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      阿樸酯顆粒劑對小鼠肝腎組織毒性、血清炎性因子及體液免疫水平的影響

      2022-04-21 15:43:25王劍廖書丹楊劍文正常金曉峰趙貴呂世明
      南方農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報 2022年1期
      關(guān)鍵詞:小鼠

      王劍 廖書丹 楊劍 文正常 金曉峰 趙貴 呂世明

      摘要:【目的】觀察長期添加阿樸酯顆粒劑對昆明小鼠肝臟、腎臟組織結(jié)構(gòu)與功能及其體液免疫水平的影響,系統(tǒng)評價其安全性,為阿樸酯在畜禽生產(chǎn)中的科學(xué)應(yīng)用提供參考依據(jù)?!痉椒ā客ㄟ^急性毒性試驗測定阿樸酯顆粒劑對昆明小鼠的半數(shù)致死量(LD50),然后設(shè)50% LD50(1.4 g/kg)和80% LD50 (2.2 g/kg)作劑量組,以等量生理鹽水為空白對照。單次灌胃1.4 g/kg阿樸酯懸濁液后,于灌胃后第4、12、36和60 h及第7和14 d進(jìn)行眼球采血,用于測定血常規(guī)指標(biāo);按1.4和2.2 g/kg的劑量分別連續(xù)灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液21 d后,分析小鼠體重增重、血清生化指標(biāo)、尿常規(guī)指標(biāo)及免疫指標(biāo)的變化情況,并采集小鼠肝臟和腎臟制作石蠟切片進(jìn)行組織學(xué)觀察?!窘Y(jié)果】阿樸酯顆粒劑對昆明小鼠的LD50為2.74 g/kg,95%置信限為2.69~3.41 g/kg。依據(jù)WHO毒性分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn),阿樸酯顆粒劑屬低毒級物質(zhì)。按1.4 g/kg的劑量單次灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液后,昆明小鼠血液中性粒細(xì)胞數(shù)量在灌胃后第4 h顯著升高(P<0.05,下同),白細(xì)胞總數(shù)在灌胃后第12和36 h顯著升高,淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量在灌胃后第4和12 h極顯著升高(P<0.01,下同),紅細(xì)胞總數(shù)和平均紅細(xì)胞血紅蛋白含量在灌胃后第36 h顯著升高。以2.2 g/kg的劑量連續(xù)灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液21 d后,昆明小鼠的體重增重和平均日增重極顯著降低,血清中的堿性磷酸酶活性和尿素含量極顯著升高、而谷草轉(zhuǎn)移酶活性和肌酐含量極顯著降低;尿液中白細(xì)胞數(shù)量及蛋白、微白蛋白和酮體含量顯著上升;肝臟黃染、淤血,肝索與肝竇紊亂不清,肝細(xì)胞碎裂溶解,發(fā)生腫脹或壞死;腎臟明顯腫大、黃染,腎小體破損消亡,髓質(zhì)部呈彌漫性出血;血清免疫細(xì)胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-10水平顯著或極顯著升高,而免疫球蛋白IgM和SIgA濃度顯著下降?!窘Y(jié)論】阿樸酯顆粒劑屬低毒級物質(zhì),但高劑量使用可快速升高血細(xì)胞數(shù)量,破壞小鼠肝腎組織結(jié)構(gòu)并引起功能障礙,且對體液免疫有抑制作用。因此,建議在家禽生產(chǎn)中不可超量或長期添加,尤其拌料時需保證均勻,避免誤食高劑量阿樸酯而造成肝腎功能損傷。

      關(guān)鍵詞: 阿樸酯顆粒劑;小鼠;肝腎毒性;血清炎性因子;體液免疫

      中圖分類號: S816.74? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? &nbsp; ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號:2095-1191(2022)01-0200-10

      Effects of Apo-ester granules on liver and kidney tissue toxicity,serum inflammatory factors and humoral immunity in mice

      WANG Jian1,2, LIAO Shu-dan1,2, YANG Jian1,2, WEN Zheng-chang3,

      JIN Xiao-feng4, ZHAO Gui4*, LYU Shi-ming1,2*

      (1College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang? 550025, China; 2Guizhou Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Guiyang? 550025, China; 3 Guizhou Institute of Animal Husbandry and

