摘要: 為改善我國(guó)亞熱帶桉樹人工林土壤磷(P)供應(yīng)不足的狀況,該研究利用生物質(zhì)炭(BC)作為土壤改良劑,以桉樹人工林(林齡為15年)土壤為研究對(duì)象,通過室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn),分別加入不同用量 [0(CK)、2%、5%、10%和20%]的BC,重點(diǎn)探究不同用量BC對(duì)土壤P組分及轉(zhuǎn)化的影響及其與土壤理化性質(zhì)之間的關(guān)系。結(jié)果表明:(1)與CK相比,20%的BC添加量顯著提高了土壤硝態(tài)氮(NO3--N)、全磷(TP)、微生物生物量磷(MBP)含量和pH值(P<0.05),而2%、5%和10%的BC添加量?jī)H顯著提高了MBP和pH值(P<0.05),對(duì)其他土壤理化指標(biāo)無顯著影響。(2)與CK相比,2%的BC添加量顯著提高了易利用性磷(LP)(P<0.05),5%和10%的BC添加量顯著提高了速效磷(AP)和LP(P<0.05),20%的BC添加量顯著提高了AP、LP和難利用性磷(OP)(P<0.05),但中等程度利用性磷(MP)在4種BC添加量下均無顯著變化。(3)與C、N和P轉(zhuǎn)化相關(guān)的β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、蛋白酶(LAP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性均在10%和20%的BC添加量下顯著高于CK(P<0.05)。(4)相關(guān)分析結(jié)果表明,ln(BG)和ln(NAG+LAP)均與ln(ACP)呈顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.05);冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明,pH、TN和TP是驅(qū)動(dòng)桉樹人工林土壤P組分變化的最主要因素;結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型(structural equation model,SEM)進(jìn)一步表明,pH、C∶P和N∶P是驅(qū)動(dòng)土壤P轉(zhuǎn)化的最關(guān)鍵因子。綜上所述,不同用量BC主要通過影響土壤理化性質(zhì)提高與C、N循環(huán)相關(guān)的酶活性,并在一定程度上改善桉樹人工林土壤的P供應(yīng)潛力,其中以高濃度BC添加量(20%)的效果最佳。該研究對(duì)指導(dǎo)我國(guó)桉樹人工林土壤養(yǎng)分管理及促進(jìn)林業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要意義。
關(guān)鍵詞: 生物質(zhì)炭, 桉樹人工林, 土壤磷組分, 土壤酶活性, 亞熱帶
中圖分類號(hào): Q948文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: A文章編號(hào): 1000-3142(2024)07-1257-12
Effects of biochar addition on soil phosphorus compositionand transformation in Eucalyptus plantation
YE Xiaomin1, GAO Guannü1, ZHANG Wen1, YOU Yeming1,2, HUANG Xueman1,2*
( 1. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; 2. GuangxiYouyiguan Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Youyiguan Forest Ecosystem Observation andResearch Station of Guangxi, Pingxiang 532600, Guangxi, China )
Abstract: In order to improve the phosphorus (P) deficiency in the soil of Eucalyptus plantations in subtropical China, we used biochar (BC) as a soil amendment to investigate the soil of Eucalyptus plantations (15 years old). Meanwhile, we added the different amounts [0 (CK), 2%, 5%, 10% and 20%] of BC through the laboratory culture experiment to evaluate the effects of different amounts of BC on P components and transformation in soil and its relationship with soil physicochemical properties. The results were as follows: (1) Compared to CK, the nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), total phosphorus (TP), microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) and pH values were significantly increased at 20% BC addition, respectively (P<0.05), the MBP and pH values were significantly increased at 2%, 5%, and 10% BC addition, respectively (P<0.05), while no marked difference was found in other soil physicochemical properties. (2) Compared to CK, the labile P (LP) was significantly increased at 2% of BC addition (P<0.05), the available P (AP) and LP were significantly increased at 5% and 10% of BC additions, respectively (P<0.05). Moreover, the AP, LP and occluded P (OP) were significantly increased at 20% BC addition (P<0.05), whereas the moderately available P (MP) had no significant change under the four BC additions. (3) The total activities of β-glucosidase (BG), β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), L-leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) involved in C, N and P transformations increased significantly at 10% and 20% BC additions than those in CK (P<0.05). (4) Correlation analysis showed that ln(BG) and ln(NAG+LAP) were positively correlated with ln(ACP), respectively (P<0.05). In addition, redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that pH, TN and TP appeared to be the primary drivers of variations in soil P components of Eucalyptus plantations. Furthermore, structural equation model (SEM) revealed that the pH, C∶P and N∶P of soil were the most critical factors driving P transformation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that different amounts of BC improve the enzyme activities related to C, N cyclings by affecting soil physicochemical properties and improving the P supply potential of soil in Eucalyptus plantations. Notably, 20% BC addition had the optimum effect. This study provides critical theoretical guidance for gaining knowledge on soil nutrient management in Eucalyptus plantations and facilitating the sustainable development of forests in subtropical China.
