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      誘導(dǎo)子對植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物積累的影響研究進展

      2022-04-17 00:53:09俞嘉卿李漢廣魏賽金
      生物災(zāi)害科學(xué) 2022年3期
      關(guān)鍵詞:產(chǎn)物誘導(dǎo)植物

      俞嘉卿,邱 涵,程 新,李漢廣,黃 林,魏賽金*

      誘導(dǎo)子對植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物積累的影響研究進展

      俞嘉卿1,2,邱 涵1,2,程 新1,2,李漢廣1,2,黃 林1,2,魏賽金1,2*

      (1. 江西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) 生物科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,江西 南昌 330045;2. 江西農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué) 應(yīng)用微生物研究所,江西 南昌 330045)

      次生代謝過程是植物在面臨環(huán)境脅迫、病原微生物侵染以及草食性動物采食等過程時激活的一種防御反應(yīng),通常伴隨著次生代謝產(chǎn)物的合成與大量積累,以增強自身的免疫力和抵抗力。次生代謝產(chǎn)物可劃分為苯丙素類、黃酮類、單寧類、醌類、類萜、甾體及其甙、生物堿七大類,主要作為原料被廣泛用于醫(yī)藥、化工、食品等其他領(lǐng)域,然而天然次生代謝產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)量較低,因此利用誘導(dǎo)子提高植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)量開啟了一項新的研究領(lǐng)域,可以顯著提高經(jīng)濟效益,降低生產(chǎn)成本。通過系統(tǒng)介紹誘導(dǎo)子的分類及其誘導(dǎo)植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物合成的作用機制,并對生物誘導(dǎo)子(多糖、酵母提取物、細菌誘導(dǎo)子、真菌誘導(dǎo)子)與非生物誘導(dǎo)子(光照、高低溫、干旱、重金屬、激素等)的研究與應(yīng)用進行闡述,以期為次生代謝產(chǎn)物的利用與發(fā)展提供理論依據(jù)。

      誘導(dǎo)子;次生代謝產(chǎn)物;應(yīng)用

      植物與人類的日常生活密切相關(guān),不僅具有一定的營養(yǎng)價值,其產(chǎn)出的活性成分也具有極高的研究價值。除了有對植物生長發(fā)育以及生命活動不可或缺的初級代謝產(chǎn)物,如碳水化合物、有機酸、氨基酸、核苷酸、脂質(zhì)分子等,植物還會產(chǎn)生次生代謝物,如黃酮類、生物堿、酚類、萜類等,已被廣泛用于醫(yī)藥、化工、食品等領(lǐng)域。植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物是一類具有多種化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)和生物活性的小分子物質(zhì),這些物質(zhì)在植物體內(nèi)具有不同的代謝途徑,還有獨特的酶促反應(yīng)機制。研究表明苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、肉桂酸-4-羥基化酶(C4H)、4-香豆酰-CoA-連接酶(4CL)是苯丙烷代謝途徑的關(guān)鍵酶,位于植物次生代謝途徑的下游,負責(zé)合成酚類物質(zhì)的前體。異戊二烯代謝途徑同時受關(guān)鍵酶和限速酶的調(diào)控,如合酶、轉(zhuǎn)移酶、環(huán)化酶,其中3-羥甲基戊二酸酰-CoA還原酶(HMGR)是該途徑的第一個限速酶。

      植物次生代謝物不直接參與植物生長發(fā)育過程,但在提高植物對物理環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性和種間競爭能力、抵御天敵的侵襲、增強抗病性等方面起著重要作用。例如,植保素能增強植物自身抵抗力以抵抗病原菌的入侵;木質(zhì)化作用為植物提供了防護層,有利于阻止病原菌的進一步侵染;茉莉酸、水楊酸等信號分子的傳輸引發(fā)植物抗性導(dǎo)致開啟防御方應(yīng)。此外,植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物還具有廣闊的藥理活性與重要的生物功能,如類黃酮化合物已被證實具有抗炎癥、抗變態(tài)反應(yīng)、抗病毒和抗癌癥特性,生物堿具有抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒、保肝、抗癌等多方面的藥理活性。然而,植物本身合成的次生代謝產(chǎn)物含量低,無法滿足人們?nèi)找嬖鲩L的需求,因此其生物合成研究備受國內(nèi)外關(guān)注。目前已采用多種策略解決次生代謝產(chǎn)物生產(chǎn)中遇到的問題,而誘導(dǎo)是一項能夠提高植物細胞、器官及系統(tǒng)中次生代謝物產(chǎn)量的有效策略。本文綜述了誘導(dǎo)子的分類、作用機制以及對植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物的影響,以期為次生代謝產(chǎn)物的利用與發(fā)展提供理論依據(jù)。

