黃顥
2021年的高考復(fù)習(xí)備考工作在緊鑼密鼓地進(jìn)行,并即將進(jìn)入沖刺提分的關(guān)鍵階段。對于大多數(shù)考生而言,英語學(xué)科的提分點在書面表達(dá)上,因為只要寫岀切題的詞句就會得分。
無論是傳統(tǒng)高考還是新高考都離不開應(yīng)用文寫作(書面表達(dá))。根據(jù)高考英語評分原則和各檔次給分范圍及要求,閱卷老師評分時,應(yīng)主要從內(nèi)容、詞匯語法和篇章結(jié)構(gòu)三個方面去考慮,這就要求考生要注意使用詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu)的準(zhǔn)確性、恰當(dāng)性和多樣性,同時,還要注意上下文的銜接和全文的連貫性。
據(jù)此,考生在做書面表達(dá)題時,除了要點齊全、字?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)標(biāo)、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰和語法正確外,還必須在詞匯、句式和語篇結(jié)構(gòu)上作出變化,這樣才會為自己的高考作文增加得分的亮點,從而獲得高分。
下面筆者結(jié)合自身的高中英語教學(xué)經(jīng)歷來探討書面表達(dá)應(yīng)用文寫作如何在“變”中謀高分。
一、詞匯的變化
在英語寫作中,考生如能在正確使用基本詞匯的基礎(chǔ)上,將普通詞匯變化并升級為高級詞匯,就能給文章增添色彩和畫面感,大大提升文章的檔次,從而獲得高分。要做到準(zhǔn)確使用高級詞匯,考生應(yīng)注意以下幾個方面:
1.“語”眾不同,避免人云亦云
在寫作時,考生恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍﹦e人可能想不到的詞匯或表達(dá),會體現(xiàn)出自己的高水平,同時,也會給閱卷老師耳目一新的感覺。
(1) I believe that, with such an excellent friend around me, I will become better and better.
→ I have the confidence that, with such an excellent friend around me, I will become better and better.
我相信,身邊有如此優(yōu)秀的朋友,我會變得越來越好。
(2) As a student from China, I have been fond of Chinese painting.
→ As a student from China, I have been keen on Chinese painting.
作為來自中國的學(xué)生,我一直鐘愛中國畫。
(3) I am busy with my lessons now, for the College Entrance Examination, which is very important to me, is near.
→I am occupied with my lessons now, for the College Entrance Examination, which is of great importance to me, is around the corner (approaching).
我正忙于復(fù)習(xí)功課,因為對于我來說非常重要的高考即將來臨。
2.更新?lián)Q代(棄舊取新),避免重復(fù)
在寫作時,考生應(yīng)盡量避免重復(fù)使用相同的單詞或短語,要盡量用貼切多樣的詞語來展示自己的水平,用新穎的詞語代替陳舊的詞語。用詞不同,表達(dá)方式迥異,也是高級表達(dá)。
(1)There will be many activities to mark this unforgettable occasion including many matches.
→ There will be a wide range of activities to mark this unforgettable occasion including many matches.
為了紀(jì)念這個難忘的時刻,將開展許多活動包括很多比賽。
(2)Moreover, we will build a new stadium and with the stadium built,a wide range of sports events are able to be held.
→Moreover, we will build a new stadium and with the stadium set up,a wide range of sports events are able to be held.
此外,我們將建一座新的體育館,隨著體育館的興建,各種體育賽事就能舉辦。
3.單詞和短語(詞組),短語(詞組)優(yōu)先
當(dāng)單詞和短語表示同一個意思時,優(yōu)先使用詞組、短語、習(xí)語代替單詞,這不僅能使文章更加生動,增加文采,而且也能展示出考生扎實的語言功底。
(1)First, needless to say, he is good at English.
→First and foremost/To begin(start)with,needless to say, he is good at English.首先,不必說,他擅長英語。
(2)Finally, he has a lot of life experience.
→Last but certainly not least, he has a lot of life experience.
最后,他生活經(jīng)驗豐富。
(3)Therefore, there is no need to worry about our studies—just relax and have a good rest.
→As a consequence (result) / In consequence, there is no need to worry about our studies—just relax and have a good rest.
