王劍舒 毛濤 李曉宇 田字彬
[摘要]內(nèi)鏡黏膜下剝離術(shù)已經(jīng)被廣泛地應(yīng)用于早期胃癌的臨床治療。然而,有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的病人在治療后未達(dá)根治性切除。選擇合適的后續(xù)管理方式對改善非根治性切除病人的預(yù)后具有重要意義。本文著重對早期胃癌非根治性內(nèi)鏡黏膜下剝離術(shù)的后續(xù)管理方式及其選擇進(jìn)行綜述。
[關(guān)鍵詞]胃腫瘤;內(nèi)窺鏡黏膜切除術(shù);疾病管理;淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移;綜述
[中圖分類號]R735.2[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A[文章編號]2096-5532(2022)02-0309-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2022.58.023[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識碼(OSID)]
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版]https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20220218.1020.001.html;2022-02-1815:13:26
RESEARCH ADVANCES IN THE SUBSEQUENT MANAGEMENT OF NON-CURATIVE ENDOSCOPIC SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTION FOR EARLY-STAGE GASTRIC CANCER? WANG Jianshu, MAO Tao, LI Xiaoyu, TIAN Zibin (Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China)
[ABSTRACT]Endoscopic submucosal dissection has been widely used in the clinical treatment of early-stage gastric cancer; however, a considerable number of patients fail to achieve curative resection after such treatment. Selection of an appropriate subsequent management method is of great significance for improving the prognosis of these patients after non-curative resection. This article reviews the subsequent management methods and its selection after non-curative endoscopic submucosal dissection for early-stage gastric cancer.
[KEY WORDS]stomach neoplasms; endoscopic mucosal resection; disease management; lymphatic metastasis; review
病變局限于黏膜層或黏膜下層而不論有無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的胃癌被定義為早期胃癌(EGC)[1]。近年來,隨著內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展,內(nèi)鏡黏膜下剝離術(shù)(ESD)被廣泛地應(yīng)用于EGC的治療。然而,相關(guān)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ESD的根治性切除率僅為78.6%~86.8%,而非根治性切除的病人占有一定比例[2-4]。根據(jù)日本胃癌治療指南,非根治性ESD病人的后續(xù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療是追加外科手術(shù)[5]。然而,追加手術(shù)對其中一些病人而言可能為過度治療從而降低其生活質(zhì)量,許多研究對追加手術(shù)的必要性存在爭議。因此,為改善非根治性ESD病人的預(yù)后,本文結(jié)合最新研究進(jìn)展,圍繞非根治性ESD病人的后續(xù)管理展開綜述。
1EGC內(nèi)鏡根治度的判定
EGC內(nèi)鏡根治度的判定主要是依據(jù)日本胃癌治療指南[5]。最新版的日本胃癌治療指南將內(nèi)鏡根治度劃分為3級:內(nèi)鏡根治度A級(eCuraA)、內(nèi)鏡根治度B級(eCuraB)和內(nèi)鏡根治度C級(eCuraC),分別代表根治性切除、擴(kuò)大指征的根治性切除與非根治性切除。eCuraA是指癌灶在滿足整塊切除、切緣陰性、沒有脈管浸潤的前提下合并以下2條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一:①分化型癌為主、局限于黏膜層、沒有潰瘍;②分化型癌為主、局限于黏膜層、有潰瘍、直徑≤3 cm。eCuraB是指癌灶在滿足整塊切除、切緣陰性、沒有脈管浸潤的前提下合并以下2條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一:①以未分化型癌為主、局限于黏膜層、沒有潰瘍、直徑<2 cm;②以分化型癌為主、侵犯黏膜下層<500 μm、直徑2~3 cm。不符合上述分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的皆為eCuraC。eCuraC又分為eCuraC-1和eCuraC-2。eCuraC-1指分化型癌僅因水平切緣陽性或分段切除導(dǎo)致的非根治性切除,eCuraC-2則是指剩余其他情況下的非根治性切除。需要指出的是,對于病理類型為混合型的癌灶,eCuraA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)①中未分化成分>2 cm與eCuraB標(biāo)準(zhǔn)②中未分化成分侵入黏膜下層皆歸為eCuraC-2。
