• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Traditional herbal medicine as adjunctive therapy for colorectal cancer: a scoping review

    2022-02-26 03:15:52SitiRohaniNurumalNurSuhadaRamliZulkefleyMohammadShamsulAzharShah
    Traditional Medicine Research 2022年2期

    Siti Rohani Nurumal,Nur Suhada Ramli,Zulkefley Mohammad,Shamsul Azhar Shah*

    1Department of Community Health,Faculty of Medicine,National University of Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur 56000,Malaysia.

    Abstract Background: A variety of therapy options are available for colorectal cancer, ranging from traditional medicine to complementary and alternative medicine.There is a growing body of evidence supporting the efficacy of complementary and alternative medicine.Therefore, the main aim of this study is to conduct a scoping evaluation of traditional and herbal medicine’s effectiveness as an additional therapy for colorectal cancer patients in clinical settings.Methods:A systematic search was conducted for all articles pertaining to clinical trials related to traditional herbal medicine (THM) with or without other treatments, such as chemotherapy,placebos, or other types of treatment, published from 2010 to November 13, 2020, using four search engines, namely Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus.Results: The number of colorectal cancer patients in five trials ranged from 89 to 565 people.The THMs stated in these studies were catalpol (Rehmannia glutinosa extract), the traditional Japanese medicine Daikenchuto (mixture of herbal extracts) and Goshajinkigan, Chinese patent herbal medicine Aidi injection, and the traditional Chinese medicine Simo decoction.Positive results were reported in term of reduction of colorectal cancer tumour marker (by catalpol),improvement of gastrointestinal function following gastrointestinal surgery (by Daikenchuto and Simo decoction), better disease control rate and quality of life score(by combination of Aidi injection and chemotherapy), and a decrease in the incidence of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (Goshajinkigan).Conclusion: All studies demonstrated fewer adverse effects found in THM intervention groups, however, evidence pointing to THMs’ favourable effects on colorectal cancer patients is still required.Therefore, researchers and clinicians are encouraged to perform more research in this area so that more evidence of THM’s efficacy and safety in clinical settings can be obtained.

    Keywords: traditional and herbal medicine; colorectal cancer; catalpol; Daikenchuto; Aidi;Simo decoction; Goshajinkigan

    Background

    Colorectal cancer(CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer,accounting for 1.8 million new cases with 862,000 deaths worldwide in 2018 [1].The incidence rate is consistently increasing and common in men as compared to women.In terms of diagnosis of CRC, the median age for colon cancer is 68 in men and 72 in women, while it is 63 for rectal cancer [2].The five-year survival rate for an early stage of CRC is 90%, while 13% of those diagnosed at a late stage [3].“Environmental” factors associated with the risk of developing CRC comprise modifiable and non-modifiable components [4].Those risk factors are obesity, greater height, red and processed meat intake,smoking, alcohol intake, and diabetes.On the other hand, the protective factors were physical activity, use of aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, use of postmenopausal hormone [5] in women and the intake of vegetables, fruits, calcium,folate, and fibre [6].Furthermore, the advancement of screening,diagnosis, and treatment of CRC showed 30% of improvements in the survival rate from 1990-2010 [7].

    The standard conventional treatments of CRC mainly are surgery,radiofrequency ablation, cryosurgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, including monoclonal antibody therapy for metastatic CRC [8].Interestingly,complementary and alternative medicine practice is common among cancer patients as a combination treatment with conventional medicine[9].

    The prevalence practice in complementary and alternative medicine among cancer patients worldwide ranged between 16.5% to 93.4%[10].This shows the high interest in complementary and alternative medicine among them.Types of complementary and alternative medicine practice also varies among the countries.For example, in a study conducted at Trinidad and Tobago, more than 90% patients practise the use of herbs [11].While in Malaysia, most cancer patients practice the consumption of nutritional supplements (41.8%), herbal products (40.2%) and multivitamins (33.6%) [12].These evidences proved on complementary and alternative medicine’s well-acceptance by these population groups.Reasons for using complementary and alternative medicine included to alleviate symptoms, especially pain,improve physical and psychological well-being, treat toxicity from the conventional medical therapies, and improve immunity [13].

    Specifically for CRC patients, popular choices of alternative medical system or better known as traditional herbal medicine (THM),included catalpol (Rehmannia glutinosaextract), the traditional Japanese medicine Daikenchuto (mixture of herbal extracts) and Goshajinkigan, Chinese patent herbal medicine Aidi injection, and the traditional Chinese medicine Simo decoction (SMD).Mylabrisis the main herb of Aidi injection.As early as about 206 B.C.E.to 220 C.E.,Shennong Bencao Jing(Shen-nong’s Herbal Classics), a Chinese book on agriculture and medicinal plants, traditionally attributed to Shennong,has recorded this herb can be used to treat Echuang, a disease in Chinese medicine theory that has the similar symptoms with skin cancer in Western medicine, such as the skin is ulcerated, pus and blood, and the wound is difficult to heal [14].SMD is recorded in theJisheng Fang(Formulas to Promote Well-Being), a book of formulas written in 1253 by Yan Yonghe and it is used to treat intestinal disease[15].Recently, a randomized trial with 590 participants showed that the combination of SMD and acupuncture may reduce the incidence of postoperative ileus (POI) for patients with CRC after resection [16].To date, although many clinical research has been conducted to determine the effects of THM on cancer patients, its review especially on CRC patients remains scarce.Thus,in this study,we aim to perform a scoping review on the effectiveness of THM as adjunctive therapy for CRC patients in clinical settings.

    Methods

    Search strategy

    The search for this study was performed in November 2020, including articles published from 2010 until up to 13 November 2020.Four search engines that covered the international content of healthcare;Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were used.The search strategy included combined terms using the Boolean operators “AND” and “OR” with medical subject headings terms used,which are as follow: (“colorectal cancer” OR “colorectal neoplas*” OR“colon cancer” OR “l(fā)arge bowel cancer” OR “rectal cancer”) AND(“traditional herbal medicine” OR “THM” OR “herb*” OR“complementary medicine”) AND (“effectiveness” OR “efficacy”).The retrieval strategy using the above databases revealed 277 articles.The search strategy is shown in Supplementary Table S1.