因此,不必?fù)?dān)心我們的學(xué)習(xí),放松好好休息吧。
4. 多實少虛,避免空洞
在具備一定詞匯量的條件下,考生使用具體的表達(dá)比泛泛而談的內(nèi)容更能引起讀者的共鳴。例如,在描述一個具體的事物或人時,類似a nice /good man 的表達(dá)讓人感覺很空洞,考生可以用有個性的、具體的詞來描繪一個人,如kind/warm-hearted(好心的/熱心腸的),easy-going(隨和的),generous(慷慨/大方的)等。
(1)Last Sunday, our school held a 5km cross country running race, which attracted many good participants. 上周日,我們學(xué)校舉行五千米越野賽跑,吸引許多好手參賽。
→Last Sunday, our school held a 5km cross country running race, which attracted many enthusiastic participants. 上周日,我們學(xué)校舉行五千米越野賽跑,吸引眾多熱情參賽者。
(2) It is a very good film. 這是一部好電影。
→It is a very moving / touching / instructive / romantic / breath-taking film.這是一部感人/有教育意義/浪漫/傷心的電影。
二、句型的變化
在句型的變化上,考生盡量用較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)、各種復(fù)合句和特殊句式,實現(xiàn)表達(dá)多樣化。高考評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的“復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)的運用及較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)”就是指句子結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合性和句型的多樣性。
不論是復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)的運用,如強調(diào)句、倒裝句等句型,含有名詞性從句、定語從句或狀語從句的復(fù)合句,還是較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu),如分詞和不定式等非謂語動詞以及獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的運用,都會增加文章的表達(dá)力度,提升文章的檔次。
1. 學(xué)會使用光彩奪目、增加亮點的定語從句
定語從句(尤其是非限制性定語從句)的應(yīng)用能有效地提升書面表達(dá)的檔次,在寫作中,如果考生能把兩個簡單句或并列句合并為一個含定語從句的復(fù)合句,就能為文章增加亮點。
(1)Based on an English text, our classmates and I have adapted it into a short play. It is about how money will change the attitude of people towards others.
→Based on an English text, our classmates and I have adapted it into a short play, which is about how money will change the attitude of people towards others.
根據(jù)一篇英語課文,我和同學(xué)們已將其改編成短劇,短劇的內(nèi)容是錢如何改變?nèi)藗儗Ρ舜酥g的態(tài)度。
(2)In addition, whats puzzling us is that there are no emotional changes in our tone and pronunciation. Most of them sound dull.
→In addition, whats puzzling us is that there are no emotional changes in our tone and pronunciation, most of which sound dull.
此外,讓我們迷惑的是,在語音和語調(diào)上沒有情感變化,大多數(shù)聽起來乏味。
2. 盡量使用豐富多彩、提升檔次的名詞性從句
名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句,是英語寫作常見的高級表達(dá)句式。
(1)There is no doubt that there are many things that I can learn from him.? 毫無疑問,有很多東西我可以向他學(xué)習(xí)。
(2)Additionally, no one can deny (that) he gets along well with all our classmates. 此外,不可否認(rèn),他和我們班所有的同學(xué)相處得十分融洽。
(3)Though you didnt reply to me, the hesitation wearing on your face offered me a glimpse of what was going on in your mind. 盡管你沒有回答我,但是你臉上的猶豫讓我看出你心里想的是什么。
3. 不可忽視畫龍點睛、吸引眼球的狀語從句
在英語寫作中,狀語從句是經(jīng)常用到的句型,它能起到“點睛”作用,讓閱卷老師眼前一亮,對狀語從句的靈活運用能使作文更具吸引力。
(1)When I come across the problems of learning in my study, my father will listen to me patiently and encourage me to overcome the difficulties bravely. 當(dāng)我遇到學(xué)習(xí)上的問題,我的父親會耐心傾聽并鼓勵我勇敢克服困難。
(2)She is so patient with each student that we all like her.她對每位學(xué)生都如此有耐心,以致我們都喜歡她。
(3)However difficult it was, no participants gave up halfway. 無論多么艱難,參賽者無人半途退賽。
4. 合理使用委婉動人的虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣句型在寫作中屬于高級句式,對它的合理使用能給文章增色添彩。
(1)I wish you could see him.但愿你能見到他。