2非根治性ESD病人的后續(xù)管理方式
2.1追加外科手術(shù)
非根治性ESD病人的后續(xù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療是追加外科手術(shù)[5],并且許多研究表明追加手術(shù)的病人具有更高的生存率[6-10]。然而這種結(jié)果可能是選擇偏倚所致,即追加手術(shù)組病人在年齡、合并疾病等基線資料方面優(yōu)于未追加手術(shù)組病人。為平衡基線資料、降低選擇偏倚以明確追加手術(shù)所帶來的生存獲益,SUZUKI等[11]采用傾向性分?jǐn)?shù)匹配的方法將非根治性ESD后追加與未追加手術(shù)的病人進(jìn)行配對,結(jié)果顯示,追加手術(shù)組病人的5年總生存率與5年腫瘤特異生存率均顯著高于未追加手術(shù)組(5年總生存率分別為91.0%與75.5%;5年腫瘤特異生存率則分別為99.0%與96.8%)。EOM等[12]在其研究中將127例追加手術(shù)的病人和67例未追加手術(shù)的病人分別與初始治療即為手術(shù)的病人1∶1配對,結(jié)果顯示,總病死率和胃癌復(fù)發(fā)率在追加手術(shù)的病人與初始治療即為手術(shù)的病人中沒有明顯差異,而未追加手術(shù)病人的總病死率顯著高于初始治療即為手術(shù)的病人(5年總病死率分別為26.0%與14.5%),復(fù)發(fā)率亦然(5年復(fù)發(fā)率分別為17.0%與0)。上述兩項(xiàng)研究均消除了追加與未追加手術(shù)組病人在基線資料方面的差異,有力地證明了追加手術(shù)對于改善非根治性ESD病人預(yù)后的作用。
2.2單純密切隨訪
盡管追加手術(shù)可帶來明確的生存獲益,但仍有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的病人在非根治性ESD后選擇單純隨訪[6,9,13-21]。事實(shí)上,對年齡較大或合并疾病較嚴(yán)重的病人而言,隨訪而非手術(shù)或許更容易被接受。ESAKI等[22]將病人分為非高齡組(<70歲)、高齡組(70~79歲)和超高齡組(≥80歲),調(diào)查各組病人對追加手術(shù)的意愿,結(jié)果顯示,年齡與手術(shù)選擇率呈負(fù)相關(guān),超高齡組的手術(shù)選擇率顯著低于非高齡組(手術(shù)選擇率分別為20.1%與70.0%)。此外,生存曲線分析顯示,在非高齡組與高齡組中追加手術(shù)病人的總生存率均顯著高于單純隨訪病人,在超高齡組中卻不存在這種差異,而3組病人的腫瘤特異生存率均無明顯差異。在YAMANOUCHI等[23]的研究中,79例非根治性ESD病人中只有28例選擇追加手術(shù),其余51例選擇單純隨訪,單純隨訪組病人年齡更大、合并疾病更嚴(yán)重;在長期結(jié)局方面,盡管追加手術(shù)組的5年總生存率顯著高于單純隨訪組(5年總生存率分別為91.7%與75.3%),但單純隨訪組死亡的病人中只有1例死于胃癌,兩組的5年腫瘤特異生存率并無明顯差異(5年腫瘤特異生存率分別為100.0%與97.8%)。在病人的長期結(jié)局方面,許多其他研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)手術(shù)組與隨訪組的腫瘤特異生存率無明顯差異[7-8,18-19,24],一些研究甚至發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組的總生存率也無明顯差異[17-18,24]。事實(shí)上,這些研究往往存在樣本量較小、隨訪時間較短、手術(shù)組癌灶惡性程度更高等特點(diǎn)。而ESAKI等[22]報(bào)道的超高齡組病人不論手術(shù)與否其總生存率均無明顯差異的原因則不能僅以此來解釋,這種結(jié)果可能是研究人群年齡偏大所致。追加手術(shù)在一定程度上改變了消化道解剖結(jié)構(gòu),從而降低了病人生存質(zhì)量,而這種影響對年齡偏大的病人尤為嚴(yán)重,因此這些病人的總生存率便在一定程度上降低了。關(guān)于非根治性ESD后隨訪的頻率,日本胃癌治療指南尚未推薦。然而,對于eCuraC-1的病人,日本胃腸內(nèi)鏡學(xué)會指南建議每6個月隨訪一次[25];對于eCuraC-2的病人,HATTA等[16]建議以不超過6個月為度。
2.3追加內(nèi)鏡治療
根據(jù)日本胃癌治療指南,經(jīng)ESD eCuraC-1切除的EGC病人淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移可能性較低,可在簽署知情同意書的前提下追加內(nèi)鏡治療[5]。后續(xù)內(nèi)鏡治療措施主要包括再次ESD與氬離子凝固術(shù)。相比于后者,再次ESD能夠獲得病理標(biāo)本以再次評估內(nèi)鏡根治度,其安全性與有效性已在一定程度上得到了證實(shí)[26-32]。關(guān)于再次ESD的指征,兩項(xiàng)研究建議對水平陽性切緣長度>6 mm的病人實(shí)施再次ESD [33-34];關(guān)于再次ESD的時間,一項(xiàng)來自韓國的研究建議以不超過初次ESD后3個月為度[27]。再次ESD保留了胃的解剖結(jié)構(gòu),對病人的生活質(zhì)量影響較小。然而,由于初次ESD時造成的黏膜下層纖維化及瘢痕,再次ESD在技術(shù)上較難實(shí)施,對內(nèi)鏡醫(yī)師的水平提出了考驗(yàn)。
2.4聯(lián)合前哨淋巴結(jié)示蹤術(shù)或化療