      1 誘導(dǎo)子

      1.1 分類

      誘導(dǎo)子是一類特殊的觸發(fā)因子,它能調(diào)控植物代謝過程中酶的活性,誘導(dǎo)植物對脅迫做出一系列的防御反應(yīng),從而加劇植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物的生物合成。根據(jù)來源不同,誘導(dǎo)子可分為兩種類型,即生物誘導(dǎo)子與非生物誘導(dǎo)子。生物誘導(dǎo)子是指來源于動植物細胞或微生物中的物質(zhì),包括多糖、酵母菌、細菌以及真菌提取物[1]。多糖主要從動物細胞膜、植物及微生物細胞壁中分離提取獲得,如幾丁質(zhì)、纖維素、果糖等。非生物誘導(dǎo)子不是植物細胞中的天然成分,但能觸發(fā)植物形成抗毒素信號,包括物理、化學(xué)和激素3類誘導(dǎo)子[2],其中物理誘導(dǎo)子有光照、干旱、高低溫等,化學(xué)誘導(dǎo)子以重金屬脅迫為主,常用的激素包括茉莉酸甲酯、水楊酸、油菜素內(nèi)酯等其他信號分子。

      1.2 作用機制

      目前,普遍認為誘導(dǎo)機制主要包括信號識別、信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及基因表達調(diào)控3個關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。誘導(dǎo)子-受體識別是植物開啟防御反應(yīng)的第一步,大量研究表明誘導(dǎo)子受體位于細胞質(zhì)膜上,是最先感知外界信號刺激的[3]。誘導(dǎo)子與受體的相互作用導(dǎo)致跨膜離子發(fā)生改變,如Ca2+、H+內(nèi)流,K+、Cl-外流,也激活了植物細胞中相關(guān)酶的活性及蛋白質(zhì)磷酸化,導(dǎo)致第二信使的形成,如G蛋白、cAMP、磷酸肌醇等[4]。隨后細胞中的第二信使把信號傳至細胞核中,激活轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,導(dǎo)致特定基因的表達,最終合成次生代謝產(chǎn)物[5]。在植物誘導(dǎo)過程中,誘導(dǎo)子通過調(diào)節(jié)關(guān)鍵酶基因及轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的表達來實現(xiàn)次生代謝產(chǎn)物的積累。Sabater-Jara等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)環(huán)糊精與茉莉酸甲酯復(fù)配聯(lián)用在紅豆杉細胞培養(yǎng)時,編碼轉(zhuǎn)運酶基因和表達量增加,紫杉醇含量增加到對照的55倍。納米粒子ZnO能增強亞麻細胞中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和肉桂醇脫氫酶(CAD)的活性,ZnO和TiO2還能促進細胞合成總酚和木脂素[7]。

      2 生物誘導(dǎo)子在植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物中的應(yīng)用

      2.1 多糖

      多糖(polysaccharide,PS)是一類參與誘導(dǎo)途徑的信號分子,可以激活植物防御反應(yīng),以應(yīng)對病原體的侵染。一直以來,植物及微生物細胞壁上的多糖如纖維素、果膠、殼聚糖和葡聚糖被廣泛用作生物誘導(dǎo)子誘導(dǎo)次生代謝物,它們能使細胞在短期內(nèi)大量積累目標產(chǎn)物,因此外源添加多糖是一條生產(chǎn)次生代謝產(chǎn)物的有效途徑。不同類型的多糖被用來誘導(dǎo)特定次生代謝產(chǎn)物,殼聚糖在誘導(dǎo)酚類、黃酮類物質(zhì)效果尤其有效,Simic等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)幾丁質(zhì)誘導(dǎo)金絲桃()懸浮細胞合成金絲桃素(HYP)和假金絲桃素(PHYP),葡聚糖和果膠促進酚類物質(zhì)、類黃酮、黃烷醇和花青素的積累。海帶多糖的加入會抑制葛根(var. mirifica,var. candollei)懸浮細胞的生長,卻能增加葛根素的含量[9]。

