[摘要]目的評估定量腹腔積液預(yù)測急性胰腺炎(AP)嚴重程度的可靠性。
方法收集2018-2021年我院收治的273例AP病人,評估病人腹腔積液的發(fā)生情況并定量計算腹腔積液。收集病人的床旁急性胰腺炎嚴重程度指數(shù)(BISAP)評分、急性生理與慢性健康評估Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ)評分、CT嚴重程度指數(shù)(CTSI)。采用受試者工作特征曲線下面積(AUC)分析腹腔積液量及不同評分系統(tǒng)對AP嚴重程度的早期預(yù)測價值。
結(jié)果273例AP病人的腹腔積液發(fā)生率為23%。腹腔積液量與AP嚴重程度(χ2=35.88~156.21,P<0.001)及器官衰竭(t=5.00~12.14,P<0.001)有關(guān),與各評分系統(tǒng)之間存在正相關(guān)(r=0.546~0.716,P<0.001)。腹腔積液量預(yù)測重癥急性胰腺炎(SAP)的AUC、靈敏度、特異度分別為0.918、87.5%、94.0%;預(yù)測器官衰竭的AUC、靈敏度、特異度分別為0.815、70.8%、88.0%。腹腔積液量預(yù)測SAP的AUC高于BISAP評分、APACHE Ⅱ評分(Z=2.101、3.159,P<0.05)。
結(jié)論腹腔積液量與AP嚴重程度相關(guān),與臨床評分系統(tǒng)呈正相關(guān),定量腹腔積液可用于早期預(yù)測SAP及器官衰竭的發(fā)生,且預(yù)測SAP的效能高于臨床評分系統(tǒng)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]胰腺炎;腹水;體層攝影術(shù),X線計算機;器官衰竭;預(yù)測
[中圖分類號]R576;R442.5
[文獻標(biāo)志碼]A
[文章編號]2096-5532(2024)04-0518-05doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2024.60.139
[開放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識碼(OSID)]
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版]https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.r.20240930.0936.002;2024-09-3015:22:38
Value of peritoneal effusion quantitatively measured by abdominal computed tomography in predicting severe acute pancreatitisSONG Zhimin, CUI Jiufa, ZHU Qingyun, HU Bin, PAN Xinting(Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China); [Abstract]ObjectiveTo investigate the reliability of quantitative measurement of peritoneal effusion in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP).
MethodsA total of 273 patients with AP who were admitted to our hospital from 2018 to 2021 were enrolled to evaluate the onset of intra-abdominal fluid and quantitatively calculate the amount of peritoneal effusion. Related data were collected, including Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis (BISAP) score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score, and Computed Tomography Severity Index (CTSI). The receiver operating characte-
ristic (ROC) curve and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) were used to investigate the value of peritoneal effusion volume and different scoring systems in the early prediction of the severity of AP.
ResultsThe incidence rate of peritoneal effusion was 23% among the 273 AP patients. Peritoneal effusion volume was associated with the severity of AP (χ2=35.88-156.21,P<0.001) and organ failure (t=5.00-12.14,P<0.001) and was positively correlated with various scoring systems (r=0.546-0.716,P<0.001). Peritoneal effusion volume had an AUC of 0.918, a sensitivity of 87.5%, and a specificity of 94.0% in predicting severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and an AUC of 0.815, a sensitivity of 70.8%, and a specificity of 88.0% in predicting organ failure. Peritoneal effusion volume had a significantly larger AUC than BISAP score and APACHE Ⅱ score in predicting SAP (Z=2.101,3.159;P<0.05).
ConclusionPeritoneal effusion volume is associated with the severity of AP and is positively correlated with clinical scoring systems. Quantitative measurement of peritoneal effusion can be used to predict the onset of SAP and organ failure in the early stage, with a better efficacy than clinical scoring systems in predicting SAP.