Key words: biochar, Eucalyptus plantation, soil phosphorus component, soil enzyme activity, subtropics
磷(phosphorus,P)是植物生活史中必不可少的礦質(zhì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素之一(曹娟等,2014),參與植物體內(nèi)糖、蛋白質(zhì)和葉綠素等物質(zhì)的合成,還以多種方式參與植物從個(gè)體發(fā)生到自然死亡所經(jīng)歷的全部生理生化過程,而土壤中的P是植物獲取P的來源,其形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)直接影響土壤P的生物有效性(李新樂等,2015)。P在土壤中的形態(tài)分為無機(jī)磷(inorganic phosphorus,Pi)和有機(jī)磷(organic phosphorus,Po)兩種(高藝倫等,2022)。Pi多以正磷酸鹽的形態(tài)存在,在我國(guó)以侵蝕性紅壤酸性土為主的南方地區(qū),其大多與Fe、Al結(jié)合形成難以被植物吸收的磷酸鹽。Po在全球范圍的土壤P庫中儲(chǔ)量豐富,占總P的15%~80%,但卻需經(jīng)過生物礦化轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槿芙饬姿猁}才能被植物吸收利用(Achat et al., 2009)。由于亞熱帶地區(qū)具有多雨的氣候條件,會(huì)使土壤中的有效性P出現(xiàn)“淋溶”現(xiàn)象并隨著下滲水大量流失,導(dǎo)致土壤P供應(yīng)不足(Zhang et al., 2021)。因此,長(zhǎng)期以來P被認(rèn)為是限制該區(qū)域人工林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)力及可持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)的最關(guān)鍵因子之一(Crous et al., 2015),深入研究亞熱帶人工林土壤P組分變化趨勢(shì)和轉(zhuǎn)化機(jī)制有助于提高土壤P的有效性,并有益于維持生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)力和生態(tài)過程的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
生物質(zhì)炭(biochar,BC)是生物質(zhì)在無氧或缺氧條件下熱解轉(zhuǎn)化的產(chǎn)物(劉亦陶等,2019)。研究表明,BC作為一種新材料,在人為輸入土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)后,可以有效改良土壤和提升地力(郜禮陽等,2021);BC的多孔性有利于土壤孔隙度的增加和土壤容重的降低(趙澤州等,2021),其巨大的比表面積可釋放大量電荷,有效吸附N、P等元素,促進(jìn)土壤養(yǎng)分的固持(武玉等,2014);BC即使在施用量較低的情況下,仍具有較強(qiáng)的維持土壤生產(chǎn)力與肥力的能力(Schulz et al., 2013)。此外,BC對(duì)Ca2+、Fe3+、Al3+等陽離子的吸附作用,能降低陽離子與P素的結(jié)合,提高土壤中有效P的含量(Liu et al., 2017)。Xu 等(2014)通過評(píng)估4種生物炭施用量(0、1%、5%和10%,w/w)對(duì)土壤P的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)施用BC可以改變土壤P的吸附和解吸能力,從而改變土壤P的有效性。BC添加不僅能直接增加土壤中的有效P含量,還能改變土壤理化性質(zhì)和微生物群落,進(jìn)而影響土壤P的吸附和礦化(Kloss et al., 2014)。Pandit 等(2018)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著BC的添加,土壤pH值增加,土壤礦物表面負(fù)電荷增加,對(duì)P的吸附減少,土壤P素有效性增加。此外,BC能影響微生物活性,促進(jìn)P在土壤中的礦化(Li et al., 2019),其原因可能包括:(1) BC表面活性官能團(tuán)能夠增強(qiáng)其與土壤之間的相互作用,為參與土壤養(yǎng)分循環(huán)過程的微生物營(yíng)造適宜的棲息空間(趙澤州等,2021);(2) BC能增加土壤有機(jī)碳含量,進(jìn)而提高土壤微生物活性(Demisie et al., 2014)。