      2.2 酵母提取物

      酵母提取物(yeast extract,YE)已被廣泛用于植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物的積累,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)YE有效促進了馬鞭草科植物((Mill.))中5-亞甲基-2-降冰片烯、4-戊烯酸乙酯、對傘花烴和檸檬烯的合成[10],羅勒(L.)懸浮細胞中菊苣酸、迷迭香酸、蘆丁、異槲皮素含量顯著增加[11],白花丹(L.)懸浮細胞不斷積累白花丹素[12]。不同處理濃度和處理時間的YE會導(dǎo)致不同代謝產(chǎn)物的富集,如印楝()細胞在懸浮培養(yǎng)過程中,添加25 mg/L YE培養(yǎng)2 d印楝素含量最高,50 mg/L YE處理2 d達到最大甲羥戊酸積累量,4 d后角鯊烯累積量達到最大[13]。El-Serafy等[14]在茴香(spp.vulgareMill.)葉面噴施4 mg/L酵母菌提取物,增加了茴香醚的含量和降低了茴香腦的濃度。與之相反的是,當YE質(zhì)量濃度為2 mg/L時,茴香油中的烯唑醇的比例最低,茴香腦的濃度最高,達到64.50%,改善了油質(zhì)。

      2.3 細菌誘導(dǎo)子

      細菌作為生物誘導(dǎo)子也能誘導(dǎo)植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物的積累,如大腸桿菌()可以增加火索麻(L.)懸浮培養(yǎng)中薯蕷皂素的含量[15],蠟樣芽孢桿菌()和金黃色葡萄球菌()誘導(dǎo)洋金花()毛狀根產(chǎn)生東莨菪堿,白色念珠菌()和金黃色葡萄球菌促進銀杏()懸浮細胞合成銀杏內(nèi)酯(BB)、銀杏內(nèi)酯A(GA)和銀杏內(nèi)酯B(GB)[16]。

      冠菌素(coronatine,COR)是一種由丁香假單胞菌產(chǎn)生的非宿主特異性植物毒素,它能誘導(dǎo)紅豆杉(,)產(chǎn)生紫杉烷[17],研究表明經(jīng)過誘導(dǎo)得到的主要產(chǎn)物是三尖杉寧堿和10-去乙酰紫杉醇,而的主要產(chǎn)物為紫杉醇和巴卡亭Ⅲ,這些次生代謝產(chǎn)物都具有很強的抗腫瘤活性,COR也被報道對豆科植物中的黃酮類化合物有顯著的誘導(dǎo)作用[18]。此外,誘導(dǎo)時間是影響次生代謝產(chǎn)物產(chǎn)量的重要因素,隨著COR處理時間的加長,浮萍()中羥基肉桂酸如咖啡酸、異阿魏酸、對香豆酸、芥子酸和植物甾醇(如菜油甾醇和β-谷甾醇的含量不斷增高)[19]。COR是JA的結(jié)構(gòu)類似物,可作為誘導(dǎo)信號調(diào)控植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物的合成,然而有關(guān)冠菌素誘導(dǎo)次生代謝產(chǎn)物的合成機制尚不明確。一些研究顯示,COR通過誘導(dǎo)植物代謝途徑相關(guān)酶基因的表達促進次生代謝產(chǎn)物的積累。3-脫氧-D-7-磷酸阿拉伯庚酮糖酸合成酶(DAHPS)是莽草酸途徑的關(guān)鍵酶,COR作用于海南粗榧()懸浮細胞時細胞中DAHPS的活性增強,促進了三尖杉堿的合成[20]。Escrich等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)COR與杯[8]芳烴(CAL)聯(lián)合使用提高了紅豆杉中總紫杉烷含量,紫杉醇合成基因和的表達量增加。

      環(huán)糊精(cyclodextrins,CDs)是由芽孢桿菌產(chǎn)生的一類環(huán)狀低聚糖,具有誘導(dǎo)植物細胞防御反應(yīng)和次生代謝產(chǎn)物積累的作用,包括苯丙素類、萜烯類、生物堿類、萘醌類和蒽醌類衍生物的生產(chǎn)。研究[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)CDs應(yīng)用于水飛薊()培養(yǎng)時增加了白藜蘆醇(t-R)和柚皮素(Ng)產(chǎn)量,與MeJA聯(lián)用促進海巴戟()和染色茜草()懸浮細胞生產(chǎn)蒽醌類物質(zhì)(Aqs)[23],在歐洲紅豆杉(L.)細胞培養(yǎng)液中同時添加COR和CDs能誘導(dǎo)基因過表達,顯著提高紫杉醇的生物合成[24]。

