)箱(Thermo Scientific,F(xiàn)orma 371,美國)、多功能酶標(biāo)分析系統(tǒng)(Tecan Infinite F200,奧地利)和倒置熒光顯微鏡(LeicaCTR4000,德國,Leica)等。
1.1.2 試劑? MEM培養(yǎng)基(11095080,Gibco);BCA蛋白定量試劑盒(A53226,ThermoFisher);RIPA(R0010,索萊寶);β-actin(AF5001)、HRP標(biāo)記二抗(A0208)、CCK8試劑盒(C0037)、EdU細(xì)胞增殖檢測試劑盒(C0088S)、SA-β-Gal染色試劑盒(C0602)購于上海碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司;PI3K(ab32089)、p-PI3K(ab182651)、Akt(ab179463)、p-Akt(ab8805)購于Abcam;Met(HY-B0627,MCE);IGF-1(8917,CST)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)? 2BS細(xì)胞購自中國科學(xué)院細(xì)胞庫,培養(yǎng)條件為MEM培養(yǎng)基加10%FBS和1%青鏈霉素雙抗,于37℃、5%CO2培養(yǎng)。
1.2.2 細(xì)胞分組與處理? 傳代細(xì)胞隨機(jī)分成四組,分別為對照(NC)組、Met組、IGF-1組、Met+IGF-1組。NC組細(xì)胞無血清培養(yǎng)24 h后收集蛋白;Met組無血清培養(yǎng)24 h后,加入4 mmol/L Met作用24 h收集蛋白;IGF-1組無血清培養(yǎng)24 h后加入100 ng/mL IGF-1 30 min后收集蛋白;Met+IGF-1組無血清培養(yǎng)24 h后加入4 mmol/L Met作用24 h后加入100 ng/mL IGF-1培養(yǎng)30 min后收集蛋白。
1.2.3 細(xì)胞衰老半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-Gal)染色? 吸除細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液,加入1 mL β-半乳糖苷酶染色固定液,室溫固定15 min;吸除固定液,加入1 mL染色工作液,放置于37℃恒溫箱中孵育過夜。鏡下觀察染色,衰老細(xì)胞呈深藍(lán)色,陰性細(xì)胞無著色。各組隨機(jī)計(jì)數(shù)100個(gè)細(xì)胞中的陽性細(xì)胞數(shù),計(jì)算陽性細(xì)胞率(%),實(shí)驗(yàn)獨(dú)立重復(fù)3次。
1.2.4 CCK8細(xì)胞增殖試驗(yàn)? 將34代2BS細(xì)胞按每孔10 μL 2000個(gè)細(xì)胞傳代至96孔板中,貼壁后加入不同藥物處理,每孔加入100 μL培養(yǎng)基和10 μL CCK-8溶液,孵育1.5 h,連續(xù)監(jiān)測5 d,實(shí)驗(yàn)獨(dú)立重復(fù)3次。
1.2.5 EdU細(xì)胞增殖試驗(yàn)? 在細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液中加入EdU工作液孵育2 h。去除工作液,加入1 mL固定液,室溫15 min后洗滌。加入1 mL通透液,室溫15 min后洗滌。再用內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶封閉液室溫孵育20 min,隨后洗滌,加入EdU顯色液進(jìn)行檢測,實(shí)驗(yàn)獨(dú)立重復(fù)3次。
1.2.6 Western blot? 用100 μL RIPA裂解細(xì)胞,冰上靜置30 min,離心半徑10 cm,12 000 r/min離心10 min,吸取上清。蛋白電泳條帶轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜后以1∶1000稀釋的一抗在4℃條件下震蕩孵育過夜。以1∶5000稀釋的二抗室溫孵育1 h,TBST漂洗后,ECL顯色,結(jié)果用凝膠成像系統(tǒng)照相保存。β-actin作為內(nèi)參,實(shí)驗(yàn)獨(dú)立重復(fù)3次。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
用Graph Pad Prism 5軟件,計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),三組及以上比較采用方差分析或重復(fù)方差分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 SA-β-Gal染色陽性率比較
NC組SA-β-Gal染色陽性率為(69.33±2.40)%,Met組為(34.67±4.37)%,IGF-1組為(86.00±3.46)%,Met+IGF-1組(53.33±3.53)%。各組SA-β-Gal染色陽性率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。Met+IGF-1組SA-β-Gal染色陽性率低于IGF-1組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。各組細(xì)胞的SA-β-Gal染色和陽性率結(jié)果見圖1。
