李建高
動(dòng)詞不定式常與疑問代詞what,which,who和疑問詞副詞when,where,how等連用,構(gòu)成“疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),在句中可作主語、表語、賓語等多種句子成分。
一、作主語
“疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語,此時(shí)句子的謂語動(dòng)詞要使用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如:
Who to get along with is important. 應(yīng)該和誰相處很重要。
Where to hold the meeting is not known yet. 目前還不知道舉行會(huì)議的地點(diǎn)。
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[當(dāng)and連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。但若是兩個(gè)疑問詞加一個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞則用單數(shù)。例如:
When and where to build the new library has not been decided yet.
何時(shí)何地建造圖書館還未決定。
二、作表語
“疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中也可作表語。例如:
The puzzle is whether to give it up. 困惑是是否應(yīng)該放棄它。
The question is who to depend on. 問題是應(yīng)該依靠誰。
三、作賓語
“疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)在句中還可作賓語,常和該結(jié)構(gòu)連用的動(dòng)詞(短語)有:show,learn,teach,tell,advise,wonder,know,discuss,remember,forget,explain,decide,find out等。例如:
Could you teach me how to cook fried noodles? 你能教我怎么做炒面嗎?
I really don’t know when to hold the party. 我真不知道何時(shí)舉辦聚會(huì)。
You’d better find out where to put these pictures. 你最好了解一下應(yīng)把這些照片放在哪里。
“疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)還常用作動(dòng)詞show,tell,teach,advise等的直接賓語。例如:
Sandy showed Millie how to start the online tour. 桑迪給米莉演示了如何開始這個(gè)在線旅游。
I can tell you where to get this book. 我能夠告訴你哪里可以得到這本書。
“疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)也可用作介詞賓語。例如:
She was worried about how to fill her leisure time. 她為如何打發(fā)她的閑暇時(shí)間而發(fā)愁。
We must first solve the problem of who to serve. 我們必須首先解決為誰服務(wù)的問題。
[★疑問詞why不能用于“疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
譯:我不明白為什么必須馬上行動(dòng)。
誤:I don’t know why to do it at once.
正:I don’t know why I must do it at once.
不過,why后面可跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式,用以表示某動(dòng)作是不必要的或無意義的。例如:
Why pay more at other shops?We have the best value.
為什么花更多的錢到其他商店去買呢?我們這里物美價(jià)廉。
另外,why后面不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式有時(shí)也可能是否定的,該結(jié)構(gòu)常用來提出建議。例如:
You’re looking tired. Why not take a holiday? 你一臉倦容,怎么不休假呢?
★含有“疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)的句子常常可以轉(zhuǎn)化為復(fù)合句。例如:
When to hold the meeting has not been decided yet. 何時(shí)舉行這個(gè)會(huì)議還沒有決定。
(= When we shall hold the meeting has not been decided yet.)
I don’t know how to improve my spoken English. 我不知道怎樣提高我的英語口語。
(= I don’t know how I can improve my spoken English.)
The problem is where to find the financial aid. 問題是哪里去找財(cái)政援助。
(= The problem is where they can find the financial aid.)
★“疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)也可以作獨(dú)立的問句。例如:
What to do next? 接下來做什么?
How to get rid of the trouble? 如何擺脫困境?][溫馨提示]
即時(shí)演練:根據(jù)對(duì)話情景,從方框中選擇合適的詞構(gòu)成“疑問句 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)填空。
[where, which, when, how, what, meet, buy, spend, do, choose]
A: Andy, the weekend is coming. I’m wondering (1) it. Do you have any good ideas?
B: Let me think. There are so many fun things to do.
A: So many fun things? Can you tell me (2) for fun?
B: Shall we go to the movies together?
A: Good idea! Do you know (3) the tickets?
B: Yes. We can buy them on the Internet. It’s much cheaper than buying them in the cinema.
A: OK. Are there any new films on?
B: Yes. Many new films have been on show this week. I’m sure you can find one you like.
A: I’m afraid I can’t decide (4) . Do you have any good advice?
B: Maybe we can decide it in the cinema this weekend. Then I can use my cellphone to buy tickets online.
A: All right. Please tell me (5) .
B: How about 9:30 am on Saturday?
A: OK. See you!
Keys: 1. how to spend 2. what to do 3. where to buy 4. which to choose 5. when to meet
初中生學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)·提升版2021年1期