      2.4 真菌誘導(dǎo)子

      真菌誘導(dǎo)子是一類能引起植物細胞合成積累次生代謝物的活性物質(zhì),不同類型真菌誘導(dǎo)出的次生代謝產(chǎn)物也有所差異。比如異形根孢囊霉()能夠提高羅勒()毛狀根內(nèi)迷迭香酸、咖啡酸的含量[25],新月彎孢霉()使印楝()毛狀根內(nèi)印楝素的積累增強[26]。近年來,大量學(xué)者研究了真菌誘導(dǎo)子的誘導(dǎo)機制,發(fā)現(xiàn)真菌誘導(dǎo)子對植物的誘導(dǎo)途徑主要包括信號識別、信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)、基因表達及關(guān)鍵酶的激活[27]。從丹參()中分離得到的毛霉()菌絲體提取物通過調(diào)控關(guān)鍵基因(、和)的表達,促進丹參毛狀根中丹酚酸B、迷迭香酸、硬脂酸和油酸的積累[28]。用印度梨形胞菌()和木霉()提取物處理長春花()細胞懸浮液能夠顯著提高和基因表達水平,進而增加長春花植株中長春堿和長春新堿含量[29]。

      3 非生物誘導(dǎo)子在植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物中的應(yīng)用

      3.1 物理誘導(dǎo)子

      光是植物生長發(fā)育的能量來源,能調(diào)控植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物的合成與積累。研究表明,提高光照強度能增強蘆薈(Mill.)中蘆薈素A和蘆薈素B的生物合成,與之相反,遮陰處理后異蘆脂D含量最高[30]。此外,不同光質(zhì)對植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物的影響不同,Yang等[31]通過研究不同光照條件對三枝九葉草((Sieb. et Zucc.)Maxim.)中黃酮類化合物合成的影響發(fā)現(xiàn),藍光能顯著誘導(dǎo)淫羊藿苷的合成,而紅光對淫羊藿苷的積累沒有影響。Usman等[32]通過試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),使用連續(xù)白光和藍光處理黃果茄()愈傷組織,總黃酮含量和總酚含量的積累均優(yōu)于對照,其中咖啡酸、咖啡酸甲酯、東莨菪素和七葉內(nèi)酯在藍光培養(yǎng)下產(chǎn)量最佳。紫外線輻射(UV)已經(jīng)被證明能誘導(dǎo)植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物的積累,其中主要用于酚類化合物的誘導(dǎo)合成。在研究UV-A(320~400 nm)對番茄理化性質(zhì)和抗氧化特性的影響時,分析發(fā)現(xiàn)番茄中酚類化合物、類胡蘿卜素和黃酮類化合物的總含量均呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢,在365 nm范圍內(nèi)輻射360 min番茄的抗氧化活性最強[33]。UV也能誘導(dǎo)植物細胞黃酮類物質(zhì)的合成,如大豆幼苗經(jīng)UV-A輻射后,與異黃酮合成相關(guān)的等基因高度表達,根中異黃酮含量明顯增加[34]。使用UV-B對油菜()進行短期照射處理,隨著UV-B輻射強度和照射時間的增加,總酚、類黃酮、抗氧化劑和花青素含量顯著增加,次生代謝產(chǎn)物生物合成相關(guān)基因在UV-B輻射后立即上調(diào)[35]。此外,生物堿的產(chǎn)量也會受到紫外線的調(diào)控影響,如茉莉酸甲酯與UV-B光組合誘導(dǎo)長春花()時,長春堿、長春新堿和阿嗎堿的積累量得到提升[36]。

      溫度是影響植物生長發(fā)育的主要環(huán)境因子之一,當植物長期處于過高或過低溫度時會觸發(fā)氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致ROS過多生成,造成細胞損傷[37]。一些研究表明,高低溫脅迫能誘導(dǎo)植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物的合成。在4 ℃和35 ℃條件下,毛果茄(Dunal)植株中的甾體生物堿和糖苷類生物堿,酚酸類以及黃酮類化合物積累量最高[38]。此外高溫提高了楊樹(L.)幼苗中酚類物質(zhì)的積累[39],獨活屬植物()中脯氨酸、花色苷和呋喃香豆素的積累[40]。芫荽(L.)在15 ℃和35 ℃組合培養(yǎng)下,抗壞血酸、類胡蘿卜素、酚類化合物、綠原酸等次生代謝物的含量以及植物的抗氧化能力均得到提高[41]。