      Veterinary Medicine, Guiyang? 550005, China; 4 Guizhou Provincial Veterinary Medicine Feed Supervision

      Office, Guiyang? 550003, China)

      Abstract:【Objective】 The effects of long-term addition of Apo-ester(APO) granules on the structure and function of liver, kidney and humoral immunity levels in Kunming mice were investigated, and its safety was systematically evalua-ted, which would provide a reference for the scientific application of APO in livestock and poultry production. 【Method】 The median lethal dose (LD50) of APO granules was measured by acute toxicity test on Kunming mice. Then, 50% LD50 (1.4 g/kg) and 80% LD50 (2.2 g/kg) were set as dose groups and equal amount of saline was used as blank control. After a single gavage of 1.4 g/kg APO suspension, eye blood was collected on the 4th, 12th, 36th and 60th h and on the 7th? d and 14th? d after the gavage for the determination of blood routine indexes. After 21 d of continuous gavage of APO suspension at 1.4 and 2.2 g/kg, the weight gain, blood biochemical indexes, urinary indexes immune indexes of mice were analyzed. Besides, the liver and kidney were collected for histological observation in paraffin sections. 【Result】 The LD50 of APO granules on Kunming mice was 2.74 g/kg with the 95% confidence limit of 2.69-3.41 g/kg. According to the toxicity grading standard of WHO, APO granule was a low-toxicity substance. The blood neutrophils of Kunming mice increased significantly (P<0.05, the same below) at the 4th h after single gavage of APO suspension at a dose of 1.4 g/kg. The total number of white blood cells was significantly increased at 12th and 36th h after gavage, and the number of lymphocytes was extremely significantly increased at 4th and 12th h after gavage (P<0.01, the same below). The total number of erythrocytes and the mean erythrocyte hemoglobin content increased significantly at 36th h after gavage. The body weight gain and mean daily weight gain of Kunming mice were extremely significantly reduced after 21 d of continuous gavage of APO suspension at a dose of 2.2 g/kg. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity and urea content were extremely significantly increased, while tangrass transferase activity and creatinine content were extremely significantly reduced. The number of white blood cells, the levels of urinary microalbumin and ketone body in the urine were increased significantly. Liver yellowing, congestion, disorder of hepatic cord and sinusoids, the fragmentation and dissolution of liver cells even swelling or necrosis were observed. The kidneys were obviously enlarged and yellowish. The renal corpuscle was broken and extinct, and medulla showed diffuse hemorrhage. Serum levels of immune cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 were significantly or extremely significantly increased, while the concentrations of immunoglobulins IgM and SIgA were significantly decreased. 【Conclusion】 APO granules are low-toxic substances, while high-dose addition can lead to the rapid increase of blood cells, and the tissue structure of liver and kidney in mice can also be damaged. Furthermore, the humoral immunity can be inhibited. Therefore, it is recommended not to add excessive amounts or long-term addition in poultry production. The mixing ingredients should be ensured uniformity to avoid the damage of liver and kidney function through ingesting high doses of APO.

      Key words: APO granules; mice; liver and kidney toxicity; serum inflammatory factors; humoral immunity

      Foundation items: National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760749); Scientific and Technological Research Project of Guizhou(QKHZC〔2019〕2318); Science and Technology Plan Project of Guizhou(QKHJC-ZK-〔2022〕-129); Guizhou General Colleges and Universities Youth Science and Technology Talent Growth Project(QJH-KY-〔2022〕-151)