而土壤酶活性是評(píng)價(jià)土壤質(zhì)量和土壤微生物活性的重要指標(biāo)之一(Liu et al., 2017)。因此,探究不同用量BC輸入對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分和土壤酶活性的影響,進(jìn)而分析P組分的變化和轉(zhuǎn)化過程,這對(duì)于改進(jìn)BC施用方法、增加土壤有效P含量、減少P損失、提高土壤質(zhì)量并維持人工林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性等方面具有重要意義。
桉樹(Eucalyptus)由于具有生長(zhǎng)快、用途多、經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值高和適應(yīng)性廣等特點(diǎn),在南方地區(qū)被大量種植,為我國(guó)林業(yè)生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)(王敏等,2021)。然而,桉樹人工林的廣泛種植和多代連栽極易導(dǎo)致土壤板結(jié)、通氣性差和肥力急劇下降等問題,嚴(yán)重影響了土壤質(zhì)量和人工林的可持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)(溫遠(yuǎn)光等,2019)。Costa 等(2016)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),有效P庫受Pi溶解和Po礦化的影響,在缺P的桉樹林地或低P肥供應(yīng)的栽培條件下存在有效P缺乏現(xiàn)象。盡管桉樹人工林可以通過添加P肥顯著提高其增長(zhǎng)率(Valadares et al., 2020),但過度施加P肥會(huì)造成土壤P盈余,并隨降雨或地表徑流進(jìn)入河流湖泊,這樣在浪費(fèi)資源的同時(shí)也會(huì)造成環(huán)境污染(吉慶凱等,2021)。目前已有施用BC改變土壤P有效性的報(bào)道(Xu et al., 2014),但有關(guān)BC對(duì)亞熱帶桉樹人工林土壤P形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換的影響及其調(diào)控機(jī)理仍知之甚少(Foltran et al., 2019),并且對(duì)BC添加量與土壤P轉(zhuǎn)化之間特定的相互作用研究相對(duì)缺乏,極大地限制了BC在該地區(qū)的應(yīng)用與推廣。因此, 本研究以亞熱帶長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)營(yíng)的桉樹人工林土壤(紅壤)作為研究對(duì)象,采用室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn),擬重點(diǎn)探究不同用量BC對(duì)桉樹人工林土壤P組分變化的影響,并初步闡明BC調(diào)控土壤P轉(zhuǎn)化的主要路徑及其關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動(dòng)因子,為提升桉樹人工林土壤P有效性的BC施用量的選擇提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1材料與方法
1.1 供試材料與試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
研究區(qū)位于中國(guó)廣西壯族自治區(qū)憑祥市內(nèi)中國(guó)林科院熱帶林業(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中心(106°51′—106°53′ E、22°02′—22°04′ N)哨平林場(chǎng),屬于亞熱帶區(qū),為典型的亞熱帶季風(fēng)氣候,光照充足,年平均氣溫為20.5~21.7 ℃。降雨集中在每年的4—9月,年平均降雨量約為1 401 mm,雨季高溫多雨,雨熱同期。該地區(qū)的主要地貌類型為低山丘陵,土壤類型主要是由花崗巖經(jīng)高溫與干濕交替條件下風(fēng)化后形成的酸性紅壤。