2.2 CCK8細(xì)胞增殖能力比較
在相同時(shí)間點(diǎn),Met組OD450值最高,IGF-1組OD450值最低,Met+IGF-1組OD450值高于IGF-1組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。各組細(xì)胞連續(xù)5 d增殖曲線見圖2。
2.3 EdU細(xì)胞DNA合成能力比較
EdU染色后在370 nm處的染色結(jié)果顯示,Met組OD370值最高,IGF-1組OD370值最低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);Met+IGF-1組OD370值高于IGF-1組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。各組細(xì)胞EdU染色結(jié)果見圖3。
2.4 Western blot檢測各組細(xì)胞PI3K、p-PI3K、Akt、p-Akt的蛋白水平
四組PI3K、Akt蛋白表達(dá)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。Met組p-PI3K、p-Akt蛋白表達(dá)量低于NC組、IGF-1組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。IGF-1組p-PI3K、p-Akt蛋白表達(dá)量高于NC組及Met+IGF-1組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見圖4。
3 討論
衰老的特點(diǎn)是細(xì)胞形態(tài)和衰老相關(guān)基因的一系列特殊變化[8]。衰老時(shí)相關(guān)基因及通路發(fā)生改變導(dǎo)致衰老表型的出現(xiàn)[9]。研究提示高血糖和高胰島素血癥是衰老的重要因素[10],高糖狀態(tài)通過抑制細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞存活能力而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞衰老[11]。高糖狀態(tài)下IGF-1因子分泌增多,通過PI3K/Akt/mTOR信號通路進(jìn)行細(xì)胞功能的調(diào)控[12]。在蠕蟲、昆蟲和哺乳動物的研究顯示[13-14],IGF-1/PI3K/Akt信號通路參與細(xì)胞衰老的調(diào)控。在小鼠中,將IGF-1受體突變后,小鼠壽命延長。在肥胖癥患者和轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠中,IGF-1高表達(dá)的同時(shí)老齡病的發(fā)病率升高,壽命縮短[15]。降糖藥Met可以降低血糖、提高葡萄糖利用率,同時(shí)還可以通過抑制IGF-1信號通路來對糖尿病患者進(jìn)行治療[16-17]。在果蠅中,高濃度Met喂養(yǎng)可以延長果蠅壽命,同樣的結(jié)果在蠕蟲、大鼠和兔子中被發(fā)現(xiàn)[18]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)從細(xì)胞水平和信號傳導(dǎo)水平研究Met在衰老中的作用機(jī)制。
本研究顯示,2BS細(xì)胞經(jīng)Met刺激后,SA-β-Gal染色水平顯著降低,細(xì)胞增殖能力升高、DNA合成能力增強(qiáng),提示Met可以延緩細(xì)胞衰老。除此之外,Met還可以使p-PI3K、p-Akt表達(dá)降低,抑制PI3K/Akt信號通路的活化。2BS細(xì)胞加入IGF-1刺激后,SA-β-gal染色陽性率顯著升高,細(xì)胞增殖能力和DNA合成能力減弱。Western blot結(jié)果顯示,IGF-1刺激后PI3K和Akt水平不變,p-PI3K和p-Akt水平升高,提示IGF-1可以刺激下游的PI3K/Akt信號通路,使PI3K磷酸化為p-PI3K,Akt活化為p-Akt而發(fā)揮作用。提示IGF-1可以通過激活PI3K/Akt信號通路來促進(jìn)細(xì)胞衰老,這與其他研究結(jié)果相一致[19-20]。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Met+IGF-1組SA-β-gal染色水平低于IGF-1組,細(xì)胞增殖能力和DNA合成水平高于IGF-1組,并且p-PI3K、p-Akt蛋白表達(dá)水平也低于IGF-1組,提示Met可以從一定程度上抑制IGF-1介導(dǎo)的PI3K/Akt信號通路,從而延緩衰老。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,Met可以通過抑制IGF-1介導(dǎo)的PI3K/Akt信號通路來延緩衰老,這為延緩衰老提供了新的實(shí)驗(yàn)思路。然而,影響衰老的因子以及通路眾多,本實(shí)驗(yàn)未研究Met對衰老影響涉及的所有通路,因此,需要進(jìn)一步研究來完善Met對衰老影響的其他可能機(jī)制。
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(收稿日期:2020-02-20)