      0 引言

      【研究意義】誘人的食物色澤可增加食欲和促進(jìn)消化液分泌,因此具有誘人色澤的畜禽產(chǎn)品更具吸引力,在市場上也更受青睞(Hasin et al.,2006;黎路和黃曉晶,2014),加之肉蛋食品價格受色澤深淺的影響(Castaeda et al.,2005),促使大多數(shù)養(yǎng)殖戶傾向于在飼料中添加色素以改善動物性產(chǎn)品色澤,彌補家禽無法自身合成黃色類的色素(Lokaewmanee et al.,2011)。阿樸酯(Apo-ester,APO)屬于類胡蘿卜素,為人工合成著色劑,是農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部第2625號公告《飼料添加劑安全使用規(guī)范(2017)》批準(zhǔn)的色素飼料添加劑,具有增色效果好、價格低廉等優(yōu)勢,已廣泛應(yīng)用于蛋雞和肉雞生產(chǎn)(王海威等,2014;楊梅等,2017),導(dǎo)致在禽類產(chǎn)品中呈現(xiàn)出較高的檢出率,其安全性也受到高度關(guān)注?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】已有研究表明,多數(shù)類胡蘿卜素都具有增強免疫力的功能(Siems et al.,2005),如蝦青素可促進(jìn)淋巴組織增生(Park et al.,2010),大劑量葉黃素能增強淋巴細(xì)胞增殖等(Bie et al.,2011)。此外,小鼠胎兒免疫系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育需要母鼠類胡蘿卜素刺激,禽類胚胎形成過程中法氏囊B細(xì)胞的發(fā)育也與類胡蘿卜素有關(guān)(Garcia et al.,2003);在飼料中添加β-胡蘿卜素可使血漿溶菌酶活性增強(Amar et al.,2004);類胡蘿卜素能刺激淋巴細(xì)胞等免疫細(xì)胞增殖分化(靳青等,2014)。阿樸酯著色效果良好,能有效提高蛋黃羅氏比色扇值(Sirri et al.,2007)及種蛋受精率(由89.17%提升至94.84%)(梁遠(yuǎn)東等,2005);阿樸酯還能顯著降低蛋雞肝臟丙二醛含量,提升機體的抗氧化能力(李俊等,2018),同時具有降低氧化因子一氧化氮(NO),維持氧化還原平衡,預(yù)防糖尿病心血管并發(fā)癥等作用(Ucci et al.,2019)。阿樸酯同屬于類胡蘿卜素,但是否對機體免疫力有影響仍有待進(jìn)一步探究。化學(xué)合成類著色劑主要從煤焦油等化工原料中分離制成,因此通常存在一定的危害性(Neves et al.,2021)。Tsuda等(2000)研究證實,胭脂紅能損傷小鼠胃、結(jié)腸及膀胱細(xì)胞的DNA。尤其是近年來的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與阿樸酯配合添加的斑蝥黃高劑量使用時會顯著抑制雞體增重(姬翔宇等,2020),或引起大鼠肝功能異常,膽堿酯酶、谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶活性顯著升高(楊蘭蘭等,2013),但低劑量使用時無明顯的毒副作用(王海威等,2014)。目前,歐盟動物飼料添加劑和產(chǎn)品組織(FEEDAP)在蛋雞飼料添加劑中規(guī)定阿樸酯對產(chǎn)蛋雞安全的最大劑量為40 mg/kg(Bampidis et al.,2019),但超過該劑量的影響尚未公布?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c】至今,有關(guān)阿樸酯的研究主要集中在著色效果、增重情況及抗氧化等生產(chǎn)性能方面(王海威等,2014;李俊等,2018;姬翔宇等,2020),鮮見系統(tǒng)性的安全評價研究,高劑量阿樸酯對機體增重、臟器功能及免疫水平的影響也未知,因此亟需開展阿樸酯系統(tǒng)性安全評價以保障消費食品安全?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】通過開展阿樸酯急性毒性試驗,觀察長期添加阿樸酯對昆明小鼠肝臟、腎臟組織結(jié)構(gòu)與功能及其體液免疫水平的影響,系統(tǒng)評價其安全性,為阿樸酯在畜禽生產(chǎn)中的科學(xué)應(yīng)用提供參考依據(jù)。

      1 材料與方法

      1. 1 試驗材料

      SPF級昆明小鼠(18~22 g)購自重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)實驗動物中心(實驗動物許可證:SCXK(渝)2018-0003),且經(jīng)貴州大學(xué)實驗動物倫理分委員會批準(zhǔn)(EAE-GZU-2020-E016)。阿樸酯顆粒劑(阿樸酯含量10%)購自廣州立達(dá)爾生物科技股份有限公司,ELISA試劑盒購自江蘇晶美生物科技有限公司。主要儀器設(shè)備:全自動血液細(xì)胞分析儀(PE-6800VET),獸用生化分析(BS-240VET),優(yōu)利特尿液分析儀(URIT-500B),電子天平(JA5003N),全自動微孔檢測儀(EIX808),病理切片機(RM2016),正置光學(xué)顯微鏡(Nikon Eclipse E100)。

