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      早熟柑橘新品種仁選早柑的選育

      2023-10-27 05:26:01姜波羅偉雄張艷珍馬崇堅(jiān)鐘云
      果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào) 2023年10期
      關(guān)鍵詞:早熟柑橘新品種

      姜波 羅偉雄 張艷珍 馬崇堅(jiān) 鐘云

      DOI:10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.20230236

      摘? ? 要:仁選早柑是從貢柑田間優(yōu)選單株中獲得的早熟柑橘新品種。在韶關(guān)地區(qū)種植,11月上中旬成熟,較貢柑早熟近1個(gè)月。果實(shí)近球形,平均單果質(zhì)量78.07 g,果形指數(shù)為0.84,果皮黃橙色,較易剝皮,囊瓣整齊,果肉中等橙色,脆嫩化渣。果實(shí)可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)為14.0%,維生素C含量(ρ)為356 mg?L-1,總酸含量為0.52%,總糖含量為11.2%。對(duì)黃龍病不具抗性,易感褐斑病。豐產(chǎn)性好,5年生樹(shù)產(chǎn)量18 750~37 500 kg?hm-2。

      關(guān)鍵詞:柑橘;新品種;仁選早柑;早熟

      中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):S666.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2023)10-2279-04

      A new early-ripening citrus cultivar Renxuanzaogan

      JIANG Bo1, 2, LUO Weixiong4, ZHANG Yanzhen5, MA Chongjian3, ZHONG Yun1, 2*

      (1Fruit Tree Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; 2Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China; 3Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512000, Guangdong, China; 4Shaoguan Agricultural Science and Technology Promotion Center, Shaoguan 512000, Guangdong, China; 5Renhua County Agricultural and Rural Development Service Center, Renhua 512000, Guangdong, China)

      Abstract: Gonggan is a local characteristic mandarin variety in Guangdong with a cultivation history of over 1100 years and a total cultivation area of approximately 26 667 m2. Breeding early maturing citrus varieties can solve the problem of inconsistent market quality caused by early harvest of citrus, and also avoid excessive concentration of market periods. In September 2017, Renxuanzaogan was found in an orchard where Gonggan was cultivated, in Renhua County, Shaoguan city by the Fruit Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan Agricultural Science and Technology Extension Center, and Renhua County Agricultural and Rural Development Service Center. After three consecutive years of observation on biological characteristics, it was proved that its maturity period was one month earlier than the control Gonggan, with significant and stable differences existing. The certificate of Plant New Variety Rights was issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2023 (CNA20201005931). As is similar to the control variety Gonggan, this variety is susceptible to citrus huanglongbing and citrus brown spot disease. The tree posture of Renxuanzaogan is open. The spring shoots have short spines, with a length of 0.10 cm. The leaf blade is broadly lanceolate, with wavy edges, leaf shape index of 2.07, petiole length of 0.85 cm, and narrow winged leaves. The flower is white with 5 petals, 1.32 cm in length and 0.59 cm in width, and 13-16 filaments, partially united. The anthers are light yellow, and the style is arched, higher than the stamens. The fruit is nearly spherical, with a single fruit weight of 78.07 g and a fruit shape index of 0.84. The fruit surface is glossy, with flat oil cells. The fruit skin is yellow orange, with a thickness of 0.15 cm, which is easy to peel off. The core is semi-plump, and the segments are semi-lunar and neat. The segment membrane is thin and easy to separate, and the juice sacs are compact and spindle-shaped. The flesh color is uniform, with a medium orange color. The fruit edible rate is 73.86%, the fruit juice content is 48.89%, the soluble solids content is 14.0%, the total acid content is 0.52%, the total sugar content is 112 g·kg-1, and the vitamin C content is 356 mg·L-1. The number of seeds per fruit is 3-10, with wedge-shaped seeds, white cotyledons, and multiple embryos. There is a significant difference in the genome between Renxuanzaogan and the control of Gonggan. Compared with the genome of Clementine, Renxuanzaogan was identified as 2 874 326 SNPs and 588 506 InDels, while Gonggan was identified as 2 726 005 SNPs and 579 333 InDels. The differences in SNPs and InDels between Renxuanzaogan and Gonggan were 881 840 and 172 838, respectively, accounting for 32.35% and 29.83% of the total SNPs and InDels identified in Gonggan. This variety is suitable for cultivation in Gonggan cultivation areas with an annual average temperature of over 20 ℃ in Guangdong and Guangxi. Seedling breeding can use rootstocks such as trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.), Suanju (Citrus reticulata Blanco), and Xiangcheng (C. junos). Planting disease-free container seedlings in new orchards can accelerate the formation of high-yield tree shapes. It is very important to prevent and control citrus huanglongbing. It is necessary to control the transmission of pests, such as citrus psyllid, whitefly and aphid during the shoot emergence period in spring, summer and autumn. When the temperature is between 20 ℃ and 28 ℃, the prevention and control of citrus brown spot disease is priority during the shoot emergence period in the rainy season.

