摘要:目的探討葉酸對(duì)鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)暴露誘發(fā)小鼠膽汁淤積型肝損傷的保護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制。方法將ICR小鼠隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照(Control)組、葉酸高劑量(H-FA)組、DEHP組、DEHP+葉酸低劑量(DEHP+L-FA)組、DEHP+葉酸高劑量(DEHP+H-FA)組,每組6只。H-FA組、DEHP+L-FA組和DEHP+H-FA組給予相應(yīng)劑量的葉酸灌胃,Control組和DEHP組灌胃等量的PBS溶液。2 h后,DEHP組、DEHP+L-FA組和DEHP+H-FA組給予含200 mg/kg DEHP的玉米油,Control組和H-FA組灌胃等量的純玉米油,共灌胃4周。記錄小鼠每天的體質(zhì)量和攝食量,收集血液和肝組織。生化儀檢測(cè)血清總膽汁酸(TBA)和堿性磷酸酶(ALP)水平;HE染色觀察肝組織病理變化;試劑盒檢測(cè)肝組織丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量;LC-MS/MS檢測(cè)小鼠血清膽汁酸譜;Western Blot法檢測(cè)肝臟膽汁酸代謝相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)水平。計(jì)量資料多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果與對(duì)照組相比,DEHP組小鼠每日攝食量明顯下降,體質(zhì)量從第10天開(kāi)始顯著降低(P值均lt;0.05);與DEHP組相比,DEHP+L-FA組與DEHP+H-FA組小鼠的體質(zhì)量和攝食量基本不變(P值均gt;0.05)。與對(duì)照組相比,DEHP組小鼠肝質(zhì)量指數(shù)、血清TBA及ALP均顯著升高(P值均lt;0.05),肝組織可見(jiàn)匯管區(qū)擴(kuò)大,膽管變形增生及少量炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn);與DEHP組相比,DEHP+L-FA組與DEHP+H-FA組小鼠肝質(zhì)量指數(shù)均明顯下降(P值均lt;0.01),DEHP+H-FA組的血清TBA和ALP均顯著下降(P值均lt;0.05),葉酸干預(yù)后小鼠肝組織形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)明顯改善。與對(duì)照組相比,DEHP組小鼠肝臟SOD含量明顯下降(Plt;0.05),肝臟MDA含量明顯增加(Plt;0.01);與DEHP組相比,MDA和SOD含量在DEHP+H-FA組均顯著回調(diào)(P值均lt;0.05)。與對(duì)照組相比,DEHP組小鼠血清中α-鼠膽酸(α-MCA)、β-鼠膽酸(β-MCA)、去氧膽酸(DCA)、石膽酸(LCA)、?;悄懰幔═CA)、?;侨パ跄懰幔═DCA)、?;切苋パ跄懰幔═UDCA)、?;?β-鼠膽酸(T-β-MCA)、?;?α-鼠膽酸(T-α-MCA)、?;秦i去氧膽酸(THDCA)、?;鞘懰幔═LCA)均明顯升高(P值均lt;0.05),熊去氧膽酸(UDCA)明顯降低(Plt;0.05);與DEHP組相比,血清中DCA、LCA、TCA、TDCA、TUDCA、T-β-MCA、T-α-MCA、THDCA、TLCA在DEHP+H-FA組均明顯回調(diào)(P值均lt;0.05)。與對(duì)照組相比,DEHP組小鼠肝臟FXR和CYP3A11蛋白表達(dá)量均明顯增加(P值均lt;0.01),CYP7A1和MRP2蛋白表達(dá)量顯著降低(P值均lt;0.01);與DEHP組相比,肝臟FXR和CYP3A11蛋白表達(dá)量在DEHP+L-FA組和DEHP+H-FA組中均明顯下調(diào)(P值均lt;0.05);MRP2蛋白表達(dá)量在DEHP+L-FA組DEHP+H-FA組中均顯著上調(diào)(P值均lt;0.05);CYP7A1蛋白表達(dá)量在DEHP+H-FA組中顯著上調(diào)(Plt;0.05)。結(jié)論葉酸對(duì)DEHP暴露導(dǎo)致的小鼠膽汁淤積型肝損傷有保護(hù)作用,其機(jī)制可能是調(diào)節(jié)膽汁酸合成、代謝與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)從而維持膽汁酸穩(wěn)態(tài)。
關(guān)鍵詞:鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯;葉酸;膽汁淤積;膽汁酸類(lèi)
基金項(xiàng)目:國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(82073566);安徽省高校優(yōu)秀青年人才支持計(jì)劃資助項(xiàng)目(gxyq2019014);安徽省公共衛(wèi)生臨床中心安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院北區(qū)科研培育基金資助項(xiàng)目(2023YKJ14,2023YKJ06,2023YKJ11)
Protective effect of folic acid against cholestatic liver injury in mice caused by bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exposure
HOU Mengzhen1,YU Yun2,3,HUANG Qianqian2,3,ZHANG Lun2,3,TAO Wenkang1,JIANG Yue1,WANG Jianqing1,2,3.(1.Departmentof Pharmacy,Anhui Medical University,Hefei 230032,China;2.Department of Pharmacy,The First Affiliated Hospital of AnhuiMedical University,Hefei 230012,China;3.Anhui Public Health Clinical Center,Hefei 230012,China)
Corresponding author:WANG Jianqing,jianqingwang81@126.com(ORCID:0000-0002-7935-9520)
Abstract:Objective To investigate the protective effect of folic acid against cholestatic liver injury in mice induced by bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)exposure and its mechanism.Methods ICR mice were randomly divided into control group,high-dose folic acid(H-FA)group,DEHP group,DEHP+low-dose folic acid(DEHP+L-FA)group,and DEHP+high-dose folic acid(DEHP+H-FA)group,with 6 mice in each group.The mice in the H-FA group,the DEHP+L-FA group,and the DEHP+H-FA group were given folic acid by gavage at the corresponding dose,and those in the control group and the DEHP group were given an equal volume of PBS solution by gavage.After 2 