    Study selection

    The eligibility criteria for our study were limited to human studies,open accessed empirical articles, and written in English.All selected empirical articles were quantitatively assessed on the effectiveness of THM.Inclusion criteria were based on the population/intervention/comparison/outcome framework: (1)population - CRC patients; (2) intervention - THM with or without other treatment; (3) comparison - conventional chemotherapy,placebo or other types of treatment; (4) outcomes - regarding the four effectiveness dimensions (Table 1).We excluded animal studies,non-trials, non-empirical, protocols, and review articles analyzing THM effectiveness.The best diagnostic criterion for CRC is biopsy of the lesion following colonoscopy, biomarker testing and genomic profiling.This will enable to determine the molecular characterization of sporadic and hereditary diseases and enabling personalised care[17].However, we do not examine the specific diagnostic criteria for CRC in each article in this study.The fact that each article states that the respondents were selected from among CRC patients is sufficient information.

    Search results were imported into EndNote, and duplicates were removed.Basic information from the remaining articles was exported to a Microsoft Excel sheet.Three authors (NSR, SRN and ZM)independently reviewed all the titles, references and abstracts generated by the original search in order to identify articles for potential inclusion.The three authors independently conducted a full article assessment in the next stage, following the pre-specified inclusion criteria, and the results were compared.In order to increase the reliability of the process selection, the differences were all reconciled by consensus.Quality assessment was performed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa guidelines [18] (Supplementary Table S2).Data extraction was performed by one author and revised by a second,using a standardized Excel spreadsheet, in which columns represent the categories of analysis.The included studies were classified according to several descriptive aspects, including authors; year;country; study design; study objective; participants; sample size;control group therapy; THM intervention; herb species; outcomes measured; and results.

    Results

    This study is reported in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines published by Moher et al.(2009) [19] (Supplementary Table S3).The initial search retrieved 277 articles, with 14 duplicated.The title and abstract analysis resulted in the exclusion of 24 articles.In the full assessment of the 18 articles, 13 articles were excluded for falling outside the scope of this review, resulting in a final list of 5 articles(Figure 1).

    Figure 1 Study selection flowchart according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines

    Table 1 Effectiveness dimensions studied and their description

    Studies characteristics

    Among all five studies, four (4/5; 80%) were randomized [20-23],and the remaining one (1/5; 20%) was non-randomized [24].Throughout the ten years search period, only one study was published per year; Xu HX et al.[24], in 2011, Kono T et al.[20], in 2013,Katsuno H et al.[21],in 2015,Yang Y et al.[22],in 2017,and Fei B et al.[23], in 2018.Most (3/5; 60%) studies were conducted in China[22-24], and two (2/5; 40%) studies were conducted in Japan [20,21].

    The majority of participants were postoperative patients [21-23],while the other participants were those going for CRC chemotherapy[20, 24].The number of participants ranges from 89 [20] to 565 [22].Control group therapies used by studies in this review were either placebo [20, 21, 23], conventional chemotherapy [23, 24], other therapy, i.e.commercially available chewing gum [22] or no therapy[22] (Figure 2).While for intervention therapies, five different THMs were used in each study; catalpol (Rehmannia glutinosaextract) [23],the traditional Japanese medicine Daikenchuto [21], Chinese patent herbal medicine Aidi injection [24], the traditional Chinese medicine SMD [22] and the traditional Japanese medicine Goshajinkigan [20].Each of the studies used different types of THM and each THM have a different combination of herbal species except for catalpol that consists of one herbal species.The composition and the function of these THMs are summarised in Table 2.

    Table 2 Evidence for all five studies in this review

    Figure 2 Type of control group therapy according to the study

    Efficacy and safety

    Serum tumour markers and anti-inflammatory marker.There were two studies in this review assessing THM effectiveness using serum tumour markers as their outcomes.First, a study conducted by Fei B et al.[23] reported on a significant reduction of serum tumour-marker levels of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9),carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), matrix metalloproteinases-2(MMP-2), and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) in postoperative patients who were treated with catalpol, compared with serum levels in those who received placebo.Secondly, Katsuno H et al.[21] found that the mean serum anti-inflammatory marker of C-reactive protein(CRP) levels was lower in postoperative patients treated with Daiketchuto, compared with that in those treated with placebo;nonetheless, the difference was not statistically significant.

    Adverse effects (AE).AE, side effects or toxicity of THM related therapy were addressed in all five studies (Figure 3), where most studies showed better AE outcomes in THM intervention groups.According to Fei B et al.[23], non-fatal AE, mainly gastrointestinal reactions (e.g.diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting) and allergy, were significantly associated with catalpol treated group, compared with its control group of chemotherapy-only, where fatal AE were also reported.

    Figure 3 Main AE related to THM according to the study.

    In the study of THM Aidi therapy, Xu HX et al.[24] reported that the toxicity of Aidi and the chemotherapy group showed a lower percentage than that in the chemotherapy-only control group.The main AE identified in the intervention group were leukopenia,thrombocytopenia, gastrointestinal reactions (nausea, vomiting,diarrhoea, and constipation).In terms of AE of abdominal pain and nausea, significantly lower scores (better scores) on day 3 post-operation were reported among patients who were treated with SMD compared to those treated with either of the other therapies(commercially available chewing gum) or no therapy, as described by Yang Y et al.[22].With regards to the severity of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (OPN), Kono T et al.[20] found that that the incidence of grade 2 or greater OPN until the 8th cycle is lower in the THM group of Goshajinkigan, compared to that in the placebo group,although it was statistically not significant.In the same manner, both the median time to the occurrence of grade 3 neurotoxicity and the median frequency of occurrence of OPN at 26 weeks were also found to be lower in the Goshanjikigan treated group.In addition, the median Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynaecological Oncology Group-Neurotoxicity-12 (FACT/GOG-Ntx-12) scores of the Goshajinkigan treated group was lower than that in the placebo groups.Although the differences were statistically unremarkable,patients receiving Goshajinkigan tended to show milder symptoms of neurotoxicity than those who received a placebo.