基于碳化溫度大于600 ℃時(shí)BC中的P具有更穩(wěn)定的熱化學(xué)性質(zhì)(Johan et al., 2021),本試驗(yàn)選擇碳化溫度為600 ℃條件下用水稻秸稈所制得的生物質(zhì)炭作為試驗(yàn)的添加材料,隨機(jī)采集桉樹人工林(林齡15年)的表層(0~10 cm)土壤作為供試土樣,BC和供試土壤的基本理化性質(zhì)詳見表1。將采集的土壤(約30 kg)風(fēng)干后過2 mm篩,裝袋備用。采用室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)試驗(yàn),共設(shè)置5種BC添加量處理,分別是0(CK)、2%(2B)、5%(5B)、10%(10B)和20%(20B),每組處理5個(gè)重復(fù)。BC與土壤充分混勻后裝入培養(yǎng)瓶(容量為125 mL,具有透氣蓋)中,并經(jīng)壓實(shí)接近野外林地的土壤容重,放置于恒溫(25 ℃)培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)進(jìn)行暗培養(yǎng),培養(yǎng)過程中適時(shí)加水,使土壤樣品保持最大持水量的40%,培養(yǎng)1年后測(cè)定土壤理化性質(zhì)、P組分和酶活性等指標(biāo)。
1.2 試驗(yàn)方法
土壤容重、最大持水量等用環(huán)刀法測(cè)定(劉光菘,1996);用于測(cè)定土壤pH的土壤和水的質(zhì)量比為1∶2.5;土壤樣品的總有機(jī)碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)采用重鉻酸鉀-硫酸外加熱法測(cè)定(Nelson & Sommers, 1982);土壤總氮(total nitrogen,TN)采用凱氏定氮法進(jìn)行測(cè)定;銨態(tài)氮(NH4+-N)和硝態(tài)氮(NO3--N)的測(cè)定是將50 mL的CaCl2(0.01 mol·L-1)浸提液加入相當(dāng)于10 g干重的鮮土后得到待測(cè)液,測(cè)定儀器是連續(xù)流動(dòng)分析儀(黃雪蔓等,2014)。土壤全磷(total phosphorus,TP)采用HClO4-H2SO4消解(Vance et al., 1987),使用鉬銻抗比色法進(jìn)行測(cè)定(Murphy & Riley, 1962)。
采用氯仿-熏蒸浸提法測(cè)定土壤微生物生物量磷(MBP)(Vance et al., 1987),稱取土壤樣品(5 g) 3份,第1、第2份做熏蒸和未熏蒸進(jìn)行對(duì)比處理,第3份未熏蒸土壤加入250 μL KH2PO4(250 mol·mL-1),3份土壤經(jīng)處理后加入40 mL NaHCO3(0.5 mol·mL-1)浸提液,采用鉬銻抗比色法進(jìn)行測(cè)定(Murphy & Riley, 1962)。
采用熒光微平板法測(cè)定參與土壤C、N和P循環(huán)相關(guān)的土壤酶活性(Saiya-Cork et al., 2002)。稱取相當(dāng)于1.25 g干重的鮮土,加入125 mL超純水,在4 ℃條件下,在微型攪拌機(jī)下攪拌55 s,制成均質(zhì)土壤懸液,每個(gè)樣品設(shè)置8個(gè)重復(fù),加入酶底物后在25 ℃培養(yǎng)箱中恒溫暗培養(yǎng)4 h,之后使用酶標(biāo)儀(波長(zhǎng)365~450 nm)測(cè)定。所有總的酶活性單位統(tǒng)一為nmol·h-1·g-1,測(cè)定的酶種類、功能及底物信息詳見表2。
采用Hedley法對(duì)土壤P進(jìn)行分級(jí)(張林等,2009)。其主要特點(diǎn)是同時(shí)兼顧了Pi和Po兩種P組分的分級(jí)提取,將土壤中P組分分為7種,即樹脂交換態(tài)P(Resin-P)、活性態(tài)P(NaHCO3-P)、微生物細(xì)胞P(Microbial-P)、NaOH溶性P(NaOH-P)、土壤團(tuán)聚體內(nèi)P(超聲波分散/NaOHs-P)、磷灰石型P(HCl-P)和殘留P(Residual-P),7種P組分均采用鉬銻抗比色法測(cè)定(Demisie et al., 2014)。同時(shí),將以上7種P組分歸納為能被植物直接吸收的速效P(available phosphorus,AP)、易利用性P(labile phosphorus,LP)、中等程度利用性P(moderately available phosphorus,MP)和難利用性P(包裹P)(occluded phosphorus,OP)四類(Yang & Post, 2011)。其中,將Resin-P歸為AP;NaHCO3-P和Microbial-P歸為L(zhǎng)P;將NaOH-P歸為中等程度MP;將NaOHs-P、HCl-P和Residual-P歸為OP。