hours,the mice in the DEHP group,the DEHP+L-FA group,and the DEHP+H-FA group were given corn oil containing 200 mg/kg DEHP,and those in the control group and the H-FA group were given an equal volume of pure corn oil,by gavage for 4 weeks.Body weight and food intake were recorded every day,and blood and liver tissue samples were collected.A biochemical analyzer was used to measure the serum levels of total bile acid(TBA)and alkaline phosphatase(ALP);HE staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of liver tissue;kits were used to measure the content of malondialdehyde(MDA)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)in the liver;LC-MS/MS was used to measure serum bile acid profiles;Western blot was used to measure the expression levels of proteins associated with hepatic bile acid metabolism.A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups,and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups.Results Compared with the control group,the daily food intake of the mice in the DEHP group decreased significantly,and the body weight decreased significantly from day 10(Plt;0.05),and compared with the DEHP group,the DEHP+L-FA group and the DEHP+H-FA group had basically unchanged body weight and daily food intake(Pgt;0.05).Compared with the control group,the DEHP group had significant increases in liver weight index and the serum levels of TBA and ALP(all Plt;0.05),with enlarged portal area,bile duct deformity and hyperplasia,and a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration in liver tissue;compared with the DEHP group,the DEHP+L-FA group and the DEHP+H-FA group had a significant reduction in liver weight index(Plt;0.01),and the DEHP+H-FA group had significant reductions in the serum levels of TBA and ALP(Plt;0.05),with a significant improvement in liver histomorphology and structure after folic acid intervention.Compared with the control group,the DEHP group had a significant reduction in the content of SOD(Plt;0.05)and a significant increase in the content of MDA in the liver(Plt;0.01),and compared with the DEHP group,the DEHP+H-FA group had significant reductions in the content of MDA and SOD(Plt;0.05).Compared with the control group,the DEHP group had significant increases in the serum levels ofα-muricholic acid(α-MCA),β-muricholic acid(β-MCA),deoxycholic acid(DCA),lithocholic acid(LCA),taurocholic acid(TCA),taurodeoxycholic acid(TDCA),tauroursodeoxycholic acid(TUDCA),tauro-β-muricholic acid(T-β-MCA),tauro-α-muricholic acid(T-α-MCA),taurohyodeoxycholicacid(THDCA),and taurolithocholicacid(TLCA)(Plt;0.05)and a significant reduction in ursodeoxycholicacid(UDCA)(Plt;0.05);compared with the DEHP group,the DEHP+H-FA group had significant reductions in the serum levels of DCA,LCA,TCA,TDCA,TUDCA,T-β-MCA,T-α-MCA,THDCA,and TLCA(Plt;0.05).Compared with the control group,the DEHP group had significant increases in the protein expression levels of FXR and CYP3A11 in the liver(Plt;0.01)and significant reductions in the protein expression levels of CYP7A1 and MRP2(Plt;0.01);compared with the DEHP group,the DEHP+L-FA group and the DEHP+H-FA group had significant reductions in the protein expression levels of FXR and CYP3A11 in the liver(Plt;0.05)and a significant increase in the protein expression level of MRP2(Plt;0.05),and the DEHP+H-FA group had a significant increase in the protein expression level of CYP7A1(Plt;0.05).Conclusion Folic acid has a protective effect against cholestatic liver injury in mice induced by DEHP exposure,possibly by regulating bile acid synthesis,catabolism,and transport and maintaining bile acid homeostasis.