    The prince was not a little surprised, but he consented to hide himself with Asmund behind the panelling of the room, from where they could see all that went on through a little slit24

    Most studies in this review reported less occurrence of AE in THM intervention groups.However, there were also indifferent findings.Such findings were shown in two studies, conducted by Katsuno H et al.[18] and Kono T et al.[20], where they found no different significant rates in the occurrence of AE (other than peripheral neurotoxicity) in Daikenchuto compared with its placebo control group, and in Goshajinkigan treated compared with its placebo control group, respectively.With regard to this matter, AE reported in the Daikenchuto group were gastrointestinal reactions (diarrhoea,vomiting and abdominal pain), while main AE in the Goshajinkigan group include fatigues, anorexia, gastrointestinal reactions (e.g.nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and constipation) and allergy.

    Complications.Two complications found in this review were related to post-cancer-resection-operation: the incidence of intestinal obstruction and the incidence of POI.In the study conducted by Katsuno H et al.[21], no significant difference was observed between the rate of intestinal obstruction incidence between the Daikenchuto treated group and its placebo control group.On the other hand, Yang Y et al.[22] reported that the POI occurrence (presented in the form of grade I and II complications according to the Claviendo-Dindo classification) were significantly lower in patients treated with SMD and acupuncture, and higher complication rates were observed in no therapy group.

    Response Rate to Chemotherapy.According to Xu HX et al.[24],there was no difference in the response rate to chemotherapy(complete remission (CR) + partial response (PR)) among those who received THM intervention of Aidi and chemotherapy, compared to those in the chemotherapy-only control group.However, there was a significant difference in the disease control rates (CR + PR + stable disease (SD)) between the two groups, where patients in the Aidi-chemotherapy group scored a higher percentage.In another study, Kono et al.[20] also described the non-significant difference of the overall response rates ((CR + PR) and (CR + PR + SD)) in both the THM Goshajinkigan treated group and its placebo control group.

    Postoperative bowel recovery

    Two studies were evaluating postoperative bowel recovery: first bowel motion, time to first flatus and time to defecation, frequency of bowel movement per day, and change in the Bristol Stool scale score after surgery.In the study conducted by Yang Y et al.[22], it was shown that time to first flatus and time to defecation was significantly shorter in those treated with THM oral SMD and acupuncture as compared to those treated with commercially available chewing gum or those received none of the therapies.These results were statistically significant.On the other hand, the finding by Katsuno H et al.[21]showed that bowel movement frequency postoperative on day eight in the Daikenchuto treated group was significantly lower than the placebo group.Subsequently, the time for the stool to be normalized in the formation (50thpercentile) in the Bristol Stool scale score of 1 and 2 took longer in the placebo group as compared to the Daikenchuto group on postoperative day 8.Furthermore, all the groups in both of the studies showed a similar time to first bowel motion.

    Quality of life

    Two studies explored the area of QOL.The study conducted by Xu HX et al.[24] used the Karnofsky performance scale to measure QOL before and after treatment.This functional status scale is a single dimension that provides a global measurement level of activity,mainly for cancer treatment patients [25].Karnofsky performance scale was evaluated with increasing and decreasing scores by ten or otherwise stable.The result showed that the experimental group(THM intervention of Aidi and chemotherapy) had a 60% increase in Karnofsky performance scale score while the control group(chemotherapy) was 24%.The difference between the groups was statistically significant.Meanwhile, in another study Katsuno et al.[21] the evaluation of QOL according to the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating scale (Japanese version) and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal scale showed no significant difference in postoperative patients treated with Daiketchuto, compared with those treated with placebo.

    Other parameters

    There was one study that measured the survival rate.A study by Fei B et al.[23] showed that the percentage of cases of recurrence of colon cancer after surgical resection significantly increased in the placebo group (no chemotherapy) and catalpol treatment group when compared with the control group (with chemotherapy).There was a significant increase in overall survival in the catalpol treatment group compared with the placebo group (no chemotherapy).However, there were no significant differences between catalpol treatment and chemotherapy treatment.Fei B et al.[23] also measured the cost of catalpol treatment, which was more favourable than chemotherapy treatments for CRC.The cost of using catalpol treatment was significantly cheaper when compared with the cost of chemotherapy.The length of hospital stay(LOS) post colorectal surgical resection was measured by Yang Y et al.[22], whereby it was noted that LOS for patients receiving SMD with acupuncture (LOS = 8.9 days (SD 1.9))was significantly shorter than patients receiving chewing gum (LOS =10.5 days (SD 2.5)) and no intervention (LOS = 10.9 days (SD 2.4)).

    Discussion

    Study characteristics

    To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review conducted to examine the effectiveness of THM in CRC patients, regardless of the stage, comparing the THM therapy modalities with other types of therapies.However, within the ten-year search period, only five studies suited our selection criteria, with the most recent study was published in 2018.Notably, all studies in this review were conducted in the two Far East countries; the Republic of China and Japan.This reflects on the prevalent use of THM in the treatment of CRC in these regions [26, 27] and the scarcity of THM clinical trials being conducted in other regions, despite mounting evidence suggesting the advantages of THM use as part of CRC treatment derived from in vitro and in vivo experiments [28].