1.3數(shù)據(jù)處理
在統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件SPSS 25.0(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)上,采用單因素方差分析(one-way,ANOVA)添加不同用量BC的土壤理化性質(zhì)、MBP、土壤P組分和土壤酶活性的差異,采用最小顯著差異法(LSD)比較均值之間的差異程度,顯著水平全部設(shè)置為P<0.05;使用Pearson相關(guān)性分析方法對(duì)酶化學(xué)計(jì)量之間的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行研究;使用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)方法區(qū)分不同用量BC添加后土壤P組分的變化,并通過冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)確定影響土壤P組分變化的主要因素,PCA和RDA分析均在統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件Canoco 5.0(Biometris-Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands)上完成;采用結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型(structural equation model,SEM)構(gòu)建添加不同用量BC影響ACP轉(zhuǎn)化的調(diào)控路徑,分析過程在Amos 24.0程序(SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL)上完成。在軟件Sigma Plot 12.0和Microsoft Office Visio 2007上完成所有的作圖。
2結(jié)果與分析
2.1 不同用量生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)土壤理化性質(zhì)的影響
不同用量BC的添加使得桉樹人工林的土壤pH、SOC、TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TP和MBP均發(fā)生不同程度的變化。由表3可知,與CK相比,在4種BC添加量(2%、5%、10%和20%)下土壤的pH分別顯著提高了10.1%、20.8%、24.8%和40.1%(P<0.05);在20% 添加量下NO3--N和TP分別顯著增加了51.6%和110.7%(P<0.05);MBP在4種BC添加量下也分別顯著增加了149.7%、258.7%、205.4%和350.5%(P<0.05)。與CK相比,4種比例BC添加量下的SOC和TN均無顯著變化。
2.2 不同用量生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)土壤P組分的影響
與CK相比,4種BC添加量下,AP有所提高且在10%與20%添加量下達(dá)到顯著水平,分別提高了10.0%和24.9%(圖1:A);在2%、5%、10%與20%的BC添加量下,LP分別顯著提高了1.6%、5.4%、14.9%和22.4%(圖1:B),而MP均無顯著影響(圖1:C);在20% BC添加量下,OP顯著提高了42.5%(圖1:D)(P<0.05)。
2.3 不同用量生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)土壤酶活性及酶化學(xué)計(jì)量比的影響
與CK相比,BG在4種BC添加量下分別顯著提高了63.8%、68.0%、80.8%和131.8%(圖2:A)(P<0.05);NAG在2%、10%和20%的BC添加量下分別顯著提高了14.1%、15.3%和30.6%(圖2:B)(P<0.05);LAP在5%、10%和20%的BC添加量下分別顯著提高了160.0%、90.3%和231.0%(圖2:C)(P<0.05);ACP在10%和20%的BC添加量下顯著提高了17.2%和44.4%(圖2:D)(P<0.05)。
由圖3可知,ln(BG)和ln(NAG+LAP)均與ln(ACP)呈現(xiàn)顯著線性正相關(guān)(P<0.05)。