[Key words]pancreatitis; ascites; tomography, X-ray computed; organ failure; forecasting
急性胰腺炎(AP)是常見的消化系統(tǒng)疾病,該病給病人帶來多種局部或全身并發(fā)癥[1-3]。AP的嚴重程度主要取決于全身炎癥反應(yīng)引起的器官衰竭及其持續(xù)時間[4-5]。早期重癥急性胰腺炎(SAP)和器官衰竭對AP的危險分層尤為重要。臨床上主要常用床旁急性胰腺炎嚴重程度指數(shù)(BISAP)評分[6-7]、急性生理和慢性健康檢查Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)評分[8]來評估和預(yù)測AP病人的嚴重程度,但APACHEⅡ評分最初用于重癥監(jiān)護病房病人病情的評估,而且它與BISAP評分系統(tǒng)需要大量的臨床數(shù)據(jù),在評估
SAP方面存在局限性[9-10],在臨床中應(yīng)用有限。腹部CT常用于診斷AP并確定AP的范圍,具有較高的準確性和敏感性,CT嚴重程度指數(shù)(CTSI)可以評估AP的嚴重程度,特別是AP的局部并發(fā)癥[9],然而造影劑可能會加重胰腺炎的病情[11]。腹腔積液作為AP的并發(fā)癥之一,其中含有大量細胞因子、血管活性物質(zhì)、胰酶等毒性物質(zhì),這些毒性物質(zhì)引起的連鎖反應(yīng)可加重AP的病情[12-14]。本研究基于腹部CT圖像評估AP病人腹腔積液的發(fā)生率,以及BISAP評分系統(tǒng)、APACHE Ⅱ評分系統(tǒng)和CTSI評分系統(tǒng),分析腹腔積液量與AP嚴重程度及器官衰竭的關(guān)系。
1資料與方法
1.1研究對象
收集2018年1月—2021年12月我院連續(xù)收治的273例AP病人的臨床資料。AP的診斷參照文獻[15-16]。納入標(biāo)準:①急性發(fā)病;②在早期進行腹部CT檢查;③臨床資料完整;④年齡在18~80歲的住院病人。排除標(biāo)準:①既往存在腹腔積液病史;②慢性胰腺炎。臨床基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)包括:住院時間、入院48 h BISAP評分、APACHEⅡ評分和Marshall評分等。APACHEⅡ評分分級為輕度(0~7分)和重度(≥8分)[9,16],BISAP評分分級為輕度(0~2分)和重度(≥3分)[17]。AP嚴重程度分級根據(jù)Atlanta分級(RAC分級)[18],其中器官功能障礙的診斷標(biāo)準基于改進的Marshall評分系統(tǒng)[1]。本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準,病人均簽署知情同意書。
1.2CT檢查
所有病人均使用CT掃描儀(東芝醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)Activion 16或西門子Somatom Definition Edge)進行CT檢查。腹部CT檢查的參數(shù)如下:120 kVp、200 mAs,探測器配置為64 mm×0.6 mm,矩陣 512×512,截面厚度5.0 mm,標(biāo)準重建算法。掃描范圍:膈肌圓頂至髂骨嵴。增強造影劑(碘普羅胺)的流量為3~5 mL/s。其中CTSI分級為輕度(0~3分)、中度(4~6分)和重度(7~10分)[19]。兩名不知臨床結(jié)果的放射科醫(yī)生對圖像進行分析,必要時在協(xié)商一致的情況下對圖像進行校正。使用CT圖像后處理站或3D-slicer(3D Slicer image computing platform|3D Slicer)[20-21]等開源軟件,標(biāo)記CT切片中所需測量區(qū)域的粗略輪廓,腹腔積液定義為該輪廓CT值在“0~30”之間的所有體素[22]。對所需體素進行渲染后,通過軟件進行建模,自動計算體積。見圖1、2。
1.3統(tǒng)計分析
采用SPSS 26.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行統(tǒng)計分析。計數(shù)資料以例數(shù)(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。計量資料以±s表示,組間比較采用兩獨立
樣本t檢驗。指標(biāo)間的相關(guān)性檢驗采用Spearman相關(guān)分析。采用受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線下面積(AUC)預(yù)測疾病的嚴重程度。以P<0.05為差異有顯著性。
2結(jié)果
2.1一般情況
本研究共納入273例病人,平均年齡(48.6±16.5)歲;其中男性174例,平均年齡(46.2±16.1)歲;女性99例,平均年齡(52.8±16.4)歲。AP原因:膽道113例(41.4%),高脂65例(23.8%),乙醇30例(11.0%),其他65例(23.8%)。AP程度:輕度180例(65.9%),中度69例(25.3%),重度24例(8.8%)。APACHEⅡ評分平均為(3.17±2.82)分(0~12分),其中輕度237例(86.8%),重度36例(13.2%)。BISAP評分平均為(0.73±0.97)分(0~4分),其中分級輕度256例(93.8%),重度17例(6.2%)。CTSI評分平均為(2.36±2.72)分(0~10分),其中輕度184例(67.4%),中度64例(23.4%),重度25例(9.2%)。平均住院時間(8.88±6.10)d(1~40 d)。其中器官衰竭48例(17.6%),死亡1例(0.4%)。