      Key words: Citrus; New cultivar; Renxuanzaogan; Early-ripening

      貢柑是廣東省本地農(nóng)家種。史料記載,在廣東省四會(huì)市從唐代就有貢柑種植,距今1100多年[1]。目前,在廣東德慶、仁化及廣西鐘山等地,貢柑是主栽品種,總面積約2.67萬(wàn)hm2,是當(dāng)?shù)毓r(nóng)主要收入來(lái)源。

      貢柑果實(shí)近球形,果皮橙黃,果肉淡橙色,較易剝皮。11月上中旬進(jìn)入果實(shí)轉(zhuǎn)色期,此時(shí)果肉清甜,完熟后蜜味濃。受近年柑橘市場(chǎng)逐漸飽和的影響,多數(shù)本地主栽品種如砂糖橘、紅江橙等均在12月中旬開(kāi)始集中上市,柑橘售價(jià)出現(xiàn)下滑。貢柑因轉(zhuǎn)色期(市場(chǎng)稱(chēng)為“青果”)可上市,較其他中熟柑橘品種價(jià)格稍高。但“青果”隨著貢柑成熟期的變化,品質(zhì)極不一致,影響市場(chǎng)對(duì)貢柑的消費(fèi)信心,打壓后續(xù)上市成熟且優(yōu)質(zhì)貢柑的效益?,F(xiàn)有基于芽變選種的柑橘品種多集中于無(wú)核性狀,如華柑四號(hào)[2]等。同樣,貢柑品種,如華蜜無(wú)核貢柑[3]、無(wú)籽貢柑[4]等也多集中于無(wú)核或少核性狀,未見(jiàn)成熟期較貢柑提前的品種。因此,選育出早熟貢柑品種顯得尤為重要,是解決“青果”上市品質(zhì)不一的有效手段,也是避免上市期過(guò)于集中的有效途徑。

      1 選育過(guò)程

      2016年開(kāi)始,廣東省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院果樹(shù)研究所與韶關(guān)學(xué)院、韶關(guān)市農(nóng)業(yè)科技推廣中心、仁化縣農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村發(fā)展服務(wù)中心在韶關(guān)市聯(lián)合開(kāi)展貢柑優(yōu)異單株篩選。2017年9月在韶關(guān)市仁化縣下?tīng)I(yíng)村果園內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)一單株(編號(hào)G20170922)的果實(shí)較貢柑早轉(zhuǎn)色,即取其枝條與對(duì)照貢柑枝條同時(shí)嫁接于酸橘砧上。2018年4月將貢柑及單株G20170922種植于發(fā)現(xiàn)單株的同一果園內(nèi),2020年開(kāi)始結(jié)果,同時(shí)按照《植物新品種特異性、一致性和穩(wěn)定性測(cè)試指南 柑橘》(NY/T 2435—2013)開(kāi)展田間測(cè)試。經(jīng)過(guò)連續(xù)3 a(年)生物學(xué)特性觀察記錄,單株G20170922果實(shí)膨果期早、較貢柑早熟特性穩(wěn)定,定名仁選早柑,2023年獲得農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部頒發(fā)的植物新品種權(quán)證書(shū)(CNA20201005931)(圖1)。