    Efficacy and safety

    Our findings showed that there is a significant reduction in the serum levels of tumour markers (CA 19-9, CEA, MMP-2, and MMP-9) [23]and a non-significant reduction of serum anti-inflammatory marker(CRP) [21] in CRC patients who used THM therapy versus the controls(catalpol vs placebo and vs chemotherapy; and Daikenchuto vs placebo) post-cancer-resection.According to a study done by Zhu P and colleagues [29], catalpol inhibits the proliferation, growth, and invasion of cancerous CT26 cells in dose-dependent manners and reduces the secretion of several angiogenic markers.The immunohistochemical assay also showed that catalpol inhibits the expressions of angiogenic markers vascular endothelial growth factor,vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and basic fibroblast growth factor in colon cancer tissues.It also inhibits the expressions of inflammatory factors interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, cyclooxygenase and inducible nitric oxide synthase.Altogether, catalpol suppressed the growth and invasion of CT26 colon cancer cells mainly by inhibiting inflammation and tumour angiogenesis, viewed as a promising candidate compound for treating colon cancer [29, 30].With regards to the results in the Daikenchuto group in the mentioned study, a similar trend was reported by Yaegashi M et al.[31], where they found no significant intergroup differences in serum CRP levels.However, a significant CRP reduction was also evident among postoperative CRC patients treated with Daikenchuto [32].The physiological process was thoroughly described in a few in vitro studies, where it significantly inhibits the infiltration of neutrophils and CD68-positive macrophages and inhibits mRNA expressions of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 hence leading to CRP reduction[33, 34].

    A very similar study of SMD efficacy, as reported by Yang Y et al.[22],was also conducted by other researchers [38], with a similar aim to compare the efficacy between SMD combined with acupuncture and its two control groups (SMD vs chewing gum and SMD vs no intervention) for treating POI in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy.There is evidence from the animal model that SMD able to reduce the serum level of the of proinflammatory of cytokines and white blood cells [39, 40] that can enhance the gastrointestinal motility proposed by the observation that it promotes the contraction of antral strips by activating muscarinic M3 receptors[41].To our interest,their results showed a similar trend,where the incidence of complications was significantly reduced in the SMD and acupuncture groups.

    The other THM included in this review is Goshajinkigan.Interestingly, findings made by Kono T et al.[20] contradicted with results reported in another systematic review of Goshajinkigan’s role in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy[42].In the later review, Kuriyama A and Endo K reported no beneficial association found for grade 2 or more of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and Goshajinkigan was not associated with reduced incidence of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy or improved response to chemotherapy [42].What is more, one clinical trial also revealed the incidence of grade 2 or greater OPN was significantly associated with Goshajinkigan [43].In other aspects, we found no other studies analyzing the median time to the occurrence of grade 3 neurotoxicity, the median frequency of occurrence of OPN at 26 weeks, and the median FACT/GOG-Ntx-12 score found in our literature search.

    The final THM being discussed for AE in this review is Daikenchuto.As its efficacy found in CRC patients is scarce, its efficacy in gastric cancer patients was described in other studies, where there was no significant intergroup difference in AE of grade 3 or more (according toNational Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events(version 4.0)) [44].Besides the AE mentioned above,complications found in this review included intestinal obstruction and POI.In few other studies, findings, as presented by Katsuno H et al.[21], were also found in another clinical study and one meta-analysis.Both were studying the efficacy of Daikenchuto for postoperative gastrointestinal cancer on the occurrence of intestinal obstruction and POI, respectively, with the THM intervention showing no significant differences [45, 46].To our knowledge, studies describing the incidence of POI among CRC patients treated with SMD as presented by Yang Y and colleagues in this review, are still lacking [22].However, the use of SMD remains suggested, knowing the main therapeutic principles of TCM is to promote the recovery of gastrointestinal function after abdominal surgery, which involves purgation purgative method, Qi-regulating (vital energy) method,spleen-fortifying and stomach-harmonizing method [47].

    Regarding THM response rate to chemotherapy, the use of Aidi injection and chemotherapy was extensively studied in lung cancer rather than in CRC.Compared with chemotherapy alone, Aidi injection plus chemotherapy was found to have a significant increased relative benefit of response rate and disease control rate [36, 48, 49].It has been mentioned in previous literature, the T lymphocytes subsets (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cell subsets) and CD4+/CD8+ratio take an important roles as anti tumor immunity with Aidi injection [50, 51].The nature of the evidence reviewed here requires a rigorous and comprehensive understanding of AE.This evidence was relevant for assessing safety issues; however, it did not establish causality of effects.Thus, we ought to be cautious when interpreting such data and critically question causality on a case-by-case basis,despite the fact that most THMs evaluated were only associated with moderately severe or minor AE[52].

    Postoperative bowel recovery

    The outcome of this review stated that the Daikenchuto group postoperative did not show a positive finding on the bowel movement frequency.This was consistent with a study conducted in Japan among the 88 patients with a primary tumour located at the right-side colon [53].In this study, it was mentioned that those in the experimental and control group was seen to not differ in the intestinal motility postoperative on day 1 (P= 0.27), day 3 (P= 0.10) and as well as on day 5(P=0.09)in the small and large intestines.However,there was a significant difference among the patients ≥75 years old(P=0.049)at postoperative day five but not at day one and day three among the experimental group.On the other hand, Katsuno H et al.[21] found no significant finding to first bowel motion postoperative in the Daikenchuto group.A recent study in a subgroup analysis of three randomized controlled trials among 410 patients with no bowel movements after open abdominal surgery secondary to colon, liver, or gastric cancer was performed.Interestingly, the finding was contrast as the median time for a first bowel movement is 99.1 hours in the experimental group compared to 113.8 in the other group with (P=0.004; hazard ratio 1.337) [54].This finding was similar to another study as the first bowel movement in the Daikenchuto group is (82.9+/- 17.8h vs 99.5 +/- 18.9h,P<0.01) compared with the control group after patients undergoing laparoscopic-assisted colectomy for colon cancer [31].Furthermore, a comparable aim of the study by Yang Y et al.[22] was conducted among the hepatocellular carcinoma to explore the efficacy between SMD combined with acupuncture and its two control groups (SMD vs chewing gum and SMD vs no intervention)[38].The finding showed a similar trend of shorter time to flatus and defecation than the no-intervention group (allP<0.05).Nevertheless, the first time to peristalsis is also shorter,which was similar to the findings in all of the groups in the study done by Yang Y et al.[22].The stimulation of gastrointestinal mortality leading to shorter time of flatus, defecation and peristalsis[41].Thus,the finding can be seen as being varied from one study to another.