2.4 不同用量生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)土壤P組分及轉(zhuǎn)化的影響
由圖4可知,與CK相比,5%、10%和20%的BC添加量下,P組分發(fā)生不同程度的變化,被第一主軸明顯區(qū)分開,但2% BC添加量的P組分變化較小,僅被第二主軸區(qū)分開。通過RDA程序?qū)?2個(gè)主要環(huán)境因子進(jìn)行排序后確定pH(F=66.6,P=0.002)、TN(F=6.1,P=0.002)和TP(F=4.1,P=0.012)是影響P組分的最關(guān)鍵因子,分別解釋了P組分變化的74.3%、5.6%和3.3%。
結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型(SEM)表明,不同添加量生物質(zhì)炭(biochar amounts,BA)對(duì)土壤pH、土壤養(yǎng)分化學(xué)計(jì)量比(C∶P和N∶P)產(chǎn)生顯著影響,并最終驅(qū)動(dòng)了P的轉(zhuǎn)化(ACP);模型解釋了P轉(zhuǎn)化的72.4%的變異(χ2=7.530, P=0.582, CMIN/df=0.830, NFI=0.964, CFI=1.000, RMSEA<0.050)(圖5:A)。BA、pH以及土壤C∶P對(duì)ACP活性有直接的正效應(yīng),而土壤N∶P對(duì)ACP活性則有直接的負(fù)效應(yīng),各因素對(duì)P轉(zhuǎn)化的總體影響為BA>N∶P>C∶P>pH(圖5:B)。
3討論
3.1 不同用量生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)土壤理化性質(zhì)及P組分的影響
大部分BC通過植物生物質(zhì)熱解制備得到,因此植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育所需的諸多營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素基本有所保存,其次受到濃縮效應(yīng)的影響,BC的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素含量較高,因此可作為良好的土壤改良劑。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BC的輸入不僅能改變土壤的物理性質(zhì)(如孔隙度、通氣性和含水量等)(Oguntunde et al., 2008;田丹等,2013),也能對(duì)土壤的化學(xué)性質(zhì)(如SOC、TN、TP和pH值等)產(chǎn)生不同程度的影響(Schneider & Haderlein, 2016)。本研究中,隨著不同用量BC的添加,桉樹人工林土壤中TP含量?jī)H在20%的添加量下效果達(dá)到顯著,可能是BC輸入促進(jìn)土壤TP中P組分向易被植物吸收的AP、LP轉(zhuǎn)化,從而提高土壤中P的有效性。MBP是土壤中重要的活性磷源,能在一定程度上反映土壤供磷能力(宋凱悅等,2021)。本研究中,不同用量BC的添加均能顯著提高M(jìn)BP含量,表明BC的輸入能顯著促進(jìn)土壤中TP向MBP的轉(zhuǎn)化。一方面,可能是因?yàn)锽C孔隙發(fā)達(dá)且比表面積較大,利于微生物的繁殖生長(zhǎng),微生物驅(qū)動(dòng)下有機(jī)P和已礦化無機(jī)P的同化作用促進(jìn)了MBP含量的增加(李渝等,2019);另一方面,微生物利用生物炭中的有機(jī)碳或其他有效營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行生長(zhǎng),可以部分解釋所觀察到的微生物生物量的增加(Lehmann et al., 2011)。此外,不同用量BC雖然對(duì)土壤的TN沒有顯著影響,但NO3--N含量隨BC輸入量的增加而呈上升趨勢(shì),尤其在20%的添加量下NO3--N含量達(dá)到顯著水平,這在Anderson 等(2011)的試驗(yàn)中也得到了證實(shí)。原因可能是BC輸入土壤后通過釋放特定揮發(fā)性有機(jī)物質(zhì)、 吸附土壤硝化抑制劑和N素物質(zhì)、改變土壤理化性質(zhì)等影響土壤的亞硝酸氧化作用以及氨氧化作用。