      干旱作為植物面臨的非生物脅迫之一,會造成經(jīng)濟作物的大幅度減產(chǎn),但是在植物組織培養(yǎng)過程中,它可以促進目標代謝產(chǎn)物的積累,包括酚酸、萜類、生物堿、單寧以及其他硫化物。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)干旱脅迫增加了冬青櫟(L.)葉片中表沒食子兒茶素、鞣花酸、胡薄荷酮、吲哚-3-丙烯酸和二氫玉米素-O-葡萄糖苷等代謝產(chǎn)物的含量[42]。對兩種側(cè)金盞花屬(Regel et Radde,W. T. Wang)植物進行干旱脅迫處理發(fā)現(xiàn)次生代謝產(chǎn)物黃酮、總酚和脫落酸(ABA)含量顯著升高[43]。Hessini等[44]研究了不同缺水程度對大馬士革玫瑰(Mill. var.)葉片次生代謝產(chǎn)物的影響,檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)總酚含量增加,苯甲酸(沒食子酸、對香豆酸和丁香酸)、肉桂酸(咖啡酸和反式肉桂酸)和黃酮(表兒茶素-3-O-沒食子酸酯)含量較對照組分別提升了32%、19%和15%。Ahmed等[45]研究表明干旱脅迫顯著誘導(dǎo)了楊樹(717)體內(nèi)類黃酮生物合成基因(、、、、、和)的表達,增強了具有抗逆性抗氧化活性的酚類和類黃酮化合物的積累。

      3.2 化學(xué)誘導(dǎo)子

      重金屬會引起植物生理代謝活動的紊亂,當其在植物體內(nèi)過度積累時會對植物造成一定毒害作用甚至導(dǎo)致植物死亡,然而使用適宜濃度的重金屬能增強植物細胞產(chǎn)次生代謝物能力以提高其經(jīng)濟效益。一些金屬,如鋅(Zn)、鎳(Ni)、銀(Ag)、鎘(Cd)、鉛(Pb)和鈷(Co),已經(jīng)證明可以誘導(dǎo)多種植物產(chǎn)生次生代謝產(chǎn)物。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)過量Zn會使莧科植物(accessions(JB and GD))中花青素和β-蛻皮甾酮含量達到最高[46]。Kazemi等[47]研究了Cd對鷹嘴豆()幼苗影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)植株葉片色素、總酚和可溶性蛋白含量存在有明顯變化。芫荽(L.)在Cd和Pb脅迫條件下,植物精油含量(0.18%~0.30%)、總酚含量(250~280 μg/kg)和總黃酮含量(142~167 μg/kg)均高于對照[48]。多數(shù)研究表明,金屬鹽對植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物的積累也有促進作用。如重金屬離子(Co2+、Ag+、Cd2+)能顯著增加葡萄()懸浮培養(yǎng)細胞中次生代謝產(chǎn)物含量,尤其是花青素和酚酸[49]。使用50 mmol/L和100 mmol/L Cd2+能提高藍莓(L.)外植體中以綠原酸為主的酚類化合物含量,隨著Cd2+的加入,綠原酸的豐度增加[50]。不同稀土元素也可作為外源誘導(dǎo)因素刺激次生代謝產(chǎn)物的合成,如鈰(Ce)、鑭(La)或鐠(Pr)不僅能誘導(dǎo)丹參()不定根的形成,還能提高丹參次生代謝產(chǎn)物含量,其中丹參酮ⅡA含量較對照提高了54.84%[51]。適宜濃度的硝酸鈰也能提高青錢柳()幼苗中三萜、槲皮素、山酚等次生代謝產(chǎn)物含量[51]。