    Quality of life

    In terms of QOL, the combination of (THM intervention of Aidi and chemotherapy) was seen as beneficial in our review.The finding was also seen to be inline in 3,200 patients with multiple types of cancers as the QOL are significantly improved in performance status compared with chemotherapy alone across the stratification of gender, age,tumour type, tumor, nodes, metastases stage, body mass index, nodal metastasis, prior chemotherapy, chemotherapy regimens, other Chinese tradition medicines, and chemotherapy cycle [55].The decreased in the incidence rate of chemotherapy-related toxicity and improve performance status in patients will improve the QOL in patients received Aidi injection.At the same time, the findings are consistent in the meta-analysis in patients with advanced non-small-cell carcinoma as the Karnofsky performance scale score significantly increases and improve the QOL in a group that received Aidi injection plus chemotherapy [36, 56].Subsequently, the effect of Daiketchuto, compared with that in those treated with placebo on QOL is still limited.Thus, more study needs to be conducted to analyze clinical efficiency.Interestingly, a recent study conducted in Malaysia also shown to improve QOL among various type of THM and cancer patients using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life questionnaire scale[57].

    The survival rate, length of stay and cost-effectiveness of THM

    This review was unable to support the survivability of CRC with THMs used, as only one study measured the survival rate.Furthermore, the overall survival and cancer-free survival of CRC patients using THM,especially catalpol were not favourable compared with chemotherapy treatment.A study done by Johnson et al.[58] showed that patient with breast, prostate, lung, and CRC that declined chemotherapy treatments in favour of alternative medicine including THMs had a higher risk of death (hazard ratio = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.88 to 3.27).Another survival analysis of 258 cancer patients who used complementary medicine (including THM) showed poorer 5-year overall survival than 1,032 cancer patients who did not use complementary medicine and a greater risk of death [59].On the other hand, study among non-small-cell carcinoma without significant publication bias reported THM with chemotherapy improve survival rate [60].Nevertheless, the same study, suggested to conduct more randomized controlled trial to get more definite conclusion as limited methodological qualities of the included trials

    In general, CRC patients had a greater probability of hospitalization with the highest average of LOS compared with other types of cancer[61].Our finding showed that using THM can reduce LOS for post colorectal surgical resection.This was contrary to a study done using THM (Daikenchuto) for oesophageal cancer patients [62].The postoperative bowel symptoms tended to be rare in the THM group,however,statistically,there was no significant and no difference in the LOS after surgery.In terms of cost, as generally, the THM is cheaper,as endorsed with our findings.The cost-effectiveness of some herbal medicine is encouraging in certain areas, especially in relation to postoperative surgery [63], however, further clinical research is needed to establish the cost benefits that may be achievable in other settings such as QOL and pain reduction, especially for colorectal patients.

    THM used and composition of their species

    Only catalpol has a single herbal species in this review, while other THMs consist of multiple herbal species.For the time being, the use of catalpol may be specific to a CRC patient.We could not find any study using catalpol for other types of cancers, as many studies of catalpol are still in vitro and in vivo stage.Apart from that, catalpol has a hypoglycaemic effect, and its role as a diabetic medication is also still unknown in an animal study [64].In the review by Yang Y et al.[22],the author did not mention the composition of SMD.However, from another study it was known that SMD contains ingredients fromFructus Aurantii,Radix Aucklandiae,Semen ArecaeandRadix Linderaethat is used for improving gastrointestinal function [65].When comparing the composition and herbal species for each THMs used in this review, we found out that some of the THMs share the herbal genus but not their species.In addition, some of THM with the same generic name have a slightly different composition.For example, a study by Akamaru Y et al.[45] used Daikenchuto in gastric cancer to improve intestinal motility after gastrectomy, composed of dried extracts from ginger root, ginseng, andZanthoxylumfruit that slightly defer from the article reviewed.Another example was a study of Aidi injection by Xie et al.[55], which was composed of extraction fromRadix Ginseng, Astragaloside,Eleutherococcus senticosus, and Cantharidin; that slightly defer with the article reviewed.The same study also showed that a similar composition of Aidi injection could be used for a different type of cancer.However, it is interesting to notice that the herbal species for CRC in this review can be different from the herbal species used for other cancer treatments such as breast,lung, prostate, liver, and pancreatic cancer [66].Meanwhile,Goshajinkigan is a mixture of aqueous extracts from 10 wild herbs, as Kono T et al.[20] mentioned.In the study by Yagi et al.[67], there are two herbs with similar genus but different species in the Goshajinkigan.As mention earlier, the main use of Goshajinkigan is for the reduction and prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.However, traditionally it is used to treat diabetic neuropathy [68] and overactive bladder [69].In term of, the diabetic neuropathy the action was by suppressing functional alteration of transient receptor potential channels, especially transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 and transient receptor potential melastatin 8 [70].Furthermore, on the overactive bladder are associated with the inhibition of the micturition reflex and decline of bladder sensation via the spinal kappa-opioid receptors [71].Both of this study was an animal study among rats.

    Overall, the composition of THMs with differences in herbal species shows that herbal medicines' existence is diverse.This requires a careful distinction of formulary between herbal medicines to be used in cancer treatment and prevention.

    Conclusion

    In this review, there is a variation in the outcomes on the effectiveness of THM use in CRC patients.Although many evidence points towards it being safe and showing positive therapeutic effects, some studies prove that THM may have harmful effects.Thus, researchers and clinicians are encouraged to conduct further research in this field that can enable us to extract evidence based on the safety and efficacy of THM.This is necessary as the patient’s choice of treatments nowadays are widely varied, within the spectrum of longstanding modern and conventional type to complementary and alternative medicine, in this current modern era.