前哨淋巴結(jié)是原發(fā)腫瘤部位淋巴引流的第一站淋巴結(jié),先通過放射性核素或染料對其進(jìn)行標(biāo)記,然后將標(biāo)記的部位切除,如果術(shù)后病理沒有檢出腫瘤細(xì)胞,那么原發(fā)腫瘤的切除及其引流淋巴結(jié)的清掃即可最小化。ESD聯(lián)合前哨淋巴結(jié)示蹤術(shù)可協(xié)助臨床醫(yī)生評估癌灶的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況,目前已有研究對這一方式的可行性進(jìn)行了探討[35-37]。然而,作為一項(xiàng)新事物,ESD聯(lián)合前哨淋巴結(jié)示蹤術(shù)在臨床普及前尚需更多的驗(yàn)證。
追加化療是另外一種新興的非根治性ESD后管理方式。盡管目前尚無可靠的胃癌ESD聯(lián)合化療的研究,但已有研究報(bào)道了內(nèi)鏡切除術(shù)聯(lián)合化療治療食管鱗狀細(xì)胞癌取得良好效果[38]。因此,對于不能追加手術(shù)卻又擔(dān)心復(fù)發(fā)的非根治性ESD病人而言,追加化療不失為一種可嘗試的后續(xù)管理方式。然而,這一方式在推廣前亦需更多安全性與有效性的驗(yàn)證。
3如何選擇非根治性ESD病人的后續(xù)管理方式
非根治性ESD病人的預(yù)后在很大程度上取決于有無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。在排除尚未廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床的ESD聯(lián)合前哨淋巴結(jié)示蹤術(shù)或化療,以及僅適用于eCuraC-1病人的再次內(nèi)鏡治療后,非根治性ESD病人的后續(xù)管理方式主要包括追加外科手術(shù)與單純密切隨訪兩種。日本胃癌治療指南建議外科手術(shù)作為后續(xù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療方式,原因是外科手術(shù)不僅能進(jìn)一步切除原發(fā)癌灶,還能清掃引流淋巴結(jié)。然而,手術(shù)后經(jīng)病理證實(shí)的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率僅為5.1%~9.3%[6-8,13,39-40],這意味著大部分追加手術(shù)的病人可能被過度治療。而單純隨訪雖然可避免手術(shù)帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),但病人卻喪失了早期根治的機(jī)會,之后一旦出現(xiàn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),預(yù)后往往不良[41]。
3.1按照淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素評估手術(shù)的必要性
許多研究結(jié)合追加手術(shù)的利弊建議對具有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素ESD病人追加手術(shù)[6,9,14-15,17-19,24,39-40,42]。SUZUKI等[7]的研究納入569例非根治性ESD病人,其中356例追加手術(shù),18例于術(shù)后標(biāo)本中檢出淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,脈管浸潤、垂直切緣陽性是獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素;212例單純隨訪,8例于隨訪過程中復(fù)發(fā),脈管浸潤是獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。由此,作者建議對ESD病理提示脈管浸潤、垂直切緣陽性的病人追加手術(shù)治療。KAWATA等[8]對506例非根治性ESD病人進(jìn)行分析,其中323例追加手術(shù),其余單純隨訪,術(shù)后病理提示30例存在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移,脈管浸潤為獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,作者亦建議對存在脈管浸潤的病人追加手術(shù)。
毫無疑問,相比于武斷地追加手術(shù)或單純隨訪,按照淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素指導(dǎo)非根治性ESD病人的后續(xù)管理在一定程度上均衡了追加手術(shù)與否的利弊。但由于研究人群或者方法的不同,相關(guān)研究在結(jié)果上存在一定的差異,例如,盡管脈管浸潤或垂直切緣陽性被大多數(shù)研究報(bào)道為淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移獨(dú)立風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素[14-15,18-19,24,39-40,42-45],但癌灶位于胃竇部、肉眼類型為隆起型、病理類型為未分化型在一些研究中也被提及[15,39,42]。因此,若對具有上述因素的病人一概追加手術(shù),則必將陷入選擇偏倚的誤區(qū),進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致過度治療;而若僅重視單個因素,則會忽略其他因素對淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的影響,仍不利于改善病人的預(yù)后。
3.2根據(jù)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評分系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行后續(xù)管理