      3.3 激素

      茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)是植物體內(nèi)一類重要的脂質(zhì)激素,參與調(diào)節(jié)植物生長發(fā)育等諸多過程,同時在抵抗生物脅迫和非生物脅迫過程中作為關(guān)鍵信號誘導(dǎo)植物產(chǎn)生防御反應(yīng)。JAs是含有環(huán)戊烷酮基本結(jié)構(gòu)的脂肪酸衍生物,包括茉莉酸、茉莉酸甲酯以及茉莉酸異亮氨酸,目前作為外源誘導(dǎo)子被廣泛用于植物細胞懸浮培養(yǎng)積累次生代謝產(chǎn)物。如洋地黃(L.)細胞在懸浮培養(yǎng)時,加入50 mmol/L MeJA誘導(dǎo)48 h,毛蕊花糖苷的產(chǎn)量達到最大值[52]。薰衣草()是一種重要的芳香植物,用MeJA對其處理,單萜和倍半萜含量分別比對照提高了0.46倍和0.74倍[53]。綠原酸及其衍生物是梔子()中重要的次級代謝產(chǎn)物,在梔子細胞培養(yǎng)中添加MeJA會增強綠原酸及其衍生物的積累[54]。絞股藍()可用于治療肝炎、糖尿病、心血管疾病等,用不同濃度的MeJA作為誘導(dǎo)子,發(fā)現(xiàn)細胞中絞股藍皂苷含量上升[55]。此外,在植物組織培養(yǎng)過程中,同時對外植體進行誘導(dǎo)處理也能產(chǎn)生次生代謝產(chǎn)物并提高其含量。在鼠尾草(Maxim.)根尖及葉片進行離體培養(yǎng)時,MeJA能顯著促進其愈傷組織中酚類物質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生,其中鄰苯二酚、酚酸、原花青素含量最高[56]。誘導(dǎo)子濃度與誘導(dǎo)時間也會影響次生代謝產(chǎn)物的積累情況,用MeJA處理菜豆(L.)、大豆(L.)、綠豆(L. Wilczek)幼苗時,會增加幼苗中異黃酮類物質(zhì)的含量,但是施用濃度高于2.22 mmol/L會對幼苗產(chǎn)生明顯的毒害作用,導(dǎo)致異黃酮類物質(zhì)濃度下降[18]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在培養(yǎng)大蒜(Boiss. & Buhse.)愈傷組織時添加50 mmol/L MeJA能增加總酚、總黃酮、總黃酮醇含量,但是添加25 mmol/L MeJA時花青素含量最高[57]。MeJA可以在細胞和分子水平上控制各種生化途徑,主要表現(xiàn)為調(diào)控合成途徑中相關(guān)酶基因和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的表達。苯丙氨酸解氨酶是植物苯丙烷途徑中的關(guān)鍵酶,當MeJA作用于西蘭花細胞時,其苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性增強,促進了細胞內(nèi)酚類化合物的合成積累[58]。

      水楊酸(salicylic acid,SA)作為一種信號分子,在植物防御調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)中起重要作用,眾所周知,它能誘導(dǎo)植物對微生物侵染產(chǎn)生系統(tǒng)獲得性抗性(SAR),從而引發(fā)SA局部積累觸發(fā)防御反應(yīng),該過程通常伴隨次生代謝產(chǎn)物的產(chǎn)生,因此SA也被普遍用作次級代謝物誘導(dǎo)子。許多有關(guān)SA誘導(dǎo)的研究已被報道,并證實了其對次生代謝產(chǎn)物合成的誘導(dǎo)效果。SA可用于誘導(dǎo)紅豆杉屬植物產(chǎn)生二萜生物堿,用5 μmol/L SA處理紅豆杉()愈傷組織,以誘導(dǎo)紫杉醇的產(chǎn)生[59]。在培養(yǎng)平菇((Jacq.)P. Kumm)時添加SA,觀察到抗生素和聚酮的含量增加[60]。SA還可以通過調(diào)節(jié)抗氧化酶活性刺激次級代謝產(chǎn)物的合成以緩解氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),如冷凍的甘藍(L.)葉片經(jīng)SA灌溉處理,葉片細胞中的抗壞血酸過氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性增強,次生代謝物含量升高,包括酚類以及類黃酮[61]。