    在线免费观看的www视频| 又粗又爽又猛毛片免费看| 国产高清videossex| 丰满人妻熟妇乱又伦精品不卡| 19禁男女啪啪无遮挡网站| 亚洲乱码一区二区免费版| 久热爱精品视频在线9| 看黄色毛片网站| 国产精品一区二区免费欧美| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 午夜老司机福利片| 欧美成狂野欧美在线观看| a在线观看视频网站| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 国产精品九九99| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 国产野战对白在线观看| 精品国产亚洲在线| 免费无遮挡裸体视频| 两性午夜刺激爽爽歪歪视频在线观看 | 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 国产一区二区激情短视频| 日本 av在线| 一级a爱片免费观看的视频| 精品久久久久久,| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 18禁观看日本| av福利片在线观看| 久久久久国产精品人妻aⅴ院| 欧美大码av| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 99久久综合精品五月天人人| x7x7x7水蜜桃| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 久久久精品国产亚洲av高清涩受| 男插女下体视频免费在线播放| 日韩欧美免费精品| 波多野结衣高清作品| 国产精品一及| 丰满的人妻完整版| 国产蜜桃级精品一区二区三区| 亚洲一区中文字幕在线| 午夜精品一区二区三区免费看| 首页视频小说图片口味搜索| 女警被强在线播放| 日韩有码中文字幕| 成年人黄色毛片网站| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 舔av片在线| videosex国产| 99热只有精品国产| 99热只有精品国产| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 88av欧美| 国产精品一区二区三区四区久久| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 亚洲精品在线观看二区| 精品一区二区三区视频在线观看免费| 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 久久精品亚洲精品国产色婷小说| 精品第一国产精品| 欧美另类亚洲清纯唯美| 亚洲男人的天堂狠狠| 欧美一级毛片孕妇| 欧美丝袜亚洲另类 | 亚洲成av人片在线播放无| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 国产成人精品久久二区二区免费| 日韩欧美国产在线观看| 国产高清videossex| 午夜久久久久精精品| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 一本精品99久久精品77| 精品第一国产精品| 久久伊人香网站| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 成人亚洲精品av一区二区| 国产成人欧美在线观看| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 国产亚洲av嫩草精品影院| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 黄色成人免费大全| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片| 在线观看66精品国产| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 一级黄色大片毛片| 一区二区三区激情视频| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 国产亚洲精品久久久久久毛片| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 999久久久精品免费观看国产| 中文亚洲av片在线观看爽| 国产一区二区三区视频了| 亚洲av电影不卡..在线观看| 欧美3d第一页| 国产av一区在线观看免费| 成人18禁高潮啪啪吃奶动态图| 国内久久婷婷六月综合欲色啪| 成人三级做爰电影| 欧美3d第一页| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 婷婷丁香在线五月| 黄色丝袜av网址大全| 91老司机精品| 精品第一国产精品| 亚洲av成人精品一区久久| 国产av麻豆久久久久久久| 精品高清国产在线一区| 香蕉久久夜色| 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 亚洲欧美精品综合一区二区三区| 亚洲av五月六月丁香网| 亚洲色图av天堂| 在线a可以看的网站| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 成人特级黄色片久久久久久久| 色老头精品视频在线观看| 欧美日韩黄片免| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 搡老岳熟女国产| 日韩成人在线观看一区二区三区| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 91字幕亚洲| 在线视频色国产色| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 亚洲成人中文字幕在线播放| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| 久久精品国产亚洲av香蕉五月| 99久久精品热视频| 国产高清视频在线观看网站| 变态另类丝袜制服| 免费看美女性在线毛片视频| 香蕉丝袜av| or卡值多少钱| 日本a在线网址| 日韩高清综合在线| 中出人妻视频一区二区| 欧美3d第一页| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看| 欧美日韩亚洲国产一区二区在线观看| 精品第一国产精品| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 欧美激情久久久久久爽电影| 99久久久亚洲精品蜜臀av| 亚洲成人中文字幕在线播放| 免费高清视频大片| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 欧美成人性av电影在线观看| 国产精品久久视频播放| 三级毛片av免费| 亚洲国产中文字幕在线视频| 熟女少妇亚洲综合色aaa.| 久久人妻av系列| 熟妇人妻久久中文字幕3abv| 日韩中文字幕欧美一区二区| 亚洲专区中文字幕在线| 久久精品夜夜夜夜夜久久蜜豆 | 一个人免费在线观看电影 | 亚洲18禁久久av| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | 正在播放国产对白刺激| 久久久精品大字幕| 国产伦在线观看视频一区| 亚洲成人免费电影在线观看| 人人妻,人人澡人人爽秒播| 99久久精品热视频| 极品教师在线免费播放| 在线观看午夜福利视频| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 蜜桃久久精品国产亚洲av| 中文字幕av在线有码专区| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| www.