      2 主要性狀

      2.1 植物學(xué)特征

      樹(shù)冠近圓形,樹(shù)姿開(kāi)張。春梢節(jié)間長(zhǎng)度1.40 cm,部分具短刺,刺長(zhǎng)0.10 cm。葉片闊披針形,波狀緣,葉形指數(shù)2.07,基部楔形,尖端漸尖具缺刻,葉柄長(zhǎng)0.85 cm,翼葉窄。花白色,花瓣5枚,長(zhǎng)1.32 cm,寬0.59 cm,花絲13~16條,部分聯(lián)合,花藥淡黃,花柱弓狀,高于雄蕊。

      2.2 物候期

      在韶關(guān),該品種3月上旬春梢抽發(fā),3月上中旬開(kāi)花,5月上中旬第一次生理落果,5月中下旬夏梢抽發(fā),8月上中旬秋梢抽發(fā),果實(shí)9月下旬至10月上旬轉(zhuǎn)色,11月上中旬成熟。豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn),5年生樹(shù)產(chǎn)量18 750~37 500 kg·hm-2。

      2.3 生長(zhǎng)結(jié)果特性

      果實(shí)近球形,平均單果質(zhì)量78.07 g,果形指數(shù)0.84,果基圓形,果頂平,乳突不明顯,果面有光澤,油胞平,果皮黃橙色,厚度0.15 cm,較易剝皮,果心半充實(shí),囊瓣半月形,整齊,9~12瓣,囊壁薄,較易分離,汁胞緊實(shí),紡錘形,果肉顏色均勻,橙色,脆嫩較化渣。可食率73.86%,果汁含量(w,后同)為48.89%,可溶性固形物含量為14.0%,總酸含量為0.52%,總糖含量為11.2%,維生素C含量(ρ)為356 mg?L-1(表1)。單果種子數(shù)3~10粒,種子楔形,子葉白色,多胚。

      2.4 抗逆性

      連續(xù)3 a區(qū)域試驗(yàn)表明,與對(duì)照品種貢柑一樣,該品種易感黃龍病,對(duì)褐斑病敏感。在網(wǎng)棚設(shè)施內(nèi)栽培時(shí),其產(chǎn)量較貢柑穩(wěn)定。

      3 全基因組重測(cè)序及分子鑒定

      3.1 全基因組重測(cè)序

      提取貢柑、仁選早柑基因組DNA,送北京百邁客生物科技有限公司(Biomarker Technologies)采用Illumina測(cè)序平臺(tái)進(jìn)行高通量測(cè)序,測(cè)序深度為10X,以克里曼丁橘(與貢柑同為橘橙雜交種)為參照,與克里曼丁橘基因組比較,仁選早柑鑒定出2 874 326個(gè)SNPs,588 506個(gè)InDels,貢柑則鑒定出2 726 005個(gè)SNPs,579 333個(gè)InDels(表2)。仁選早柑與貢柑二者間差異SNPs、InDels分別為881 840個(gè)、172 838個(gè),分別占貢柑鑒定出SNPs、InDels總數(shù)的32.35%、29.83%。可見(jiàn),仁選早柑與對(duì)照貢柑基因組間差異大。

      3.2 仁選早柑與貢柑的SSR分子鑒定

      提取仁選早柑與貢柑DNA,采用SSR方法并參照郭雁君等[5]的報(bào)道,引物為CMS30:F(5-AACACCCCTTGGAGGGAG-3),R(5-GCTGTTCACACACACAACCC-3)。如圖2所示,在200~300 bp之間,仁選早柑與對(duì)照貢柑PCR產(chǎn)物電泳條帶差異明顯。

      4 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)

      4.1 適栽區(qū)