      油菜素內(nèi)酯(brassinolide,BR)是一種新型內(nèi)源性植物激素,對植物生長發(fā)育至關(guān)重要,包括生根、開花、種子萌發(fā)等多種生理[62]。一般來說,這類激素通過與細胞表面受體結(jié)合形成復(fù)合物轉(zhuǎn)運至細胞核以調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)基因的表達,這一機制類似于類固醇激素。長期以來,學(xué)者們發(fā)現(xiàn)BR能誘導(dǎo)植物合成次生代謝產(chǎn)物,使用BR對刺梨仙人掌()進行葉面噴施,植物中亞油酸的比例得到提高,果肉中酚、黃酮等物質(zhì)含量也呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢[63]。在薄荷(L.)面臨鹽協(xié)迫時,添加BR能增加總酚與精油含量[64],在薰衣草(Emeric ex Loisel.)培養(yǎng)中也出現(xiàn)類似現(xiàn)象,即總酚與精油含量上升。此外,有研究指出, 24-表油菜素內(nèi)酯能促進紫錐菊(L. Moench)毛狀根生長,積累總酚、總黃酮和咖啡酸衍生物[65]。聯(lián)合使用BR與SA能緩解重金屬鉛對芥菜(L.)的毒害作用,主要通過增強愈創(chuàng)木酚過氧化物酶、過氧化氫酶、谷胱甘肽還原酶和谷胱甘肽巰基轉(zhuǎn)移酶的活性促進谷胱甘肽、生育酚和抗壞血酸的高度合成以抵御這種不利影響[66]。

      多胺(ployamines,PA)廣泛存在于動植物體內(nèi),能夠促進植物生長與種子萌發(fā),刺激不定根產(chǎn)生,延緩葉片衰老,調(diào)節(jié)開花過程,在抵御外界不利因素也起著一定的作用[67]。近年來,有研究表明添加外源多胺是獲得高產(chǎn)量次生代謝物的有效手段,如腐胺(putrescine,PUT)、精胺(spermine,SPM)、亞精胺(spermidine,SPD)。在產(chǎn)黃頂頭孢霉()發(fā)酵過程中,含有外源PA的培養(yǎng)液里頭孢菌素C含量增加了15%~20%,并且上調(diào)β-內(nèi)酰胺生物合成基因的表達[68]。外源PA也能通過促進次生代謝產(chǎn)物合成提高細胞抗氧化能力,對番茄(L.)施加SPM,細胞中的總酚和類黃酮物質(zhì)增多,已知該類物質(zhì)具有很好的抗氧化能力[69]。PA介導(dǎo)次生代謝產(chǎn)物的生物合成機制尚不明確,有研究指出,SPD通過增強真核起始因子(eIF5A)的催化作用促進線粒體活性氧(ROS)產(chǎn)生,正向調(diào)控赤霉素(GA)的生物合成[70]。

      除上述應(yīng)用較為廣泛的植物激素,其他植物激素也可被用于誘導(dǎo)植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物的積累,如6-BA與2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,2,4-D)共同作用增強了大阿米芹()懸浮細胞中三萜的積累[71]。脫落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)是一種抑制植物生長的激素,能引發(fā)芽休眠、葉子脫落和抑制細胞生長[72]。將ABA施加到甘草(Fisch.)幼苗上能誘導(dǎo)4種活性化合物的含量大幅度增加[73],外源ABA還能促進草莓內(nèi)源ABA、苯丙素類和L-抗壞血酸(AsA)的合成[74]。乙烯不常直接用作次生代謝物誘導(dǎo)劑,主要作為內(nèi)源信號分子調(diào)控代謝產(chǎn)物合成[75],但是有文獻表明,經(jīng)乙烯處理的獼猴桃果實中總酚、類黃酮和維生素C等次生代謝產(chǎn)物發(fā)生了顯著變化[76]。

      3.4 其他非生物誘導(dǎo)子

      納米顆粒(NPs)是一種新型誘導(dǎo)材料,除了在藥物制劑中發(fā)揮作用外,還可以增加植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物的含量。例如,CuO納米顆??梢蕴岣叽娇浦参铮˙oiss.)根培養(yǎng)中總酚、花青素、黃酮醇和黃酮含量[77],還能促進羅勒[(Thai basil)]愈傷組織的生長以及迷迭香酸、菊苣酸、丁香酚等物質(zhì)的合成[78]。已有研究報道金屬納米顆??梢哉T導(dǎo)某些特定次生代謝產(chǎn)物積累,在貫葉連翹(L.)細胞懸浮培養(yǎng)物中加入不同金屬和金屬氧化物納米顆粒,發(fā)現(xiàn)Pd對大黃素、Cu對芹菜素、CeO2對大黃素蒽酮、TiO2對槲皮素、ZnO2對沒食子酸的誘導(dǎo)效果最佳[79],添加金屬納米復(fù)合物(Mn、Cu、Zn、Ag)能增加天南星科植物大薸(L.)中酚類和萜類物質(zhì)含量,而對槐葉萍[(L.)All.]、水鬼花[(Humb. amp; Bonpl.ex Willd.)]無明顯效果。NPs能引起植物體內(nèi)氧化應(yīng)激,增加信號分子,上調(diào)合成酶基因表達,增加次生代謝產(chǎn)物的含量,多酚、總黃酮等成分的增加可能與氧化應(yīng)激有關(guān)。