2.2腹腔積液量與各評分系統(tǒng)以及住院時間的相關(guān)性
本文273例AP病人中,63例觀察到腹腔積液,平均積液量為210 mL。腹腔積液量與CTSI評分(r=0.716,P<0.001)、BISAP評分(r=0.635,P<0.001)、APACHEⅡ評分(r=0.546,P<0.001)以及住院時間(r=0.657,P<0.001)呈正相關(guān)。
2.3不同評分系統(tǒng)各等級中腹腔積液的發(fā)生情況
不同評分系統(tǒng)各等級中腹腔積液的發(fā)生情況差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(χ2=35.88~156.21,P<0.001)。見表1。
2.4腹腔積液量與SAP和器官衰竭的關(guān)系
非SAP病人(即輕、中癥AP病人)腹腔積液量低于SAP病人(t=9.65,P<0.01),BISAP評分、APACHEⅡ評分、CTSI評分和住院時間也低于SAP病人(t=5.00~15.39,P<0.001)。無器官衰竭病人腹腔積液量低于有器官衰竭病人(t=12.13,P<0.01),BISAP評分、APACHEⅡ評分、CTSI評分和住院時間也低于有器官衰竭病人(t=9.75~12.14,P<0.001)。見表2。
2.5腹腔積液量及不同評分系統(tǒng)對SAP和器官衰竭的預(yù)測價值
腹腔積液量預(yù)測SAP的AUC、靈敏度、特異度分別為0.918、87.5%和94.0%,預(yù)測器官衰竭的AUC、靈敏度、特異度分別為0.815、70.8%、88.0%。腹腔積液量預(yù)測SAP的AUC高于BISAP評分和APACHE Ⅱ評分(Z=2.101、3.159,P<0.05)。見圖3、表3。
3討論
AP作為世界上常見的疾病之一,其發(fā)病率在世界范圍內(nèi)呈上升趨勢[23],其病死率在10%~15%之間[24],特別是SAP的病死率更可高達30%~50%[25]。早期、快速識別其病情嚴重程度及死亡風(fēng)
險具有重要意義。腹腔積液作為AP的并發(fā)癥之一,其中含有大量細胞因子、血管活性物質(zhì)、胰酶等毒性物質(zhì),這些毒性物質(zhì)引起的連鎖反應(yīng)是導(dǎo)致SAP早期多器官功能障礙綜合征和死亡的重要原因之一[12-14,26],但通過定量檢測腹腔積液來早期預(yù)測AP的嚴重程度的研究極少。
本研究結(jié)果表明,腹腔積液作為AP的并發(fā)癥之一,隨著AP的加重及器官衰竭的加重而加重,腹腔積液量也進一步增加,這與文獻報道的腹腔積液可作為判斷SAP的指標(biāo)[26]、是死亡率的重要預(yù)測因子[14]的結(jié)果相符。
本研究結(jié)果表明,腹腔積液量與現(xiàn)存的AP評分系統(tǒng)具有相關(guān)性,且較現(xiàn)存評分系統(tǒng)具有更高的準確性,這與SAMANTA等[14]的研究相似。對于預(yù)測SAP和器官衰竭,腹腔積液量為217.5 mL或更高時,對SAP的預(yù)測特異度(94.0%)高于BISAP評分、APACHEⅡ評分和CTSI評分;腹腔積液量為124.5 mL或者更高時,對器官衰竭的預(yù)測的特異度(88.0%)高于APACHEⅡ評分和CTSI評分。本研究所采用的腹腔積液定量方法避免了造影劑在AP早期應(yīng)用的危害[27],也避免了大量收集臨床數(shù)據(jù)帶來的偏倚[16]。腹腔積液的存在易于觀察,積液量可用影像操作系統(tǒng)直接或間接檢測,獲取方便。腹腔積液的定量檢測對于判斷AP病情嚴重程度具有重要意義。
本文研究還存在一些局限性。本文分析中選擇的是早期進行腹部CT檢查的病人,可能存在選擇偏倚。腹腔積液量與臨床預(yù)后相關(guān)實驗指標(biāo)(如C反應(yīng)蛋白水平、白細胞計數(shù)等)的關(guān)系在本研究未涉及,還需要進一步研究驗證。
綜上所述,AP病人腹部CT中常見的腹腔積液量與AP的嚴重程度相關(guān),與器官衰竭的嚴重程度相關(guān)。定量測量腹腔積液量可作為SAP和器官衰竭的早期預(yù)測指標(biāo)。
[參考文獻]
[1]GARG P K, SINGH V P. Organ failure due to systemic injury in acute pancreatitis[J]. Gastroenterology, 2019,156(7):2008-2023.
[2]BICZO G, VEGH E T, SHALBUEVA N, et al. Mitochond-
rial dysfunction, through impaired autophagy, leads to endoplasmic reticulum stress, deregulated lipid metabolism, and pancreatitis in animal models[J]. Gastroenterology, 2018,154(3):689-703.
[3]SZATMARY P, GRAMMATIKOPOULOS T, CAI W H, et al. Acute pancreatitis: diagnosis and treatment[J]. Drugs, 2022,82(12):1251-1276.