      1. 2 試驗方法

      1. 2. 1 阿樸酯懸濁液配制 準(zhǔn)確稱取1.0 g阿樸酯顆粒劑,加入蒸餾水1.0 mL,混勻,制得阿樸酯懸濁液,避光保存,現(xiàn)配現(xiàn)用。

      1. 2. 2 小鼠急性毒性試驗 參照GB/T 21603—2008《化學(xué)品 急性經(jīng)口毒性試驗方法》和GB 15193.1—2003《食品安全性毒理學(xué)評價程序》。(1)最大限量試驗:昆明小鼠20只,雌雄各半,按5.0 g/kg的劑量進(jìn)行灌胃。試驗前動物適應(yīng)4 d,禁食16 h,自由飲水;試驗期間全部飼喂基礎(chǔ)飼料,觀察14 d,記錄昆明小鼠死亡只數(shù)。(2)半數(shù)致死量(LD50)測定:確定阿樸酯懸濁液對昆明小鼠的最大致死劑量和最小致死劑量后,選取50只昆明小鼠隨機分成5組,每組10只,雌雄各半。以昆明小鼠全死亡或死亡90%以上的劑量和昆明小鼠不死亡或死亡10 %以下的劑量作為最高和最低劑量,并設(shè)3.4、3.1、2.8、2.5和2.2 g/kg等5個對數(shù)等距的劑量組。經(jīng)單次灌胃后觀察14 d,記錄昆明小鼠的死亡情況。根據(jù)寇氏法計算LD50(張等宏等,2018),并以WHO毒性分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評價其急性毒性。

      1. 2. 3 阿樸酯對小鼠血常規(guī)指標(biāo)的影響 血常規(guī)指標(biāo)按照全自動血液細(xì)胞分析儀操作說明進(jìn)行測定。取昆明小鼠30只,雌雄各半,適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)3 d后隨機分為空白對照和阿樸酯組,每組15只,阿樸酯組按1.4 g/kg的劑量(50% LD50)灌胃,空白對照組灌胃等量生理鹽水。于灌胃后第4、12、36和60 h及第7和14 d經(jīng)眼球采集全血,采血前禁食12 h、禁水1 h。

      1. 2. 4 阿樸酯對小鼠體重增重、血清生化指標(biāo)、尿常規(guī)指標(biāo)及肝腎組織結(jié)構(gòu)的影響 血液生化指標(biāo)測定參照王丙雷等(2020)的方法。取昆明小鼠60只,雌雄各半,適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)3 d,試驗前禁食12 h,稱重。然后隨機分為3組,每組20只,試驗組分別按1.4 g/kg(50% LD50)和2.2 g/kg(80% LD50)的劑量灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液,空白對照組灌胃等量生理鹽水,連續(xù)灌胃21 d,每日觀察記錄昆明小鼠的翻正反應(yīng)、瞳孔及身體卷曲程度等情況。試驗結(jié)束后禁食12 h,稱重,計算體重變化;收集12 h尿液測定尿常規(guī)指標(biāo),眼球采血制備血清,測定血清生化指標(biāo);同時采集昆明小鼠的肝臟和腎臟,4%多聚甲醛溶液固定24 h后,制作石蠟切片,HE染色,組織學(xué)觀察。

      1. 2. 5 阿樸酯對小鼠免疫球蛋白、細(xì)胞因子的影響 參照陳志敏等(2019)的方法。取昆明小鼠60只,雌雄各半,適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)3 d,隨機分為3組,每組20只,試驗前禁食12 h。試驗組分別灌胃1.4和2.2 g/kg阿樸酯懸濁液,空白對照組灌胃等量生理鹽水,連續(xù)灌胃21 d,期間自由采食和飲水。最后一次給藥12 h后(禁食,不禁水),稱重,頸靜脈采血,血液靜置30 min后3000 r/min離心15 min,分離血清,-20 ℃保存?zhèn)溆?。采用酶?lián)免疫吸附測定法(ELISA)測定血清免疫球蛋白IgM、SIgA、IgG及免疫細(xì)胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-10、IFN-γ。

      1. 3 統(tǒng)計分析

      試驗數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 19.0進(jìn)行單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)及Duncan’s多重比較。