HATTA等[46]建立了eCura評分系統(tǒng)。作者首先分析了1 101例非根治性ESD病人的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素并將其按回歸系數(shù)賦值:淋巴管浸潤3分,血管浸潤、黏膜下層侵犯≥500 μm、垂直切緣陽性與腫瘤>3 cm皆為1分;接著,作者計(jì)算每例病人的總分并將病人分為低危組(0~1分)、中危組(2~4分)和高危組(5~7分),統(tǒng)計(jì)每組的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率;最后,eCura評分系統(tǒng)被應(yīng)用于905例非根治性ESD后單純隨訪的病人中進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,結(jié)果顯示,低危組、中危組與高危組的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率分別為2.5%、6.7%與22.7%,5年腫瘤特異生存率分別為99.6%、96.0%與90.1%,差異具有顯著性。在后來的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),基于該評分系統(tǒng)的高危組病人若選擇單純隨訪,腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率顯著高于同組追加手術(shù)的病人,腫瘤特異死亡率亦有增高的傾向,而低危組的病人不論后續(xù)選擇隨訪還是手術(shù),腫瘤特異生存率皆無明顯差異(兩組腫瘤特異生存率分別為99.6%與99.7%)[16]。因此,作者建議低危組的病人可單純隨訪而非追加手術(shù)。
另一個評分系統(tǒng)來自于JUNG等[47]的研究。該研究納入321例非根治性ESD后追加手術(shù)的病人,分析淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素并賦值:脈管浸潤2分,垂直切緣陽性和女性均為1分;驗(yàn)證發(fā)現(xiàn),低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組(<2分)的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率為1.2%,高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組(≥2分)的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率為14.0%,特別是低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)組中總分為0的病人均無淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移。由此,作者推薦總分為0分(淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率0)的病人可以僅單純隨訪或追加內(nèi)鏡治療,總分為1分(淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率1.9%)的病人可考慮追加手術(shù),總分≥2分(淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率14.0%)的病人追加手術(shù)。
上述兩個評分系統(tǒng)均在非根治性ESD病人淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行延伸與量化,使得臨床醫(yī)生能夠基于個體淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移概率而選擇后續(xù)管理方式。相比于第二個評分系統(tǒng),eCura評分系統(tǒng)納入的樣本量更多,研究對象更具代表性,并且其適用性也已被外部驗(yàn)證[48]。然而eCura評分系統(tǒng)仍有需要進(jìn)一步完善之處。例如,即便是eCura評分系統(tǒng)中高危組的病人,其追加手術(shù)后的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移率也僅為22.7%,追加手術(shù)對于高危組的大多數(shù)病人而言仍為過度治療;再者,該評分系統(tǒng)中未分化癌病人的構(gòu)成比(14.8%)顯著低于以手術(shù)作為初始治療研究中未分化癌病人的構(gòu)成比(35.9%~40.4%),這意味著很多未分化癌病人可能在初始治療時即選擇了手術(shù)而非ESD,因而該評分系統(tǒng)在應(yīng)用于未分化癌時需格外謹(jǐn)慎[16,49-51]。
4小結(jié)
綜上,隨著ESD在EGC治療中的廣泛開展,非根治性ESD病人的后續(xù)管理顯得愈加重要。我國廣泛應(yīng)用的后續(xù)管理方式主要為追加手術(shù)與單純隨訪,二者各有利弊。建議對非根治性ESD病人按照eCura評分系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行評估,并在結(jié)合年齡、合并疾病以及對手術(shù)意愿的前提下謹(jǐn)慎地做出選擇。然而,eCura評分系統(tǒng)也有其局限性,不能被過度地依賴。因此,能否在現(xiàn)有研究基礎(chǔ)上尋找新的證據(jù)指導(dǎo)非根治性ESD病人的后續(xù)管理,尚需更加廣泛和深入的探討,這也是未來研究的方向。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma: 3rd English edition[J].? Gastric Cancer, 2011,14(2):101-112.
[2]CHOI I J, LEE N R, KIM S G, et al. Short-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients with early gastric cancer: a prospective multicenter cohort study[J].? Gut and Liver, 2016,10(5):739-748.