自偷自拍.com| 99re在线观看精品视频| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 岛国在线免费视频观看| 欧美日韩福利视频一区二区| 国产单亲对白刺激| 久久 成人 亚洲| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 亚洲精品一区av在线观看| 国产欧美日韩精品亚洲av| 亚洲精品中文字幕一二三四区| 久久亚洲真实| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 中文在线观看免费www的网站 | 免费av毛片视频| 黄频高清免费视频| 亚洲黑人精品在线| 精品无人区乱码1区二区| xxx96com| 女同久久另类99精品国产91| 亚洲国产看品久久| 美女黄网站色视频| av视频在线观看入口| 国产亚洲欧美98| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 午夜影院日韩av| 日韩成人在线观看一区二区三区| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 国产精品 国内视频| 国产视频内射| 看片在线看免费视频| 亚洲精品在线美女| av在线播放免费不卡| 我要搜黄色片| 亚洲免费av在线视频| 国产又黄又爽又无遮挡在线| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 男人舔奶头视频| 五月玫瑰六月丁香| 亚洲五月天丁香| 性欧美人与动物交配| 一级毛片精品| 日本黄大片高清| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜| 国产精品九九99| 日本一二三区视频观看| 国产av一区在线观看免费| 亚洲av中文字字幕乱码综合| 国产视频一区二区在线看| 亚洲成人中文字幕在线播放| 国内毛片毛片毛片毛片毛片| 日韩有码中文字幕| xxx96com| 久久精品91蜜桃| 99久久精品热视频| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频| tocl精华| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 婷婷亚洲欧美| 亚洲美女黄片视频| 亚洲精品国产精品久久久不卡| 日本a在线网址| 无人区码免费观看不卡| 中文字幕久久专区| 一级黄色大片毛片| 亚洲自拍偷在线| 国产精品自产拍在线观看55亚洲| 久久久久九九精品影院| 人妻久久中文字幕网| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 国产三级中文精品| 久久精品影院6| 两性夫妻黄色片| 级片在线观看| 亚洲一区二区三区不卡视频| 久久久久久九九精品二区国产 | 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 男女那种视频在线观看| 久久香蕉精品热| 国产精品久久久久久精品电影| 两个人视频免费观看高清| 成人国语在线视频| 窝窝影院91人妻| 身体一侧抽搐| www.999成人在线观看| 亚洲色图 男人天堂 中文字幕| 人妻久久中文字幕网| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 精品人妻1区二区| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 欧美最黄视频在线播放免费| 99久久久亚洲精品蜜臀av| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 黄片大片在线免费观看| 最新美女视频免费是黄的| 精品不卡国产一区二区三区| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| 国产精品美女特级片免费视频播放器 | 舔av片在线| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 久久久久久久久中文| 国产野战对白在线观看| 国产精品九九99| 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 99国产精品99久久久久| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| av有码第一页| 亚洲五月婷婷丁香| 久久热在线av| 久热爱精品视频在线9| www日本黄色视频网| 日本a在线网址| 一卡2卡三卡四卡精品乱码亚洲| 熟妇人妻久久中文字幕3abv| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 国产高清有码在线观看视频 | 亚洲av片天天在线观看| 18禁观看日本| 长腿黑丝高跟| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 免费在线观看日本一区| 999久久久国产精品视频| 欧美一区二区国产精品久久精品 | 成人精品一区二区免费| 好男人电影高清在线观看| 亚洲国产欧洲综合997久久,| 欧美乱妇无乱码| 亚洲欧美日韩高清在线视频| 大型黄色视频在线免费观看| 国产一区二区三区在线臀色熟女| 可以在线观看的亚洲视频| 亚洲午夜理论影院| 国产成人系列免费观看| av在线天堂中文字幕| 女人被狂操c到高潮| 亚洲国产精品合色在线| 久久亚洲精品不卡| 给我免费播放毛片高清在线观看| 日本一本二区三区精品| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 视频区欧美日本亚洲| 亚洲免费av在线视频| 超碰成人久久| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 亚洲午夜精品一区,二区,三区| 亚洲乱码一区二区免费版| 夜夜爽天天搞| 村上凉子中文字幕在线| 亚洲无线在线观看| 少妇的丰满在线观看| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 草草在线视频免费看| 国产欧美日韩一区二区精品| 国产成人精品久久二区二区免费| 女人高潮潮喷娇喘18禁视频| 黄频高清免费视频| 一卡2卡三卡四卡精品乱码亚洲| 欧美日韩精品网址| 免费av毛片视频| 国产真实乱freesex| 午夜日韩欧美国产| 国产精品久久久久久亚洲av鲁大| 久久人妻福利社区极品人妻图片| 又爽又黄无遮挡网站| 国语自产精品视频在线第100页| 黄色女人牲交| 久9热在线精品视频| 国产熟女xx| 日韩欧美一区二区三区在线观看| 一个人观看的视频www高清免费观看 | 日韩免费av在线播放| 性色av乱码一区二区三区2| 级片在线观看| 国内少妇人妻偷人精品xxx网站 | 国产伦人伦偷精品视频| 国产精品 欧美亚洲| 欧美日韩精品网址| 亚洲,欧美精品.| 好男人在线观看高清免费视频| 看免费av毛片| 成人国产一区最新在线观看| 亚洲精品中文字幕一二三四区| 国产人伦9x9x在线观看| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 日韩欧美免费精品| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 不卡一级毛片| 中文字幕熟女人妻在线| 亚洲精品国产一区二区精华液| av福利片在线观看| 久久久久久久午夜电影| 可以免费在线观看a视频的电影网站| 亚洲av五月六月丁香网| 久久精品影院6| 久久精品国产99精品国产亚洲性色| 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 亚洲av成人av| 日韩高清综合在线| 国产熟女xx| 国产主播在线观看一区二区| 麻豆成人午夜福利视频| 成人永久免费在线观看视频| 日本 av在线| 日本一区二区免费在线视频| 国产精品亚洲美女久久久| 国产欧美日韩一区二区三| 久99久视频精品免费| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 久久中文看片网| 免费在线观看成人毛片| 在线观看66精品国产| 