湯霞峰

閱讀理解這一題型在英語(yǔ)高考試卷中占比極大，因此一直以來(lái)都有“成也閱讀，敗也閱讀”之說(shuō)。雖然說(shuō)詞匯是閱讀的基礎(chǔ)，有些同學(xué)以為只要詞匯量達(dá)標(biāo)，閱讀水平自然會(huì)提升。但是據(jù)筆者目前在高三英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)踐中發(fā)現(xiàn)，很大一部分同學(xué)詞匯量上去了，單詞認(rèn)識(shí)了，可閱讀理解的得分率依然很低?？梢?jiàn)出題人在限時(shí)閱讀中真正考查的并不只有詞匯能力，翻譯能力等語(yǔ)言理解能力，還有信息檢索和快速定位的能力。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，閱讀理解題型主要分為四類：主旨大意題，詞義猜測(cè)題，推理判斷題和細(xì)節(jié)理解題。從2022年新高考Ⅰ卷和Ⅱ卷來(lái)看，主旨大意題只占10%，詞義猜測(cè)已經(jīng)替換成推測(cè)所給詞的指代意義，細(xì)節(jié)理解題基本都是根據(jù)原文所給的細(xì)節(jié)推斷原文沒(méi)有明說(shuō)的新的結(jié)論。也就是說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)高考閱讀理解題中考查的最大比重是推理類題型，2022年全國(guó)Ⅰ卷更是如此，15道閱讀理解題推理判斷類題型有9道，比重高達(dá)60%。根據(jù)這一情況，本文試圖以2022年高考英語(yǔ)真題為例，介紹“KFC三步法”來(lái)解鎖推理類閱讀題。

一、題型特征

推理判斷題主要考查學(xué)生根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇邏輯聯(lián)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)的暗示，推敲言外之意或者作者的態(tài)度。這一類題型通常包括：細(xì)節(jié)推斷，作者或人物觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度，文章出處，詞義推測(cè)以及主旨大意推測(cè)等，常見(jiàn)的設(shè)問(wèn)關(guān)鍵詞包括：inferred/concluded，imply，suggest，intends to，attitude等。

e.g．

21. Where is the text probably taken from？（2022年新高考Ⅰ卷）

30. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph seven？（2022年新高考Ⅰ卷）

27. What can we learn about the author as a journalist？（2022年新高考Ⅱ卷）

35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest？（2022年新高考Ⅱ卷）

35. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy？ （2022年全國(guó)乙卷）

35. Which statement will the author probably agree with？ （2022年全國(guó)甲卷）

二、解題方法

對(duì)于這類題型，學(xué)生需要領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之意，從已知推斷出未知，切記一定要忠于原文，忠于主旨推理，不要借助想象和生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)隨意推測(cè)。為了讓考生突破這一類重難點(diǎn)題型，我們?cè)诖颂岢獽FC——Key word，F(xiàn)ind，Compare（一劃關(guān)鍵詞，二找答案所在原文的位置，三比較各選項(xiàng)得出答案）三步法讓考生們快速且準(zhǔn)確地應(yīng)對(duì)。接下來(lái)以2022年全國(guó)高考真題為例進(jìn)行解析說(shuō)明。

三、實(shí)例解析

［例1］新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷B篇——細(xì)節(jié)推斷

Like most of us，I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula（芝麻菜） was to make a nice green salad，rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed，the arugula went bad. Even worse，I had unthinkingly bought way too much； I could have made six salads with what I threw out．