      一氧化氮(NO)是一種潛在的非生物誘導(dǎo)子,研究表明它能調(diào)控次生代謝產(chǎn)物合成途徑相關(guān)酶活性來誘導(dǎo)代謝物的合成。使用NO供體硝普鈉(SNP)和SA刺激紅花(L.)植株,發(fā)現(xiàn)細胞中PAL酶活性增強,次生代謝產(chǎn)物增加,包括黃酮、花青素和酚[80]。在狼爪瓦松(A. Bor.)細胞培養(yǎng)中,NO通過硝酸還原酶(NR)途徑促進MeJA誘導(dǎo)類黃酮合成[81]。

      4 展 望

      次生代謝產(chǎn)物是植物在長期進化過程中同生物和非生物因素相互適應(yīng)的結(jié)果,人類最初研究天然產(chǎn)物是源于其豐富的應(yīng)用價值,19世紀50年代左右,化學(xué)家們對其化學(xué)特性進行了廣泛的研究,近些年來,人們逐漸認識到植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物的生物學(xué)效應(yīng),開始重新定義這些化合物在植物生命活動中的作用。

      隨著人們對次生代謝產(chǎn)物的不斷研究與開發(fā),其供不應(yīng)求的現(xiàn)象也日益凸顯。與化學(xué)合成法相比,誘導(dǎo)子在提高次生代謝產(chǎn)物方面具有明顯優(yōu)勢,其工藝流程簡單,成本較低,不易對環(huán)境造成污染,最重要的是能實現(xiàn)資源的可持續(xù)利用和發(fā)展。目前植物次生代謝途徑已被大致闡明,但人們對調(diào)控這些途徑的酶和基因了解有限,相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能仍有待探索。利用各種組學(xué)技術(shù)可以揭示代謝限速的原因,并為生物合成路線提供新的見解,這為探尋新的誘導(dǎo)子開辟了可能性。

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      Research Progress in Effects of Elicitors on the Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Plants

      YU Jiaqing1,2,QIU Han1,2, CHENG Xin1,2, LI Hanguang1,2, HUANG Lin1,2, WEI Saijin1,2*

      (1. School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; 2. Institute of Applied Microbiology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China)

      Secondary metabolism is a defensive response activated by plants in face of environmental stress, pathogenic microbial infection and herbivorous animal feeding. It is usually accompanied by the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites to enhance their immunity and resistance. Secondary metabolites can be divided into seven categories: phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, tannins, quinones, terpenoids, steroids and their glycosides, alkaloids, mainly used as raw materials in medicine, chemicals, food and other fields. However, the yield of natural secondary metabolites is low, so the use of inducers to increase the production of plant secondary metabolites has opened a new research field, which can significantly improve economic benefits and reduce production costs. In this paper, the classification of inducers and the mechanism in inducing the synthesis of plant secondary metabolites are systematically introduced, and the research and application of biotic inducers (polysaccharides, yeast extracts, bacterial inducers, fungal inducers) and abiotic inducers (light, high and low temperature, drought, heavy metals, hormones, etc.) are also described, hoping to provide a theoretical basis for the utilization and development of secondary metabolites.

      elicitors; secondary metabolites; application

      Q946

      A

      2095-3704(2022)03-0255-11

      俞嘉卿, 邱涵, 程新, 等. 誘導(dǎo)子對植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物積累的影響研究進展[J]. 生物災(zāi)害科學(xué), 2022, 45(3): 255-265.

      10.3969/j.issn.2095-3704.2022.03.44

      2022-09-03

      2022-09-14

      江西省自然科學(xué)基金重點項目(20202ACBL205003)

      俞嘉卿(1998—),女,碩士生,主要從事微生物與植物相互作用研究,yujiaqing0825@163.com;*通信作者:魏賽金,教授,博士,weisaijin@126.com。

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