      2 結(jié)果與分析

      2. 1 阿樸酯的急性毒性作用

      昆明小鼠按5.0 g/kg的劑量灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)14 d內(nèi)20只受試?yán)ッ餍∈笏劳?3只,因此需按GB/T 21603—2008《化學(xué)品 急性經(jīng)口毒性試驗方法》和GB 15193.1—2003《食品安全性毒理學(xué)評價程序》規(guī)定,進(jìn)行多劑量急性毒性試驗,以確定阿樸酯顆粒劑對昆明小鼠的LD50。由表1可知,根據(jù)寇氏法計算得出阿樸酯顆粒劑對昆明小鼠的LD50為2.74 g/kg,95%置信限為2.69~3.41 g/kg。依據(jù)WHO毒性分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn),阿樸酯顆粒劑屬低毒級物質(zhì)(501~5000 mg/kg)。

      2. 2 阿樸酯對小鼠血常規(guī)指標(biāo)的影響

      由表2可知,按1.4 g/kg的劑量單次灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液,昆明小鼠血液中性粒細(xì)胞數(shù)量在灌胃后第4 h顯著升高(P<0.05,下同),至灌胃后第12和36 h昆明小鼠血液白細(xì)胞總數(shù)顯著升高,淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量則在灌胃后第4和12 h極顯著升高(P<0.01,下同),可能是高劑量阿樸酯對組織細(xì)胞的急性損傷所致,進(jìn)而引起中性粒細(xì)胞及淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量升高,但隨著阿樸酯在小鼠體內(nèi)濃度的快速下降,其組織損傷減輕,血相也逐漸趨于正常。紅細(xì)胞總數(shù)和平均紅細(xì)胞血紅蛋白含量均在灌胃后第36 h顯著升高,可能是急性損傷引起的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致紅細(xì)胞代償性入血造成。昆明小鼠其余血常規(guī)指標(biāo)在各時段的差異均不顯著(P>0.05,下同),且所有血常規(guī)指標(biāo)從灌胃后第60 h起均無顯著差異。

      2. 3 阿樸酯對小鼠體重增重的影響

      由表3可知,與空白對照組相比,按1.4和2.2 g/kg的劑量分別連續(xù)灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液21 d后昆明小鼠的體重增重和平均日增重均極顯著降低,究其原因可能源于食欲下降及消化吸收系統(tǒng)異常等問題,其中肝臟損傷概率是其體重增重下降的主要原因。

      2. 4 阿樸酯對小鼠血清生化指標(biāo)的影響

      由表4可知,按1.4和2.2 g/kg的劑量分別連續(xù)灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液21 d后,與空白對照組相比,1.4 g/kg劑量組昆明小鼠血清尿素含量顯著升高,尿酸含量顯著降低,谷草轉(zhuǎn)移酶活性極顯著下降;而灌胃2.2 g/kg阿樸酯懸濁液能極顯著升高堿性磷酸酶活性和尿素含量,同時極顯著降低谷草轉(zhuǎn)移酶活性和肌酐含量。尿素、尿酸和肌酐是臨床診斷腎功能的主要指標(biāo),谷草轉(zhuǎn)移酶和堿性磷酸酶是評價肝功能的指標(biāo),說明高劑量阿樸酯會引起小鼠的肝腎功能異常,且呈明顯的劑量依賴關(guān)系。

      2. 5 阿樸酯對小鼠尿常規(guī)指標(biāo)的影響

      由表5可知,與空白對照組相比,連續(xù)灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液21 d后1.4和2.2 g/kg劑量組昆明小鼠尿常規(guī)指標(biāo)中的白細(xì)胞數(shù)量均顯著增加;此外,2.2 g/kg劑量組昆明小鼠的蛋白、微白蛋白和酮體含量也顯著增加;尿膽原和肌酐含量則隨阿樸酯給藥劑量的增加而呈上升趨勢。昆明小鼠尿常規(guī)指標(biāo)的異常變化,表明腎小球過濾及腎小管重吸收功能受損,且酮體是由肝臟代謝脂肪產(chǎn)生,在尿液中顯著增加則反映肝代謝功能異常,結(jié)合小鼠血液生化指標(biāo)的變化,提示昆明小鼠肝腎功能異常。