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 欧美一级毛片孕妇| 老司机靠b影院| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 国产激情久久老熟女| 成人特级黄色片久久久久久久| 亚洲国产欧美人成| 欧美极品一区二区三区四区| 欧美一区二区精品小视频在线| 最近视频中文字幕2019在线8| 成熟少妇高潮喷水视频| 国产高清视频在线播放一区| 18禁美女被吸乳视频| 50天的宝宝边吃奶边哭怎么回事| 日韩欧美国产一区二区入口| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 国产精品电影一区二区三区| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免费看| 久99久视频精品免费| 白带黄色成豆腐渣| 九色成人免费人妻av| 91麻豆av在线| 两个人的视频大全免费| 欧美在线一区亚洲| 亚洲欧美日韩高清在线视频| 18禁黄网站禁片免费观看直播| 俺也久久电影网| netflix在线观看网站| 久久精品国产清高在天天线| 色综合欧美亚洲国产小说| 国产一级毛片七仙女欲春2| 欧美成人性av电影在线观看| 国产精品野战在线观看| 日本 av在线| 久久这里只有精品19| 免费无遮挡裸体视频| 国产亚洲欧美在线一区二区| 法律面前人人平等表现在哪些方面| 欧美成人午夜精品| 国产精品爽爽va在线观看网站| 国产精品久久电影中文字幕| 欧美+亚洲+日韩+国产| 久久久久九九精品影院| 香蕉久久夜色| 日本精品一区二区三区蜜桃| 色综合欧美亚洲国产小说| 身体一侧抽搐| 亚洲国产精品成人综合色| 亚洲中文日韩欧美视频| 草草在线视频免费看| aaaaa片日本免费| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 久久精品国产亚洲av高清一级| 91老司机精品| 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 成人av在线播放网站| 国产伦在线观看视频一区| 亚洲欧美日韩无卡精品| 国产精品精品国产色婷婷| 成人av在线播放网站| 中文在线观看免费www的网站 | 999久久久精品免费观看国产| 最好的美女福利视频网| 久久久水蜜桃国产精品网| 午夜激情福利司机影院| 又黄又爽又免费观看的视频| 亚洲精品美女久久av网站| 老司机午夜福利在线观看视频| 午夜两性在线视频| а√天堂www在线а√下载| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 亚洲国产看品久久| 免费在线观看黄色视频的| 欧美精品亚洲一区二区| 亚洲黑人精品在线| 蜜桃久久精品国产亚洲av| 久久精品人妻少妇| 国模一区二区三区四区视频 | 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 久久欧美精品欧美久久欧美| a在线观看视频网站| 免费在线观看视频国产中文字幕亚洲| 美女高潮喷水抽搐中文字幕| 精品午夜福利视频在线观看一区| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 天天添夜夜摸| 两个人看的免费小视频| 精华霜和精华液先用哪个| 国产麻豆成人av免费视频| 亚洲熟女毛片儿| 少妇裸体淫交视频免费看高清 | 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区mp4| 久久久精品欧美日韩精品| 91老司机精品| 日韩 欧美 亚洲 中文字幕| 国产欧美日韩一区二区精品| 黄色成人免费大全| 亚洲七黄色美女视频| 级片在线观看| av在线播放免费不卡| 两人在一起打扑克的视频| ponron亚洲| 真人一进一出gif抽搐免费| 日本成人三级电影网站| av视频在线观看入口| 女人爽到高潮嗷嗷叫在线视频| 亚洲18禁久久av| 亚洲第一电影网av| 欧美在线黄色| 午夜老司机福利片| 久久香蕉精品热| av视频在线观看入口| 亚洲午夜理论影院| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 美女扒开内裤让男人捅视频| 精品国产超薄肉色丝袜足j| 国产亚洲精品久久久久5区| 男男h啪啪无遮挡| 天堂√8在线中文| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 啦啦啦免费观看视频1| 最新在线观看一区二区三区| 国产精品影院久久| 黄色片一级片一级黄色片| 久久久久久免费高清国产稀缺| 制服丝袜大香蕉在线| 日韩欧美在线乱码| 露出奶头的视频| 国产99久久九九免费精品| 少妇粗大呻吟视频| 最近最新免费中文字幕在线| 又黄又粗又硬又大视频| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 国产高清videossex| www日本黄色视频网| 精品一区二区三区四区五区乱码| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 免费搜索国产男女视频| 国产成+人综合+亚洲专区| 国产三级黄色录像| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 一进一出好大好爽视频| 精品欧美一区二区三区在线| 久久久久亚洲av毛片大全| 99在线视频只有这里精品首页| 久久香蕉精品热| 国产成人影院久久av| 老熟妇乱子伦视频在线观看| av视频在线观看入口| 亚洲最大成人中文| 一个人免费在线观看电影 | 亚洲国产精品久久男人天堂| www日本黄色视频网| 精品久久蜜臀av无| 国产三级在线视频| 在线看三级毛片| 男人舔奶头视频| 午夜老司机福利片| 亚洲精品中文字幕在线视频| 久久天躁狠狠躁夜夜2o2o| 三级男女做爰猛烈吃奶摸视频| 最近最新中文字幕大全免费视频| 国产午夜精品论理片| 久久中文字幕人妻熟女| 亚洲av成人一区二区三| 91成年电影在线观看| 亚洲av成人一区二区三| 亚洲av日韩精品久久久久久密| 黄色a级毛片大全视频| 国产成年人精品一区二区| 久久久久精品国产欧美久久久| 18禁黄网站禁片免费观看直播| 亚洲免费av在线视频| 国产精品影院久久| 精品一区二区三区四区五区乱码| 日本黄大片高清| 久9热在线精品视频| 国产精品综合久久久久久久免费| 国产成人影院久久av| 在线观看www视频免费| 毛片女人毛片| 999精品在线视频| 欧美色视频一区免费| 国产高清视频在线播放一区| bbb黄色大片| 老熟妇仑乱视频hdxx| 非洲黑人性xxxx精品又粗又长| 精品电影一区二区在线| 亚洲欧美激情综合另类| 久久久国产欧美日韩av| 欧美一级毛片孕妇| 国产精品av视频在线免费观看| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 久久国产乱子伦精品免费另类| 免费在线观看亚洲国产| 国产三级在线视频| www国产在线视频色| av欧美777| 国产aⅴ精品一区二区三区波| 国产精品久久久人人做人人爽| 国产精品久久电影中文字幕| 国产精品久久久人人做人人爽| 亚洲男人的天堂狠狠| 婷婷六月久久综合丁香| 国产高清videossex| 国产精品免费一区二区三区在线| 国产久久久一区二区三区| 18禁国产床啪视频网站| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 男女床上黄色一级片免费看| 最新美女视频免费是黄的| 波多野结衣高清作品| 精品高清国产在线一区| 欧美日韩乱码在线| 国产精品一区二区精品视频观看| 午夜福利在线观看吧| 欧美日韩黄片免| 美女 人体艺术 gogo| 色在线成人网| √禁漫天堂资源中文www| 88av欧美| 国产成人精品久久二区二区免费| 中文字幕熟女人妻在线| 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 婷婷亚洲欧美| 91国产中文字幕| 两个人的视频大全免费|