基于Hedley P分級(jí)方法中不同的P組分在土壤中對(duì)微生物與植物的可利用程度以及賦存狀態(tài)存在差異,進(jìn)而結(jié)合現(xiàn)有的分類方法,本研究將P組分歸納為AP、LP、MP和OP 4種,其中AP、LP和MP為較易被植物吸收利用的P,可作為有效P源,OP儲(chǔ)存在土壤礦物或團(tuán)聚體內(nèi)部,為植物和微生物一般難以接觸和利用的P。大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn)土壤P轉(zhuǎn)化受土壤理化性質(zhì)和環(huán)境條件的交互影響(劉建玲和張鳳華,2000;李利霞等,2022)。本研究中,添加不同用量BC對(duì)P組分產(chǎn)生不同程度的影響。冗余分析發(fā)現(xiàn),P組分與土壤基本理化性質(zhì)存在一定的相關(guān)性且pH是影響土壤P組分發(fā)生變化的最關(guān)鍵因素之一。這與田沐雨等(2020)的研究結(jié)論一致,可能是BC的添加可以產(chǎn)生積極的“石灰效應(yīng)”,更高的土壤pH可以增加微生物的生物量和活性,并最終影響土壤P的轉(zhuǎn)化。P有效性的提高是BC對(duì)土壤中P形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化的主要表現(xiàn)形式,AP和LP含量會(huì)隨著BC添加量的增加而增加,其中AP在10%和20%濃度時(shí)與CK相比均達(dá)到顯著水平,LP在不同BC添加量下均顯著提高,這表明不同用量BC的輸入,對(duì)土壤P的溶解性產(chǎn)生影響(Gundale & Deluca, 2007), 促使閉蓄態(tài)P轉(zhuǎn)化為有效態(tài)P(才吉卓瑪?shù)龋?014)。BC提高土壤有效態(tài)P的主要原因可能包括: (1) BC中包含的可溶性P鹽殘留在輸入土壤后,成為土壤可溶性P鹽和可交換性P的直接來源(Gundale & Deluca, 2006);(2)當(dāng)土壤pH值隨著BC的增加而增加時(shí),土壤礦物表面負(fù)電荷的增加會(huì)導(dǎo)致P吸附的減少,并且施用BC可能會(huì)促進(jìn)活性金屬氧化物組分中P的解吸,從而提高了土壤的P有效性(Hosseini et al., 2015);(3)BC的輸入可以為土壤微生物提供能源物質(zhì)(如C源),從而促進(jìn)土壤微生物對(duì)土壤P的降解和固持作用,最終提高可利用性P的含量(黃敏等,2003)。另外,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同用量BC添加后,NaHCO3-P、NaOH-P和HCl-P的含量均有所增加,與Xu 等(2014,2016)發(fā)現(xiàn)的添加BC后對(duì)土壤P組分無影響且在酸性土壤中施用BC會(huì)略微降低NaOH-P的結(jié)論不同。這可能與土壤施肥狀況、pH值、不同BC添加量及其熱解溫度有關(guān)(陳斐杰等,2022)。
3.2 不同用量生物質(zhì)炭對(duì)土壤酶活性及P轉(zhuǎn)化的影響
影響土壤P轉(zhuǎn)化的原因有很多,許多科學(xué)家已經(jīng)對(duì)土壤風(fēng)化程度、不同土壤類型、不同施肥與耕作方式等生物與非生物因素對(duì)土壤P的轉(zhuǎn)化開展了大量研究(Guo & Yost, 1998;施瑤等,2014)。土壤微生物是自然界中進(jìn)行能量轉(zhuǎn)化和物質(zhì)循環(huán)的主要貢獻(xiàn)者,其生長(zhǎng)代謝活動(dòng)能夠驅(qū)動(dòng)土壤P周轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)而改善土壤肥力(張四海等,2014),是影響P轉(zhuǎn)化的最重要因素之一。BC能夠?yàn)閰⑴c土壤P轉(zhuǎn)化的微生物營(yíng)造合適的生存空間,它的輸入可以通過改變微生物生物量、微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)和活性來影響土壤P轉(zhuǎn)化(Warnock et al., 2007)。由微生物分泌產(chǎn)生的酶是土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)物質(zhì)循環(huán)的關(guān)鍵(Zornoza et al., 2006)。本研究中,大部分與土壤C、N和P循環(huán)相關(guān)的水解酶活性在BC添加后均有不同程度的提高,表明BC的輸入對(duì)土壤酶活性起到促進(jìn)作用(Paz-Ferreiro et al., 2014)。