[3]LEE S H, KIM M C, JEON S W, et al. Risk factors and clinical outcomes of non-curative resection in patients with early gastric cancer treated with endoscopic submucosal dissection: a retrospective multicenter study in Korea[J].? Clinical Endoscopy, 2020,53(2):196-205.
[4]KIM E H, PARK J C, SONG I J, et al. Prediction model for non-curative resection of endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients with early gastric cancer[J].? Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2017,85(5):976-983.
[5]Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2018 (5th edition)[J].? Gastric Cancer, 2021,24(1):1-21.
[6]HATTA W, GOTODA T, OYAMA T, et al. Is radical surgery necessary in all patients who do not meet the curative criteria for endoscopic submucosal dissection in early gastric can-cer? A multi-center retrospective study in Japan[J].? Journal of Gastroenterology, 2017,52(2):175-184.
[7]SUZUKI H, ODA I, ABE S, et al. Clinical outcomes of early gastric cancer patients after noncurative endoscopic submucosal dissection in a large consecutive patient series[J].? Gastric Cancer, 2017,20(4):679-689.
[8]KAWATA N, KAKUSHIMA N, TAKIZAWA K, et al. Risk factors for lymph node metastasis and long-term outcomes of patients with early gastric cancer after non-curative endoscopic submucosal dissection[J].? Surgical Endoscopy, 2017,31(4):1607-1616.
[9]YANO T, ISHIDO K, TANABE S, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with early gastric cancer found to have lesions for which endoscopic treatment is not indicated on his-topathological evaluation after endoscopic submucosal dissec-tion[J].? Surgical Endoscopy, 2018,32(3):1314-1323.
[10]KISHIDA Y, TAKIZAWA K, KAKUSHIMA N, et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection versus surgery in elderly patients with early gastric cancer of relative indication for endoscopic resection[J].? Digestive Endoscopy, 2021. doi:10.1111/den.14105.
[11]SUZUKI S, GOTODA T, HATTA W, et al. Survival benefit of additional surgery after non-curative endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: a propensity score matching analysis[J].? Annals of Surgical Oncology, 2017,24(11):3353-3360.
[12]EOM B W, KIM Y I, KIM K H, et al. Survival benefit of additional surgery after noncurative endoscopic resection in patients with early gastric cancer[J].? Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2017,85(1):155-163.
[13]SUZUKI H, TAKIZAWA K, HIRASAWA T, et al. Short-term outcomes of multicenter prospective cohort study of gastric endoscopic resection: ‘real-world evidence’ in Japan[J].? Digestive Endoscopy: Official Journal of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, 2019,31(1):30-39.