24.What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story？

A. We pay little attention to food waste.

B. We waste food unintentionally at times．

C. We waste more vegetables than meat.

D. We have good reasons for wasting food．

這是一篇說(shuō)明文，文章指出了我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械氖澄锢速M(fèi)現(xiàn)象，并介紹華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官Curtin為解決食物浪費(fèi)問(wèn)題所做出的努力和行動(dòng)。根據(jù)應(yīng)對(duì)推理判斷題的KFC解題法，第一步是劃出題干所示的關(guān)鍵詞（Keyword）：the arugula story，第二步是找出關(guān)鍵詞在原文出現(xiàn)的位置（Find），可以定位答案就在本篇的第一段。這一步需要讀者通過(guò)讀懂第一段來(lái)推斷言外之意。文中提到“我”跟許多人一樣，有避免食物浪費(fèi)的意識(shí)，但有一次“我”用芝麻菜做了一份沙拉，因?yàn)榕笥蜒?qǐng)外出吃飯，將芝麻菜擱置在冰箱以至其變質(zhì)，更糟糕的是“我”一不小心材料買多了，以至造成了更大的浪費(fèi)。找到答案所在位置之后來(lái)到第三步比較各選項(xiàng)（Compare）。A選項(xiàng)說(shuō)pay little attention to food waste與原文第一句不符，C選項(xiàng)是無(wú)中生有，原文沒(méi)有提到浪費(fèi)vegetable和meat之間的比較。D選項(xiàng)說(shuō)我們有食物浪費(fèi)的正當(dāng)理由，這顯然是黑白顛倒，不合情理的表述。而B選項(xiàng)正是第一段這個(gè)芝麻菜故事的隱含意義——即使我們有不去浪費(fèi)食物的意識(shí)，但仍會(huì)在無(wú)意當(dāng)中造成食物浪費(fèi)，故選B。

［例2］新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷C篇——主旨大意推斷

Wendy Wilson，extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street，one of the first to embark on the project，said：“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”

Lynn Lewis，director of Notting Hill Pathways，said：“We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”

31.What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs？

A. It is well received.

B. It needs to be more creative．

C. It is highly profitable.

D. It takes ages to see the results．

這是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了一個(gè)旨在減少老年人孤獨(dú)感，改善老年人健康狀況的項(xiàng)目。第一步讀題干劃出關(guān)鍵詞（Keyword）——the project from the last two paragraph，第二步找出（Find）答案所在位置，定位到最后兩段，這兩段分別是Wendy和Lynn對(duì)于the project的積極評(píng)價(jià)，第三步比較（Compare）各選項(xiàng)，根據(jù)原文welcome the idea of the project，looking forward to the benefits and fun，we are happy to be taking part in the project，it will really help...等信息可以推測(cè)出A選項(xiàng)——它很受歡迎——正確，而B選項(xiàng)它需要更有創(chuàng)造性，C選項(xiàng)它是非常有利可圖的，和D選項(xiàng)它需要很多年才能看到成效，這三種表述都沒(méi)有依據(jù)。

［例3］全國(guó)甲卷B篇——詞義推斷

Ever since her childhood，Ginni，now 71，has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career（職業(yè)）as a professional dancer，she toured in the UK，but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest，she decided it was time to take the plunge．

After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts，Ginni began to travel the world，eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get lastminute cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego，the southernmost tip of the South American mainland. “I just decided I wanted to go”，she says. “I had no idea about what Id find there and I wasnt nervous，I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”

28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2？

A. Try challenging things.

B. Take a degree．

C. Bring back lost memories.

D. Stick to a promise．

這是一篇記敘文，主要介紹了71歲的Ginni Bazlinton從小就渴望旅行和探險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)她退休后她開(kāi)始周游世界，并在2008年開(kāi)始了前往南極洲的旅程。先劃出關(guān)鍵詞take the plunge in paragraph 2，再快速找到答案可能所在的位置，定位在劃線詞的前后兩句。Throughout her career（職業(yè)）as a professional dancer，she toured in the UK，but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest，she decided it was time to take the plunge. 該句的參考譯文為：她在作為專業(yè)舞者的職業(yè)生涯中也曾游覽英國(guó)，但她想探索更多的地方。當(dāng)她退出舞壇，兒子們都成家立業(yè)了，她決定是時(shí)候探險(xiǎn)了。從后一句“After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts，Ginni began to travel the world，eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. ”退休后拿新學(xué)位，環(huán)球旅行，再到日本和智利教英語(yǔ)可知，take the plunge是決定“嘗試有挑戰(zhàn)性的事情”，B選項(xiàng)拿到學(xué)位容易成為強(qiáng)大的干擾項(xiàng)，但概括不全面，C選項(xiàng)找回失去的記憶和D選項(xiàng)堅(jiān)守承諾都屬于無(wú)中生有，因此比較各選項(xiàng)后選A。

［例4］全國(guó)乙卷B篇——文體推斷

In 1916，two girls of wealthy families，best friends from Auburn，N. Y.--Dorothy Woodruff and Rosamond Underwood--traveled to a settlement in the Rocky Mountains to teach in a oneroom schoolhouse. The girls had gone to Smith College. They wore expensive clothes. So for them to move to Elkhead，Colo. to instruct the children whose shoes were held together with string was a surprise. Their stay in Elkhead is the subject of Nothing Daunted：The Unexpected Education of Two Society Girls in the West by Dorothy Wickenden，who is a magazine editor and Dorothy Woodruffs granddaughter．

In Wickendens book，she expanded on the history of the West and also on feminism，which of course influenced the girls decision to go to Elkhead. A hairraising section concerns the building of the railroads，which entailed （牽涉） drilling through the Rockies，often in blinding snowstorms. The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothys return to Auburn．

Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism （堅(jiān)忍） of the people move her to some beautiful writing. Here is a picture of Dorothy Woodruff...