[4]CHEN C Y, HUANG Z X, LI H, et al. Evaluation of extrapancreatic inflammation on abdominal computed tomography as an early predictor of organ failure in acute pancreatitis as defined by the revised Atlanta classification[J]. Medicine, 2017,96(15):e6517.
[5]COLVIN S D, SMITH E N, MORGAN D E, et al. Acute pancreatitis: an update on the revised Atlanta classification[J]. Abdominal Radiology, 2020,45(5):1222-1231.
[6]COLUOGLU I, COLUOGLU E, BINICIER H C, et al. The role of the BISAP score in predicting acute pancreatitis severity
according to the revised Atlanta classification: a single tertiary care unit experience from Turkey[J]. Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica, 2021,84(4):571-576.
[7]HAGJER S, KUMAR N. Evaluation of the BISAP scoring system in prognostication of acute pancreatitis-A prospective observational study[J]. International Journal of Surgery, 2018,54(Pt A):76-81.
[8]LARVIN M, MCMAHON M J. APACHE-Ⅱ score for assessment and monitoring of acute pancreatitis[J]. Lancet,1989,2(8656):201-205.
[9]HARSHIT KUMAR A, SINGH GRIWAN M. A comparison of APACHE Ⅱ, BISAP, Ranson’s score and modified CTSI in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis based on the 2012 revised Atlanta Classification[J]. Gastroenterology Report, 2018,6(2):127-131.
[10]ZHOU H J, MEI X, HE X H, et al. Severity stratification and prognostic prediction of patients with acute pancreatitis at early phase: a retrospective study[J]. Medicine, 2019,98(16):e15275.
[11]PENG R, ZHANG L, ZHANG Z M, et al. Chest computed tomography semi-quantitative pleural effusion and pulmonary consolidation are early predictors of acute pancreatitis severity[J]. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery, 2020,10(2):451-463.
[12]MAYERLE J, SENDLER M, HEGYI E, et al. Genetics, cell biology, and pathophysiology of pancreatitis[J]. Gastroente-
rology, 2019,156(7):1951-1968.e1.
[13]GE P, LUO Y L, OKOYE C S, et al. Intestinal barrier da-
mage, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and acute lung injury: a troublesome trio for acute pancreatitis[J]. Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie, 2020,132:110770.
[14]SAMANTA J, RANA A, DHAKA N, et al. Ascites in acute pancreatitis: not a silent bystander[J]. Pancreatology: Official Journal of the International Association of Pancreatology, 2019,19(5):646-652.
[15]FOSTER B R, JENSEN K K, BAKIS G, et al. Revised Atlanta classification for acute pancreatitis: a pictorial essay-erratum[J]. Radiographics: a Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc, 2019,39(3):912.
[16]MEDEROS M A, REBER H A, GIRGIS M D. Acute pancreatitis: a review[J]. JAMA, 2021,325(4):382-390.
[17]ARIF A, JALEEL F, RASHID K. Accuracy of BISAP score in prediction of severe acute pancreatitis[J]. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019,35(4):1008-1012.
[18]BANKS P A, BOLLEN T L, DERVENIS C, et al. Classification of acute pancreatitis: 2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus[J]. Gut, 2013,62(1):102-111.
[19]ALBERTI P, PANDO E, MATA R, et al. Evaluation of the modified computed tomography severity index (MCTSI) and computed tomography severity index (CTSI) in predicting severity and clinical outcomes in acute pancreatitis[J]. Journal of Digestive Diseases, 2021,22(1):41-48.
[20]FEDOROV A, BEICHEL R, KALPATHY-CRAMER J, et al. 3D Slicer as an image computing platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network[J]. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2012,30(9):1323-1341.
[21]PINTER C, LASSO A, FICHTINGER G. Polymorph segmentation representation for medical image computing[J]. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 2019,171:19-26.
[22]KERSCHBAUM M, SCHURR L A, RIEDL M, et al. Clinical value of CT for differentiation between ascites and hemorrhage: an experimental In-vitro study[J]. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2020,10(1):76.
[23]BOXHOORN L, VOERMANS R, BOUWENSE S, et al. Acute pancreatitis[J]. The Lancet, 2020,396:726-734.
[24]LEE P J, PAPACHRISTOU G I. New insights into acute pancreatitis[J]. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2019,16(8):479-496.
[25]SCHEPERS N J, BAKKER O J, BESSELINK M G, et al. Impact of characteristics of organ failure and infected necrosis on mortality in necrotising pancreatitis[J]. Gut, 2019,68(6):1044-1051.
[26]BUSH N, RANA S S. Ascites in acute pancreatitis: clinical implications and management[J]. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 2022,67(6):1987-1993.
[27]XIAO B, XU H B, JIANG Z Q, et al. Current concepts for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery, 2019,9(12):1973-1985.
(本文編輯周曉彬)