[14]GOTO A, NISHIKAWA J, HIDEURA E, et al. Lymph node metastasis can be determined by just tumor depth and lymphovascular invasion in early gastric cancer patients after endoscopic submucosal dissection[J].? European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2017,29(12):1346-1350.
[15]TOYOKAWA T, OHIRA M, TANAKA H, et al. Optimal management for patients not meeting the inclusion criteria after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric cancer[J].? Surgical Endoscopy, 2016,30(6):2404-2414.
[16]HATTA W, GOTODA T, OYAMA T, et al. Is the eCura system useful for selecting patients who require radical surgery after noncurative endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer? A comparative study[J].? Gastric Cancer, 2018,21(3):481-489.
[17]KIKUCHI S, KURODA S, NISHIZAKI M, et al. Management of early gastric cancer that meet the indication for radical lymph node dissection following endoscopic resection: a retrospective cohort analysis[J].? BMC Surgery, 2017,17(1):72.
[18]KIM H J, KIM S G, KIM J, et al. Clinical outcomes of early gastric cancer with non-curative resection after pathological evaluation based on the expanded criteria[J].? PLoS One, 2019,14(10):e0224614. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224614.
[19]KANG H J, CHUNG H, KIM S G, et al. Synergistic effect of lymphatic invasion and venous invasion on the risk of lymph node metastasis in patients with non-curative endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer[J].? Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery: Official Journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, 2020,24(7):1499-1509.
[20]ABE N, GOTODA T, HIRASAWA T, et al. Multicenter study of the long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer in patients 80 years of age or older[J].? Gastric Cancer, 2012,15(1):70-75.
[21]SUMIYOSHI T, KONDO H, FUJII R, et al. Short-and long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer in elderly patients aged 75 years and older[J].? Gastric Cancer, 2017,20(3):489-495.
[22]ESAKI M, HATTA W, SHIMOSEGAWA T, et al. Age affects clinical management after noncurative endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer[J].? Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 2019,37(6):423-433.
[23]YAMANOUCHI K, OGATA S, SAKATA Y, et al. Effect of additional surgery after noncurative endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer[J].? Endoscopy International Open, 2016,4(1):E24-E29.
[24]HOTEYA S, IIZUKA T, KIKUCHI D, et al. Clinicopathological outcomes of patients with early gastric cancer after non-curative endoscopic submucosal dissection[J].? Digestion, 2016,93(1):53-58.
[25]ONO H, YAO K, FUJISHIRO M, et al. Guidelines for endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer[J].? Digestive Endoscopy, 2016,28(1):3-15.
[26]KIM H W, KIM J H, PARK J C, et al. Additive endoscopic resection may be sufficient for patients with a positive lateral margin after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer[J].? Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2017,86(5):849-856.
[27]JEON M Y, PARK J C, HAHN K Y, et al. Long-term outcomes after noncurative endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer: the optimal time for additional endoscopic treatment[J].? Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2018,87(4):1003-1013.
[28]KIKUCHI D, IIZUKA T, HOTEYA S, et al. Safety and efficacy of secondary endoscopic submucosal dissection for residual gastric carcinoma after primary endoscopic submucosal dissection[J].? Digestion, 2012,86(4):288-293.
[29]BAE S Y, JANG T H, MIN B H, et al. Early additional endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients with positive lateral resection margins after initial endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer[J].? Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2012,75(2):432-436.
[30]HOTEYA S, IIZUKA T, KIKUCHI D, et al. Secondary endoscopic submucosal dissection for residual or recurrent tumors after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection[J].? Gastric Cancer, 2014,17(4):697-702.
[31]CHOI Y K, KIM D H, GONG E J, et al. Comparison between redo endoscopic treatment and surgery in patients with locally recurrent gastric neoplasms[J].? Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 2020,24(7):1489-1498.
[32]KIM T S, MIN B H, MIN Y W, et al. Long-term outcomes of additional endoscopic treatments for patients with positive la-teral margins after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer[J].? Gut and Liver, 2021. doi:10.5009/gnl210203.
