仙輯
萊州草辮,是一項(xiàng)廣為流傳的傳統(tǒng)工藝,源于萊州沙河一帶的農(nóng)村,距今已有1500多年的歷史,是國(guó)家級(jí)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)。
一把麥草,幾根秸稈,上扯下拉,瞬間就變換成了草帽、草籃、草扇等一件件精美的工藝品。
《辭?!酚涊d:“我國(guó)草帽辮尤以山東掖縣(今萊州市)的產(chǎn)品最為著名”?!度R州市志》也記載:“萊州草辮源于沙河一帶農(nóng)村,1500年前的沙河農(nóng)民受發(fā)辮的啟示,用三根光亮潔白的麥稈草掐出了人字形的草辮”。后人使用草辮做草帽又得名“草帽辮”。萊州草辮技藝,明代經(jīng)直隸、豫州等地,在國(guó)內(nèi)傳播。
19世紀(jì)40年代,用草辮生產(chǎn)的工藝品,成為我國(guó)最早進(jìn)入西方市場(chǎng)的商品之一,沙河由此成為全國(guó)草辮生產(chǎn)和出口的中心。至19世紀(jì)中葉,辮商云集萊州沙河,坐莊收購(gòu)草帽辮,由煙臺(tái)、青島、天津出口外運(yùn),港口碼頭呈現(xiàn)一片繁忙景象。
1896年,湖廣總督張之洞在鄂創(chuàng)辦草辮業(yè),特聘掖縣(即萊州)藝人前去傳藝。20世紀(jì)初,全國(guó)草辮四大名品“沙河白”“沙河黃”“沙河鋸條”“萊州花”均為掖縣人所創(chuàng)。其品質(zhì)之優(yōu),為當(dāng)時(shí)意大利“正草黃”和日本“劈草貨”所不及。1915年,四大名品在美國(guó)舊金山舉辦的太平洋巴拿馬萬(wàn)國(guó)博覽會(huì)上獲特別獎(jiǎng),被譽(yù)為世界最優(yōu)質(zhì)草帽辮。
新中國(guó)成立初期,草辮技藝遍及萊州、平度、昌邑等地村莊,出現(xiàn)了許多能工巧匠,創(chuàng)新出不超過兩毫米細(xì)的“細(xì)擴(kuò)草”、“扇子面”、“篩子”、“棕子”、“蜈蚣”等優(yōu)質(zhì)品種。碼放如山的各種草辮巧奪天工,千姿百態(tài),各具特色。據(jù)《萊州二輕工業(yè)志》載:“老藝人李玉屏可用麥桿草掐出兩千多種草辮花樣”。1957年后,由單一麥桿草原料發(fā)展成以玉米皮為主料的各種草藝品多達(dá)4000多種。
萊州草辮分為“囫圇草辮”和“擴(kuò)草編”?!班駠鞑蒉p”就是用囫圇的麥莛草辮掐成的各式花樣的草辮;“擴(kuò)草編”就是用專用工具擴(kuò)草刀(劈草刀),將麥草擴(kuò)成寬窄不等、根數(shù)不等的麥草,再編、掐成各式花樣的草辮。
20世紀(jì)50年代,主要產(chǎn)品在傳統(tǒng)的麥稈編制的草帽、提籃等基礎(chǔ)上,增加了玉米皮編制的提籃、提袋、茶墊、坐墊、地席、門簾、果盒、紙簍、拖鞋以及用麥草制作的貼畫貼盒等。麥草貼畫集油畫、工筆畫等藝術(shù)于一身,多表現(xiàn)花鳥蟲魚、虎嘯深山、鹿鳴翠谷、秋菊傲霜、紅梅吐香、懸崖飛流等題材。麥草貼盒多取型于東西方古建筑,或樓、臺(tái)、亭、閣,或教堂、古堡,或城市一條街,或鄉(xiāng)村院落等等,為各國(guó)藝術(shù)愛好者和收藏家所喜愛。
鼎盛時(shí)期,萊州草辮僅草藝包就有上萬(wàn)個(gè)品種,供不應(yīng)求。如今,隨著小麥品種改良,適宜做草辮的麥草日漸難尋,玉米皮、拉拉草等原料成為草辮的“新寵”。一根根草辮傳遞著手工的巧思、淳樸的回憶,在人們的指尖集聚起旺盛的生命力,代代延續(xù)。
萊州草辮技藝,是中國(guó)民間傳統(tǒng)手工技藝的一支奇葩,在世界文化園地里也綻放異彩,它是萊州的驕傲,也是中國(guó)的驕傲。
Laizhou straw plait is a popular traditional craft originated from the rural villages around Shahe, Laizhou. With a history of over 1,500 years, it is a national-level intangible cultural heritage.
After being interlaced up and down, a handful of wheats and several straws will be instantly turned into such fine artifacts as a straw hat, a straw basket, and a straw fan.
According to Cihai, “No straw plaits excel those made in County Ye, Shandong (todays Laizhou City).” It was also recorded in the Annals of Laizhou City, “Laizhou straw plait originated from the rural areas around Shahe. Inspired by plaits, farmers in Shahe made a herringbone straw plait with three bright and white wheats.” Later generations made the straw hat with straw plaits and named it as the“straw plait.” The craft of Laizhou straw plait spread throughout China via Zhili and Yuzhou in the Ming Dynasty.
In the 1840s, artifacts made by straw plaits became one of the earliest commodities exported to the Western market from China and Shahe thus became the national center for the production and export of straw plaits. In the mid-19th century, straw plait merchants went to Shahe, Laizhou in swarms, purchased straw plaits as resident buyers and exported and shipped them to Yantai, Qingdao and Tianjin for export, which ports and wharfs became hectic accordingly.