A character that connects the universal

萬物相通，世界大同

通

According to scholar Tao Yuanming (陶淵明), the path to paradise is hard to find. In his essay “The Peach Blossom Spring” ( 《桃花源記》) in 421, Tao wrote of a lost fisherman who found it by sailing along an unfrequented stream into a small cave opening in a peach forest: “The opening is narrow and only one person may pass (初極狹，才通人 Chū jí xiá,cái tōng rén).”

Once through the entrance, though,the fisherman found fertile farmland,beautiful natural scenery, and happy people both young and old. There were “paths intersecting the fields in all directions, and roosters crowing and dogs barking (阡陌交通，雞犬相聞qiānmò jiāotōng, jīquǎn xiāngwén).”

In contrast to this utopia, the real world was mired in strife at the time Tao was writing, as the violent fall of the Jin dynasty (265 - 420) threw the empire into over a century of civil war and invasions from northern tribes. Perhaps it’s appropriate that the character 通 (tōng, access; unimpeded;to pass) appears several times in the text—amid such turbulence in the real world, even freedom of movement and unimpeded roads can seem like a luxury.

The character 通 first appeared over 3,000 years ago in oracle bone inscriptions, comprising a “walk (彳chì)” radical on the left, which represents its meaning, and a “use (用 yòng)”component on the right, which indicates its pronunciation. In some historical texts, an extra “foot” radical was added below the previous formation to emphasize the meaning of “walking.”According to the 2,000-year-oldAnalytical Dictionary of Chinese Characters(《說文解字》), 通 means “arrival (達(dá)dá).” In 655 BCE, when Chong’er(重耳), a prince of the Jin state, was prosecuted and forced to flee his home land, one of his counselors opposed the idea of seeking refuge in states Qi and Chu, which are “far away and hard to reach (道遠(yuǎn)難通 dào yuǎn nán tōng),”according to the historical textDiscourse of the States(《國語》).

Later, the character extended to indicate movement and unimpeded access. Any passageway or road can be referred to as a 通道 (tōngdào), and a vent to allow air to circulate is called a 通風(fēng)口 (tōngfēngkǒu). To pass or go through a location is called 通行(tōngxíng).

To describe a place with welldeveloped transportation (交通jiāotōng) or that is easy to access, the idiom 四通八達(dá) (sìtōng bādá, literally“four throughs and eight arrivals”),meaning “extending in all directions,”is often used. A place described in this way is often well-connected with other locations in various ways, including by通航 (tōngháng, water or air transport),通郵 (tōngyóu, postal communication),and 通商 (tōngshāng, having trade relations).

The meaning of 通 has also expanded to include communication.For instance, the phrase 溝通南北的鐵路 (gōutōng nánběi de tiělù, railway connecting the south and north) is used to indicate physical transport links, but the term 溝通 (gōutōng) now also means to exchange ideas and information, as in 溝通感情 (gōutōng gǎnqíng, cultivating friendship). To inform someone of some knowledge is 通知 (tōngzhī), and to make an announcement is 通報(bào) (tōngbào).

The character also represents a command of knowledge or skills:either mastery (精通 jīngtōng), rough knowledge (粗通 cūtōng), or utter ignorance (一竅不通 yíqiào bùtōng).Traditional Chinese etiquette, though,emphasizes modesty, so a worldfamous architect might say, “我粗通建筑藝術(shù) (Wǒ cūtōng jiànzhù yìshù, I know just a little about architecture).”

通 can also be a noun, awarded to a person who has gained mastery over an area of study, such as 中國通(zhōngguótōng, China expert) and 萬事通 (wànshìtōng, jack-of-all-trades).By contrast, members of the general public who have no outstanding characteristics are known as 普通人 (pǔtōngrén, ordinary or common person). This label, though, often excludes people with disabilities, who need special public services, such as special education.

Amid frequent reports about the struggle of people with disabilities to get access to public services, including blocking of handicapped-access lanes and guide dogs being denied boarding on public transport, it may still take some time for Chinese cities to realize the often seen slogan for inclusivity, “All roads lead to happiness (條條大路通幸福 Tiáotiáo dàlù tōng xìngfú).”