一方面,可能是BC的添加可以增加土壤Zn、Mn和Cu等微量元素的含量,而這些微量元素往往與土壤酶結(jié)構(gòu)和活性表達(dá)具有密切的相關(guān)性(李曉等,2014);另一方面,BC能通過靜電作用以及疏水性吸引等方式使微生物在土壤中被吸附固定(Bailey et al., 2011),從而引發(fā)土壤微生物生物量和群落結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,有利于提高土壤酶活性(You et al., 2014)。土壤酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的高低直接影響土壤有機(jī)P分解轉(zhuǎn)化及其生物有效性。本研究中,添加較低量(2%和5%)BC后土壤中的ACP活性有所降低,表明輸入較低量BC抑制土壤P的水解酶活性。究其原因,一方面,BC與土壤結(jié)合增加了酶的穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)而阻礙了其與底物的接觸;另一方面,BC制備過程中具有的醛類和酚類等物質(zhì)都可能對(duì)其吸附的酶產(chǎn)生毒害作用,因此BC對(duì)ACP產(chǎn)生一定的負(fù)面影響(楊凱等,2021)。ln(BG)和ln(NAG+LAP)均與ln(ACP)呈顯著正相關(guān),表明BC的輸入提高了土壤C、N水解酶的活性(Nasto et al., 2014),促進(jìn)了C、N轉(zhuǎn)化。為維持微生物營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素的養(yǎng)分平衡,土壤微生物將分泌更多的ACP來獲取土壤中的有效 P從而滿足自身對(duì)P的需求(謝歡等,2020)。土壤中C∶P可以作為微生物礦化土壤有機(jī)物釋放P潛力的一種指標(biāo)(劉進(jìn)等,2022),本研究中,隨著不同用量BC的添加,土壤C∶P對(duì)ACP有顯著的正效應(yīng)。原因可能是添加BC后,土壤C∶P增加,導(dǎo)致土壤P限制,并刺激土壤微生物分泌P水解酶,從而促進(jìn)土壤P的轉(zhuǎn)化(You et al., 2020)。N∶P可以作為確定土壤養(yǎng)分限制的閾值(馮燕輝等,2020)。本研究中,土壤N∶P對(duì)ACP有顯著的負(fù)效應(yīng)。由于BC中自身N素含量不多且會(huì)隨著培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的增加而以氣態(tài)形式揮發(fā)(N2O、NH3),因此隨著BC添加量的增加,土壤N∶P會(huì)有所下降,此時(shí)土壤受N限制嚴(yán)重,微生物會(huì)大量分泌N水解酶以維持養(yǎng)分平衡,由此提高N的有效性來通過促進(jìn)微生物的繁殖等途徑對(duì)土壤ACP活性產(chǎn)生影響(劉進(jìn)等,2022)。SEM結(jié)果表明,不同用量BC的添加對(duì)土壤理化性質(zhì)產(chǎn)生不同程度的影響,進(jìn)而提高與C、N循環(huán)相關(guān)的酶活性,最終促進(jìn)土壤P的轉(zhuǎn)化(ACP活性)(王濤等,2020)。然而,目前人們對(duì)BC自身中P的釋放特征及其輸入后在土壤中的長(zhǎng)期緩釋機(jī)制尚不清楚,仍需我們展開更加長(zhǎng)期、系統(tǒng)的田間實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行論證,為BC在我國(guó)南方退化人工林土壤修復(fù)中的應(yīng)用與推廣提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
4結(jié)論
在本研究中,添加4種不同用量的BC均能顯著提高桉樹人工林土壤的NO3--N、MBP和pH值;土壤AP和LP只在10%和20%的BC添加量下顯著提高,而pH、TN和TP可能是改變桉樹人工林土壤P組分的最主要因素;此外,BC主要通過影響土壤理化性質(zhì)進(jìn)而提高與C、N循環(huán)相關(guān)的酶活性,并在一定程度上提高桉樹人工林土壤的P轉(zhuǎn)化,其中以高濃度BC添加量(20%)的效果最佳,而pH、C∶P和N∶P是驅(qū)動(dòng)土壤P轉(zhuǎn)化的最關(guān)鍵因子。綜上所述,BC在改善我國(guó)亞熱帶桉樹人工林土壤P供應(yīng)方面具有一定的應(yīng)用潛力。
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