      2. 6 阿樸酯對小鼠肝腎組織病理變化的影響

      與空白對照組相比,按1.4和2.2 g/kg的劑量分別連續(xù)灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液21 d后昆明小鼠肝臟明顯黃染,邊緣淤血(圖1);肝臟組織石蠟切片(圖2)鏡檢發(fā)現(xiàn),1.4 g/kg劑量組昆明小鼠的肝索與肝竇扭曲紊亂、變模糊,肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)和肝竇間有紅細(xì)胞聚集,肝細(xì)胞核碎裂或溶解,肝細(xì)胞壞死,胞漿疏松、透明,胞核居中,肝細(xì)胞腫脹;2.2 g/kg劑量組昆明小鼠肝臟組織有大面積的點狀壞死灶。在昆明小鼠腎臟方面,連續(xù)灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液后昆明小鼠的腎臟也明顯黃染,且體積腫大(圖3);腎臟組織石蠟切片(圖4)鏡檢發(fā)現(xiàn),1.4 g/kg劑量組昆明小鼠腎臟皮質(zhì)部碎裂,血管球縮小破碎,血管極斷裂與致密斑連接;2.2 g/kg劑量組昆明小鼠腎臟的髓質(zhì)部細(xì)胞濃縮溶解,血管球消失,髓質(zhì)部呈彌漫性出血。

      2. 7 阿樸酯對小鼠免疫球蛋白及免疫細(xì)胞因子的影響

      由表6可知,按2.2 g/kg的劑量連續(xù)灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液21 d后,昆明小鼠血清的IgM和SIgA濃度顯著降低,IgG濃度的下降趨勢不顯著,說明阿樸酯對機體體液免疫早期抗體的產(chǎn)生及黏膜免疫功能有弱化作用,可能是由于灌胃時阿樸酯在消化道黏膜上停留較久,吸收較多,隨之機體炎性損傷加劇。在免疫細(xì)胞因子方面,以2.2 g/kg的劑量連續(xù)灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液21 d后,昆明小鼠的IL-1β水平較空白對照組極顯著升高,TNF-α和IL-10水平較空白對照組顯著升高,而IFN-γ水平無顯著變化,說明阿樸酯能引起機體炎性因子水平提高,同時綜合肝腎損傷情況,由此可知持續(xù)的炎癥反應(yīng)帶來機能障礙,進(jìn)而影響正常體液免疫水平。

      3 討論

      本研究結(jié)果表明,阿樸酯顆粒劑對昆明小鼠的LD50為2.74 g/kg,95%置信限為2.69~3.41 g/kg;依據(jù)WHO毒性分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn),阿樸酯顆粒劑屬低毒級物質(zhì)(501~5000 mg/kg)。本研究的阿樸酯有效含量僅為10%,其他成份主要是抗氧化、增加適口性的成份(如玉米淀粉等),均屬無毒,因此其毒性來自阿樸酯。已有研究證實,斑蝥黃的潛在危害包括色素沉積引起皮膚變色和視網(wǎng)膜病變(McCann et al.,2007)。楊蘭蘭等(2013)研究表明斑蝥黃對小鼠的LD50為8.14 g/kg,屬實際無毒(5001~15000 mg/kg),而阿樸酯顆粒劑對昆明小鼠的LD50為2.74 g/kg,即阿樸酯的安全范圍遠(yuǎn)低于斑蝥黃,其存在的潛在毒性風(fēng)險可能高于斑蝥黃。目前,以阿樸酯和斑蝥黃為有效著色成分的加麗素黃、加麗素紅市場覆蓋率高達(dá)60%,因此,動物性食品殘留監(jiān)測部門還需加強對阿樸酯殘留的監(jiān)測,以保障消費者健康。

      按1.4 g/kg的劑量單次灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液,昆明小鼠的白細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞及紅細(xì)胞等均在灌胃后36 h內(nèi)快速升高,但維持時間較短。究其原因可能是一過性損傷和急性應(yīng)激反應(yīng)共同作用的結(jié)果,如空運比格犬導(dǎo)致血細(xì)胞短時間內(nèi)快速升高(Liang et al.,2018)。機體通過發(fā)生代償反應(yīng)以修復(fù)補償阿樸酯帶來的損傷,如快速動員骨髓中的白細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞及紅細(xì)胞等進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng),激活機體免疫自穩(wěn)功能,召集白細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞和粒細(xì)胞等炎性細(xì)胞,吞噬清除損傷的細(xì)胞(Brekke et al.,2019),但具體作用機制有待進(jìn)一步探究。