27. What is the text？

A. A news report.______

B. A book review.

C. A childrens story.

D. A diary entry．

從題干關(guān)鍵詞the text來(lái)看該題是對(duì)文體類型的考查，需要考生整體掃讀全文，找到關(guān)涉文體的信息，再整合信息比較選項(xiàng)，最終得出正確答案。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“The book ends with Rosamond and Dorothys return to Auburn.”——這本書以Rosamond和Dorothy回到奧本結(jié)束，以及最后一段“Wickenden is a very good storyteller. The sweep of the land and the stoicism （堅(jiān)忍） of the people move her to some beautiful writing.”——Wickenden是個(gè)很會(huì)講故事的人。大地的遼闊和人們的堅(jiān)韌使她創(chuàng)作出了一些美麗的作品——由此可知該語(yǔ)篇簡(jiǎn)要介紹了Wickenden的書籍內(nèi)容，并對(duì)其進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)要的評(píng)價(jià)。最后比較各選項(xiàng)，A是新聞報(bào)道，C是兒童故事，D是日記，其中C選項(xiàng)干擾性較大，但文本中除了講述書中兩個(gè)孩子的故事，還有對(duì)故事和故事作者的評(píng)述，故選B書評(píng)。

［例5］新高考全國(guó)Ⅱ卷D篇——人物觀點(diǎn)

Dr.Nieca Goldberg，a spokeswoman for the American Heart?Association，says Levine's findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference．

35.What does Dr.Nieca Goldberg suggest？

A. Making use of the findings.

B. Interviewing the study participants．

C. Conducting further research.

D. Clarifying the purpose of the study．

從2022年高考真題題型分類來(lái)看，閱讀理解對(duì)人物觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度的推斷題考查比重越來(lái)越大，而這一題型用KFC三步法解鎖起來(lái)更高效。這是一篇說(shuō)明文，描述了人在年老之后，心臟的功能也會(huì)慢慢退化。而得克薩斯大學(xué)的心臟專家列文做了一項(xiàng)研究，闡述了運(yùn)動(dòng)的頻率和強(qiáng)度與心臟的健康狀況之間的關(guān)系。解答本題第一步劃定關(guān)鍵詞Dr.Nieca Goldberg，第二段找到關(guān)鍵詞在原文的位置，可以定位到文章最后一段。根據(jù)Dr.Nieca Goldberg所說(shuō)，“...says Levine's findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to...”——列文的發(fā)現(xiàn)是個(gè)偉大的開(kāi)始。但這一研究規(guī)模小，需要更多群體反復(fù)研究……，由此可知Dr.Nieca Goldberg建議進(jìn)行更深入的研究，即選項(xiàng)Conducting further research。A選項(xiàng)利用這些發(fā)現(xiàn)和B選項(xiàng)采訪參與研究的人員都屬于無(wú)中生有，D選項(xiàng)闡明研究的目的也不是他說(shuō)的重點(diǎn)。

總的來(lái)說(shuō)，要在閱讀理解中獲取高分就要掌握推理判斷題的解題技巧，考生需要遵循“KFC一劃二找三對(duì)照”三步法確定題干關(guān)鍵詞，找到關(guān)鍵詞在原文的位置并定位答案的具體信息，最后根據(jù)定位信息比較各選項(xiàng)答案，鎖定正確答案。在此過(guò)程中考生不可根據(jù)主觀臆測(cè)，也不可望文生義，需要在平時(shí)對(duì)于詞匯、語(yǔ)法和長(zhǎng)難句結(jié)構(gòu)的積累基礎(chǔ)之上，對(duì)文本進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的理解、判斷和推理，不得不說(shuō)這也是提升考生的語(yǔ)言理解能力，整合、概括和推理等高階思維能力的過(guò)程。

責(zé)任編輯吳昊雷