      該品種適宜在廣東、廣西年均溫20 ℃以上的貢柑種植區(qū)域種植。建園應(yīng)選擇水源豐富的緩坡地,避免在低洼濕潤(rùn)的小盆地區(qū)域種植。為延緩柑橘黃龍病的傳播,優(yōu)選周邊無(wú)九里香、柑橘等蕓香科植物種植的區(qū)域建園,或設(shè)置適當(dāng)?shù)姆里L(fēng)林或防風(fēng)帶。苗木繁育可使用枳、酸橘、香橙等作砧木。新建果園種植無(wú)病容器大苗可加速形成豐產(chǎn)樹(shù)形,獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量。

      4.2 水肥管理

      幼齡樹(shù)施肥應(yīng)勤施薄施,促成樹(shù)冠。成年樹(shù)在夏梢抽發(fā)期加強(qiáng)樹(shù)體營(yíng)養(yǎng)管理,避免落果。

      4.3 病蟲(chóng)害防治

      做好柑橘黃龍病防控,并在春、夏、秋梢抽發(fā)期做好傳病蟲(chóng)媒介柑橘木虱、粉虱及蚜蟲(chóng)的防治。在新梢抽發(fā)期若遇雨季,尤其是氣溫處于20~28 ℃時(shí),應(yīng)注意加強(qiáng)柑橘褐斑病的防治。

      參考文獻(xiàn) References:

      [1] 甘廉生,葉自行,馬培恰,唐小浪,許建楷. 廣東的貢柑[J]. 中國(guó)南方果樹(shù),2008,37(5):5-6.

      GAN Liansheng,YE Zixing,MA Peiqia,TANG Xiaolang,XU Jiankai. Gonggan in Guangdong[J]. South China Fruits,2008,37(5):5-6.

      [2] 吳巨勛,張雅菁,伊華林,謝宗周,鄧秀新. 無(wú)核柑橘新品種華柑4號(hào)的選育[J]. 果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào),2022,39(3):495-498.

      WU Juxun,ZHANG Yajing,YI Hualin,XIE Zongzhou,DENG Xiuxin. Breeding report of a new seedless ponkan cultivar Huagan No. 4[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2022,39(3):495-498.

      [3] 秦永華,葉自行,胡桂兵,陳杰忠,徐超,李谷雨,林順權(quán). 柑橘新品種‘華蜜無(wú)核貢柑[J]. 園藝學(xué)報(bào),2014,41(6):1267-1268.

      QIN Yonghua,YE Zixing,HU Guibing,CHEN Jiezhong,XU Chao,LI Guyu,LIN Shunquan. ‘Huami Wuhe Gonggan,A new Citrus cultivar[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2014,41(6):1267-1268.

      [4] 吳文,黃永敬,馬培恰,唐小浪,易干軍,王平. 柑橘新品種‘無(wú)籽貢柑的選育[J]. 果樹(shù)學(xué)報(bào),2013,30(5):898-899.

      WU Wen,HUANG Yongjing,MA Peiqia,TANG Xiaolang,YI Ganjun,WANG Ping. Selection of a seedless citrus cultivar ‘Wuzi Gonggan[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2013,30(5):898-899.

      [5] 郭雁君,曾繼武,胡亞平,郭麗英,蔣惠,周希琴,吉前華. 基于SSR標(biāo)記的肇慶地區(qū)柑橘品種分類(lèi)地位研究[J]. 中國(guó)農(nóng)學(xué)通報(bào),2014,30(4):137-143.

      GUO Yanjun,ZENG Jiwu,HU Yaping,GUO Liying,JIANG Hui,ZHOU Xiqin,JI Qianhua. Classification of Zhaoqing local Citrus germplasm resources based on simple sequence repeat molecular marker analysis[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(4):137-143.

      收稿日期:2023-06-16 接受日期:2023-07-09

      基金項(xiàng)目:廣州市農(nóng)村科技特派員項(xiàng)目(20212100063);廣東省重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2018B020202009);廣東省柑橘杧果產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目(2023KJ108)

      作者簡(jiǎn)介:姜波,副研究員,碩士,主要從事柑橘等果樹(shù)新品種選育及栽培技術(shù)研究。Tel:13580522512,E-mail:13580522512@126.com

      通信作者 Author for correspondence. Tel:020-38765854,E-mail:zhongyun99cn@163.com

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