      阿樸酯等類胡蘿卜素一般經(jīng)淋巴系統(tǒng)進(jìn)入肝臟(劉嘉寧等,2017),β-胡蘿卜素可造成細(xì)胞DNA的損傷(?sg?rd and Hellman,2013)。本研究中,以2.2 g/kg的劑量連續(xù)灌胃昆明小鼠,其體重增重和平均日增重較空白對照組均極顯著降低,與高劑量斑蝥黃能顯著降低雞體重的結(jié)論(姬翔宇等,2020)一致,可能是由于肝臟損傷后影響膽汁分泌,而降低采食欲和消化吸收功能。連續(xù)灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液21 d后昆明小鼠的肝臟黃染、淤血,肝索與肝竇紊亂不清,肝細(xì)胞碎裂溶解,發(fā)生腫脹或壞死,導(dǎo)致肝臟合成代謝等基本功能被破壞,引起谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶、堿性磷酸酶和尿液酮體的異常變化。除了肝臟受損外,阿樸酯對雞的腎臟也有損傷(姬翔宇等,2020)。本研究綜合常用腎功能評價指標(biāo),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)連續(xù)灌胃阿樸酯懸濁液21 d后昆明小鼠的血清尿素含量及尿常規(guī)蛋白含量、微白蛋白含量和白細(xì)胞數(shù)量均顯著升高,預(yù)示著腎小球過濾及腎小管重吸收的機能障礙,且腎臟明顯腫大、黃染,腎小體破損消亡,髓質(zhì)部呈彌漫性出血,進(jìn)一步證實高劑量阿樸酯對小鼠腎功能有損傷作用。

      IL-1β和TNF-α作為促炎性免疫細(xì)胞因子,其分泌量隨炎癥反應(yīng)的加劇而增多(Zou et al.,2020)。IL-10作為一種抗炎因子,能抑制單核巨噬細(xì)胞釋放IL-1β和TNF-α等炎癥因子,降低炎癥對臟器造成的損傷(任春芝等,2021),在慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染中能避免肝臟因強烈而持續(xù)的免疫反應(yīng)造成的損傷(Sheiner et al.,2001),在急性肝功能衰竭中也發(fā)揮著保護作用(Yumoto et al.,2002)。高劑量(2.2 g/kg)阿樸酯懸濁液損傷小鼠肝腎組織結(jié)構(gòu)后引發(fā)炎癥,IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-10水平相應(yīng)顯著或極顯著升高,炎癥發(fā)展失控引起機能障礙,進(jìn)而影響體液免疫功能的正常發(fā)揮。IgM是分子量最大的免疫球蛋白,接觸抗原后最先產(chǎn)生的抗體,具有抵抗病原侵襲及維持自身免疫平衡的作用,其失控則引起自身免疫病或變態(tài)反應(yīng)(滕靜和胡建斌,2020);SIgA在阻擋病原微生物入侵機體的黏膜免疫中發(fā)揮重要作用(He et al.,2020);IgG在抗體中的占比最高,是免疫反應(yīng)發(fā)生的基礎(chǔ)性物質(zhì)(Liu et al.,2019)。本研究中,以高劑量(2.2 g/kg)阿樸酯懸濁液連續(xù)灌胃21 d后昆明小鼠血清的IgM和SIgA濃度顯著降低,可能是阿樸酯損傷了體液免疫系統(tǒng),致使抗體合成分泌減少,而不利于機體抵御病原侵襲及中和清除抗原??梢姡邉┝堪沲ツ芙档托∈蟮捏w液免疫水平。

      4 結(jié)論

      阿樸酯顆粒劑屬低毒級物質(zhì),但高劑量使用時可快速升高血細(xì)胞數(shù)量,破壞小鼠肝腎組織結(jié)構(gòu)并引起功能障礙,且對體液免疫有抑制作用。因此,建議在家禽生產(chǎn)中不可超量或長期添加,尤其拌料時需保證均勻,避免誤食高劑量阿樸酯而造成肝腎等功能損傷。

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