(2)I would appreciate it if you could help us whenever and wherever it is convenient for you. 要是你無論何時何地能幫助我們,我們將感激不盡。
5. 靈活運用重點突出的強調(diào)句
強調(diào)句型由“It is / was + 被強調(diào)部分+that / who +其他成分”構(gòu)成,靈活運用強調(diào)句型不僅有助于增強表達(dá)效果,突岀所表達(dá)的情感或者突出某些人物或事件的重要性,更能彰顯考生對英語表達(dá)的把控能力。
(1)It is her friendliness and the sense of responsibility that make me admire her. 她的友好和責(zé)任感使我敬佩她。
(2)It was you who bridge the gap between us and English. 就是你架起了我們和英語的橋梁。
6. 巧妙使用風(fēng)格獨具的特殊句式
在寫作中,對倒裝句、省略句、it的用法和感嘆句等特殊句式的巧妙應(yīng)用是書面表達(dá)獲得高分的強力助力,也是提升寫作檔次的有效方式。
(1)靈活使用倒裝
Only when you come to China can you experience Chinese food culture. 只有當(dāng)你來到中國,你才體驗中國美食文化。
Not only can I have some new discoveries but also I experienced the joy of labor and enrich my knowledge. 我不僅有一些新的發(fā)現(xiàn),而且體驗到勞動的樂趣并豐富我的知識。
So significant is the game that it is required that everyone should be present punctually. 比賽如此重要,以致于要求每個人都要準(zhǔn)時到場。
Challenging as the activity was, everyone enjoyed it and all the participants benefited a lot from it. 盡管這項活動具有挑戰(zhàn)性,但是大家都喜歡,所有參加者都從中受益。
(2)恰當(dāng)使用省略句式
When built/set up, the new stadium will become the new landmark in our school. 建好時,這個新的體育場將成為我們學(xué)校新的地標(biāo)。
(3)學(xué)會使用it句型
常用的it句型有:
1)主語+動詞+it+adj./n.+to do sth./that+句子
2) It is +adj./n./v-ed+ that+句子
3) It+adj./n.+of/for sb.to do sth.
4) It seemed/happened/appeared that +句子
5) It is (high) time that sb.did/should do sth.
What's more,it is very safe to consume the foods immediately. 此外,立即食用這些食品是非常安全的。
(4)適時運用感嘆句
將陳述句改變?yōu)楦袊@句,可以增強語氣,更能突出所表達(dá)的情感,提高感染力。
While working, I realized how hard it was to work in the field under a hot sun.? 工作時,我意識到烈日下在地里干活是多么辛苦!
三、句子的變化
在句子的變化上,運用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)和獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),讓句子言簡意賅。
在寫作時,考生可以利用非謂語動詞對兩個簡單句進(jìn)行整合,使其成為較高級的表達(dá)。
首先,運用分詞短語整合簡單句,提升表達(dá)檔次。
I saw nobody around. I ran away immediately.
→Seeing nobody around, I ran away immediately.
看到四周無人,我立即跑開。
其次,運用分詞短語簡化復(fù)合句,使語言簡練。
As time flew quickly, the activity was over.
→Time flying quickly, the activity was over.
時光飛逝,活動也結(jié)束了。
四、語態(tài)的變化
在語態(tài)的變化上,多用被動語態(tài),實現(xiàn)表達(dá)上的巧妙。在寫作時,考生可以多用被動語態(tài),這樣表達(dá)更生動。
As new generation of teenager , I must be motivated to study hard and grow up to be a useful person for our country. 作為新一代少年,我要勵志好好學(xué)習(xí),長大后成為對國家有用的人。
常用的含被動語態(tài)的高級表達(dá)如下:
1.It is said/reported/supposed/hoped/suggested…that…(據(jù)說/報道/推測/人們希望/有人建議)
2.It is well-known that…/As is well-known,…/ What is well-known is that…(眾所周知)
3.It is generally considered that…(普遍認(rèn)為)
4.It is universally /widely accepted/acknowledged that…(普遍公認(rèn))
五、結(jié)構(gòu)的變化
在結(jié)構(gòu)的變化上,恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眠^渡性詞語,實現(xiàn)文章結(jié)構(gòu)上的連貫與緊湊。銜接與過渡詞語的使用是語言連貫性得以實現(xiàn)的常用手段。在句與句、段與段之間恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍┏猩蠁⑾碌倪B接(過渡)性詞語能使整篇文章渾然一體,文章前后連貫、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、過渡自然,進(jìn)而提升了表達(dá)的層次,成為作文增分的亮點。
First and foremost, needless to say, he is good at English… Additionally, no one can deny he… Last but certainly not least, he has a lot of life experience…