摘要:慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后由于免疫功能和激素水平變化,可出現(xiàn)肝炎活動。加強慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝功能、HBV血清標志物和HBV DNA的監(jiān)測與優(yōu)化抗病毒治療策略,對于確保產(chǎn)婦延緩疾病進展和母嬰的安全性至關重要。本文將針對慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動的臨床特點、發(fā)病機制和預測因素及治療策略進行闡述,幫助臨床醫(yī)生更好地監(jiān)測慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動及治療管理。
關鍵詞:乙型肝炎病毒;孕婦;治療學
基金項目:遼寧省科技廳應用基礎研究計劃項目(2022JH2/101500009)
Hepatitis flare and treatment in postpartum women with chronic hepatitis B virus infection
CHEN Jing,DING Yang.(Department of Infectious Diseases,Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University,Shenyang 110022,China)
Corresponding author:DING Yang,yding0903@sina.com(ORCID:0000-0002-7066-2865)
Abstract:Hepatitis flare can happen in postpartum women with chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection due to the changes in immune function and hormone levels.In order to delay disease progression in parturients and ensure the safety of mothers and infants,it is crucial to strengthen the monitoring of liver function,serum HBV markers,and HBV DNA in postpartum women with chronic HBV infection and optimize the strategies for antiviral therapy.This article elaborates on the clinical features,pathogenesis,predictive factors,and treatment strategies for hepatitis flare in postpartum women with chronic HBV infection,in order to help clinicians with the monitoring and treatment of hepatitis flare in postpartum women with chronic HBV infection.
Key words:Hepatitis B Virus;Pregnant Women;Therapeutics
Research funding:Applied Basic Research Program of Liaoning Science and Technology Department(2022JH2/101500009)
母嬰傳播是HBV主要的傳播方式之一,也是造成HBV慢性感染的主要原因[1]。加強慢性HBV感染育齡期女性的全程管理,不僅關系到母嬰的安全性和阻斷HBV母嬰傳播,對于世界衛(wèi)生組織提出的“2030年消除病毒性肝炎對公共衛(wèi)生的威脅”這一目標的實現(xiàn)也是至關重要的。我國孕產(chǎn)婦HBsAg陽性率約為6.3%[2],孕期可能發(fā)生慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)活動,因此,針對此人群肝功能、HBV血清學標志物和HBV DNA等指標的監(jiān)測非常重要。符合抗病毒治療適應證孕婦應接受抗病毒治療,產(chǎn)后應繼續(xù)抗病毒治療和定期隨訪。同時,高病毒載量慢性HBV感染孕婦孕期應抗病毒治療以降低HBV DNA水平,阻斷HBV母嬰傳播,產(chǎn)后停藥并隨訪[3-4]。因產(chǎn)后免疫功能和激素水平變化,3.5%~44.7%的慢性HBV感染孕婦可出現(xiàn)產(chǎn)后肝炎活動[5-9]。慢性HBV感染孕婦無論是否接受抗病毒治療干預,在妊娠期和產(chǎn)后都有一定比例的肝炎活動,甚至出現(xiàn)重癥化傾向。因此,本文將針對慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動的臨床特征、發(fā)病機制、預測因素及治療策略進行闡述,幫助臨床醫(yī)生更好地監(jiān)測慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動及治療管理。
1慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動的臨床特點
慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動表現(xiàn)為ALT水平升高和HBV DNA波動,甚至可伴有HBeAg和HBsAg血清學轉換[10-11],伴或不伴乏力及相應的消化道癥狀。ALT升高標準從ALT≥正常值上限(ULN)、2~5×ULN,甚至ALT≥5~10×ULN。當ALT≥10×ULN時,有發(fā)生肝功失代償伴有膽紅素明顯上升、凝血機制異常等肝衰竭的風險。慢性HBV感染孕婦在產(chǎn)后4~6周和9~12周是發(fā)生肝炎活動的高峰期,產(chǎn)后絕大部分的ALT水平升高為輕到中度,但仍可發(fā)生在產(chǎn)后24周甚至48周。因此,慢性HBV感染孕婦在產(chǎn)后早期應監(jiān)測HBV DNA和ALT水平變化,可能有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)嚴重肝炎風險,盡早抗病毒治療有助于肝功能的恢復和降低肝衰竭的發(fā)生風險。
一項回顧性臨床研究[12]收集慢性HBV感染孕婦分娩時及分娩后6、24、36和48周時的肝功能、HBV血清學標志物和HBV DNA等指標水平變化,并收集抗病毒治療藥物的種類和停藥時間:408例慢性HBV感染孕婦妊娠期間服用抗病毒藥物阻斷HBV母嬰傳播,與未服用藥物孕婦相比,分娩時的ALT、AST、HBV DNA和HBeAg水平差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義;慢性HBV感染孕婦分娩后6周或停藥后6周為肝炎活動高發(fā)期,分娩后所有患者的ALT、AST、TBil、Alb水平在6周內均出現(xiàn)上升趨勢;173例在產(chǎn)后6周內即首次出現(xiàn)ALT水平異常,分娩后48周內共有231例發(fā)生肝炎活動。另一項前瞻性隊列研究[13]收集了417例高病毒載量慢性HBV感染孕婦(無論是否妊娠期抗病毒治療阻斷HBV母嬰傳播)在妊娠期及分娩后6、12、24、36和48周時的肝功能、HBV血清學標志物和HBV DNA等指標水平變化,分析慢性HBV感染孕婦在妊娠期和產(chǎn)后肝炎活動的臨床特征。結果顯示,妊娠期慢性HBV感染者無論是否抗病毒治療,在妊娠期和產(chǎn)后均有一定比例的肝炎活動,產(chǎn)后肝炎活動率(44.6%)明顯高于妊娠期(12.8%),在產(chǎn)后6周左右達到高峰,這可能是慢性HBV感染產(chǎn)婦抗病毒治療的時機。由于98%慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動發(fā)生在產(chǎn)后24周內,停藥后的隨訪應至少在產(chǎn)后24周。
2慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動的發(fā)病機制和預測因素
大部分慢性HBV感染孕婦在妊娠前處于免疫耐受期,妊娠期間肝臟疾病也相對穩(wěn)定。慢性HBV感染產(chǎn)婦的T淋巴細胞免疫特性變化可能在打破免疫耐受方面起一定作用,激活和殺傷功能相關的指標可能有助于提示慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動。慢性HBV感染孕婦妊娠期由于腎上腺皮質類固醇、雌激素和黃體酮的增加,導致細胞免疫受到抑制,使孕婦耐受異體胎兒。產(chǎn)后由于這些因素消除,慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動。慢性HBV感染產(chǎn)婦外周血調節(jié)性T淋巴細胞(Treg)數(shù)量減少,自然殺傷細胞數(shù)量增多,細胞毒性增強,輔助性T淋巴細胞(Th)1/2以Th1為主,Th17/Treg以Th17為主。自然殺傷細胞可能通過非抗原特異性機制引起肝臟炎癥,CD8+T淋巴細胞數(shù)量增加,HBV特異性T淋巴細胞反應從妊娠期功能障礙中恢復。在產(chǎn)后炎癥的背景下,產(chǎn)后皮質醇迅速下降,特別是HBV DNA和細胞因子誘導的HBV特異性T淋巴細胞反應增強,是產(chǎn)后肝炎活動的主要原因[14]。慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動者,用流式細胞術檢測分娩前后CD8+T淋巴細胞簇的表型、功能及細胞因子。CD8+T淋巴細胞激活被增強,特別是TEMRA亞群的激活存在顯著差異,表達穿孔素和顆粒酶B的CD8+T淋巴細胞的頻率增加,Treg數(shù)量降低,CD4+T淋巴細胞或CD8+T淋巴細胞產(chǎn)生的IFN-γ與IL-10的比值高于無產(chǎn)后肝炎活動者[15-16]。
高病毒載量慢性HBV感染孕婦孕期抗病毒治療阻斷HBV母嬰傳播是否影響產(chǎn)后肝炎活動意見并不一致[17-19]。產(chǎn)后停藥時HBV DNA水平相對較低同時伴有HBsAg和HBeAg降低的產(chǎn)婦,常發(fā)生產(chǎn)后肝炎活動。年齡lt;29歲、HBeAglt;700 S/CO和HBV DNA 3~5 log10 IU/mL是慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動的預測因素。將抗病毒治療停藥時間推遲到產(chǎn)后6~12周,并不能降低產(chǎn)后肝炎發(fā)生率[20]。產(chǎn)后肝炎活動恢復的時間與分娩時HBV DNA水平相關,在分娩時ALT水平升高或HBV DNA≥5 log10 IU/mL可預測慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動[21-22]。但也有研究[23]報道,年齡、HBeAg陽性、基線HBV DNA、基線ALT、妊娠和胎次未被發(fā)現(xiàn)是慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動的預測因素。