[33]KIM T K, KIM G H, PARK D Y, et al. Risk factors for local recurrence in patients with positive lateral resection margins after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer[J].? Surgical Endoscopy, 2015,29(10):2891-2898.
[34]SEKIGUCHI M, SUZUKI H, ODA I, et al. Risk of recurrent gastric cancer after endoscopic resection with a positive lateral margin[J].? Endoscopy, 2014,46(4):273-278.
[35]KO W J, KIM Y M, YOO I K, et al. Clinical outcomes of minimally invasive treatment for early gastric cancer in patients beyond the indications of endoscopic submucosal dissection[J].? Surgical Endoscopy, 2018,32(9):3798-3805.
[36]MAYANAGI S, TAKAHASHI N, MITSUMORI N, et al. Sentinel node mapping for post-endoscopic resection gastric cancer: multicenter retrospective cohort study in Japan[J].? Gastric Cancer, 2020,23(4):716-724.
[37]HU D Y, WU J W, LI P, et al. Sentinel node navigation to treat early gastric cancer after non-curative endoscopic submucosal dissection: a case series[J].? Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine, 2021,7(1):65-68.
[38]MINASHI K, NIHEI K, MIZUSAWA J, et al. Efficacy of endoscopic resection and selective chemoradiotherapy for stage Ⅰ esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].? Gastroenterology, 2019,157(2):382-390.
[39]SUNAGAWA H, KINOSHITA T, KAITO A, et al. Additional surgery for non-curative resection after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric cancer: a retrospective analysis of 200 cases[J].? Surgery Today, 2017,47(2):202-209.
[40]KIM H S, AHN J Y, KIM S O, et al. Can further gastrectomy be avoided in patients with incomplete endoscopic resection[J]?? Surgical Endoscopy, 2017,31(11):4735-4748.
[41]TAKIZAWA K, HATTA W, GOTODA T, et al. Recurrence patterns and outcomes of salvage surgery in cases of non-curative endoscopic submucosal dissection without additional radical surgery for early gastric cancer[J].? Digestion, 2019,99(1):52-58.
[42]TIAN Y T, MA F H, WANG G Q, et al. Additional laparoscopic gastrectomy after noncurative endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: a single-center experience[J].? World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2019,25(29):3996-4006.
[43]CHU Y N, YU Y N, JING X, et al. Feasibility of endoscopic treatment and predictors of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer[J].? World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2019,25(35):5344-5355.
[44]LI L, LIU P W, WANG J, et al. Clinicopathologic characte-ristics and risk factors of lymph node metastasis in patients with early gastric cancer in the Wannan region[J].? Medical Science Monitor, 2020,26:e923525.
[45]YAMADA S, HATTA W, SHIMOSEGAWA T, et al. Different risk factors between early and late cancer recurrences in patients without additional surgery after noncurative endosco-pic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer[J].? Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2019,89(5):950-960.
[46]HATTA W, GOTODA T, OYAMA T, et al. A scoring system to stratify curability after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: “eCura system”[J].? The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2017,112(6):874-881.
[47]JUNG D H, HUH C W, KIM J H, et al. Risk-stratification model based on lymph node metastasis after noncurative endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer[J].? Annals of Surgical Oncology, 2017,24(6):1643-1649.
[48]NIWA H, OZAWA R, KURAHASHI Y, et al. The eCura system as a novel indicator for the necessity of salvage surgery after non-curative ESD for gastric cancer: a case-control study[J].? PLoS One, 2018,13(10):e0204039. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204039.
[49]KIM E R, LEE H, MIN B H, et al. Effect of rescue surgery after non-curative endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer[J].? The British Journal of Surgery, 2015,102(11):1394-1401.
[50]SANO T, SASAKO M, KINOSHITA T, et al. Recurrence of early gastric cancer. Follow-up of 1475 patients and review of the Japanese literature[J].? Cancer, 1993,72(11):3174-3178.
[51]IKEDA Y, SAKU M, KISHIHARA F, et al. Effective follow-up for recurrence or a second primary cancer in patients with early gastric cancer[J].? The British Journal of Surgery, 2005,92(2):235-239.
(本文編輯馬偉平)