無論是否孕期接受抗病毒治療,慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后均有出現(xiàn)ALT水平異常的風險,治療組與未治療組無顯著差異[24]。產(chǎn)后即刻至產(chǎn)后3個月停用抗病毒藥物的肝臟生化指標異常率無明顯差異[25-28]。一項北美地區(qū)回顧性多種族的真實世界臨床研究[29]結果顯示,19%慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后有肝炎活動,尤其在產(chǎn)后富馬酸替諾福韋酯(tenofovirdisoproxilfumarate,TDF)停藥者,21%的產(chǎn)婦需要再次抗病毒治療。未抗病毒治療孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動率54%,僅有1例肝衰竭產(chǎn)婦在產(chǎn)后第13個月行肝移植。HBeAg陽性孕婦產(chǎn)后平均17個月獲得HBeAg陰轉率37%,平均30個月獲得HBsAg陰轉率2.9%。慢性HBV感染孕婦孕期抗病毒治療產(chǎn)后停藥,產(chǎn)后12周血清HBcrAg(OR=4.52,95%CI:2.58~7.92)和HBsAg(OR=2.52,95%CI:1.13~5.65)水平與產(chǎn)后肝炎活動有關,可能是產(chǎn)后12周需要繼續(xù)抗病毒治療的預測指標[30]。另一項探討慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動相關因素的研究[31]發(fā)現(xiàn),產(chǎn)后肝炎活動主要發(fā)生在分娩后4周,HBeAg陽性和妊娠糖尿病與分娩后的肝炎活動有關。因此,需要額外關注HBeAg陽性慢性HBV感染合并糖尿病孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動。
3慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動抗病毒治療策略
對于妊娠期ALT水平升高的慢性HBV感染孕婦,如果妊娠或分娩時HBeAg有從基線下降的趨勢,可通過延長抗病毒治療至48周以上以提高HBeAg血清轉換率。慢性HBV感染的孕婦,無論孕期是否抗病毒治療,產(chǎn)后應每4~6周監(jiān)測肝功能、HBV血清學標志物和HBV DNA等指標,若隨訪期間評估符合慢性HBV感染抗病毒治療適應證,個體化啟動抗病毒治療方案。如果無干擾素禁忌證,以聚乙二醇干擾素為基礎的治療更有利于分娩后HBeAg或HBsAg血清清除;若產(chǎn)后考慮到母乳喂養(yǎng),推薦口服抗病毒藥物治療,如TDF或富馬酸丙酚替諾福韋(tenofovir alafenamide,TAF);在極少數(shù)情況下,產(chǎn)后肝炎惡化將是嚴重的,甚至發(fā)生肝衰竭,應積極TDF或TAF治療[32-33]。慢性HBV感染孕婦孕期抗病毒治療HBV DNA和HBeAg水平下降顯著,產(chǎn)后繼續(xù)抗病毒治療,HBsAg和HBeAg水平下降更快,能夠獲得較高的HBeAg清除和血清學轉換,部分患者可獲得HBsAg清除[8,34-35]。一項北京佑安醫(yī)院慢性HBV感染孕婦孕期抗病毒治療研究[36]顯示,在產(chǎn)后6周未停藥狀態(tài)下,對30例ALT≥2×ULN同時HBV DNA較基線下降≥2 1og10 IU/mL或/和HBeAg下降≥20%者采用干擾素為基礎的聯(lián)合治療,病毒學應答率93.3%、HBeAg清除率56.7%和HBsAg的清除率26.7%。一項HBeAg陰性慢性HBV感染產(chǎn)婦應用聚乙二醇干擾素治療48周的有效性和安全性研究[37]中,HBsAg陰轉率和血清轉換率分別為51.06%和40.43%。基線HBsAg水平、第24周HBsAg水平和產(chǎn)后肝炎活動與聚乙二醇干擾素治療48周HBsAg陰轉顯著相關,無嚴重不良事件報告。因此,在HBeAg陰性慢性HBV感染產(chǎn)婦中,聚乙二醇干擾素治療可以實現(xiàn)高比例的臨床治愈,具有可靠的安全性,特別是對于經(jīng)歷產(chǎn)后肝炎活動和基線HBsAg水平較低的患者。
4小結
綜上所述,慢性HBV感染孕婦是特殊人群,無論孕婦是否采用抗病毒治療阻斷HBV母嬰傳播,產(chǎn)后均有一定比例的肝炎活動,甚至重癥化,需要密切隨訪。有產(chǎn)后肝炎活動者可采用口服TDF或TAF抗病毒治療,或以聚乙二醇干擾素為基礎的治療,可達到更高的治療目標。
利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻聲明:陳婧負責查閱文獻,整理初稿和撰寫文章;丁洋負責擬定文章思路,撰寫文章并最后定稿。
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收稿日期:2024-09-01;錄用日期:2024-09-20
本文編輯:林姣
引證本文:CHEN J, DING Y. Hepatitis flare and treatment in postpartum women with chronic hepatitis B virus infection [J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2024, 40(11): 2164-2167.
陳婧, 丁洋. 慢性HBV感染孕婦產(chǎn)后肝炎活動與治療管理[J]. 臨 床肝膽病雜志, 2024, 40(11): 2164-2167.