Key words:Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate;Folic Acid;Cholestasis;Bile Acid
Research funding:National Natural Science Foundation of China(82073566);The Program of Excellent Young Talents in Universities of Anhui Province(gxyq2019014);Anhui Public Health Clinical Center,Supported by North District Scientific Research and Cultivation Foundation of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University(2023YKJ14,2023YKJ06,2023YKJ11)
膽汁淤積是由于膽汁生成、分泌和排泄障礙而引起的一種病理過(guò)程,表現(xiàn)為肝臟及體循環(huán)內(nèi)膽汁酸的蓄積。長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的膽汁淤積可導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的肝膽損傷、炎癥、纖維化甚至肝硬化。多種因素可導(dǎo)致膽汁淤積,包括遺傳、免疫、藥物和環(huán)境等。鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯[di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP]作為最常用的增塑劑被廣泛用于醫(yī)療器械、食品包裝、化妝品等方面。既往研究[1]報(bào)道,靜脈輸液器等醫(yī)療產(chǎn)品中DEHP的浸出會(huì)增加膽汁淤積的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本課題組前期研究[2]已證實(shí)DEHP暴露可導(dǎo)致小鼠發(fā)生膽汁淤積。目前臨床治療膽汁淤積的藥物主要有熊去氧膽酸、奧貝膽酸、S-腺苷蛋氨酸等,但其療效有限,亟需尋找新的治療藥物。
葉酸作為人體必需的B族水溶性維生素,在維持一碳單位代謝、細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)和繁殖等過(guò)程均發(fā)揮重要作用。大量研究[3-6]表明,葉酸可通過(guò)抗炎、抗氧化應(yīng)激、調(diào)節(jié)腸道菌群和糖脂代謝等對(duì)酒精、高脂飲食、藥物所致的肝損傷發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用。然而葉酸對(duì)膽汁淤積型肝損傷是否具有保護(hù)作用尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道?;诖?,本文采用DEHP誘導(dǎo)小鼠膽汁淤積模型,探究葉酸對(duì)小鼠膽汁淤積的保護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制,以期為葉酸的臨床應(yīng)用提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1材料與方法
1.1材料
1.1.1實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物30只健康雌性ICR小鼠,8周齡,SPF級(jí),體質(zhì)量為28~30 g,購(gòu)買(mǎi)于北京斯貝福生物技術(shù)有限公司。實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)許可證編號(hào):SCXK(京)2019-0010,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物使用許可證編號(hào):SYXK(皖)2020-001。小鼠飼養(yǎng)在適宜的環(huán)境中:溫度維持在(25±1)℃,濕度維持在55%±5%,自由飲水和攝食。
1.1.2主要試劑總膽汁酸(TBA)試劑盒和堿性磷酸酶(ALP)購(gòu)自浙江伊利康生物技術(shù)有限公司(貨號(hào):L70021、L70042);葉酸與DEHP購(gòu)自美國(guó)默克公司(貨號(hào):F7876、D201154-500 mL);22種膽汁酸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品購(gòu)自美國(guó)默克公司、中國(guó)上海源葉生物科技有限公司和美國(guó)Avanti?Polar Lipids公司;玉米油購(gòu)自上海阿拉丁生化有限公司(貨號(hào):C116025-500 mL);超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)測(cè)定試劑盒和丙二醛(MDA)測(cè)定試劑盒購(gòu)自南京建成生物工程研究所(貨號(hào):A001-3-2、A003-1-2);細(xì)胞核蛋白與細(xì)胞漿蛋白抽提試劑盒、RIPA裂解液和BCA蛋白濃度測(cè)定試劑盒(增強(qiáng)型)購(gòu)自碧云天生物技術(shù)公司(貨號(hào):P0028、P0013B、P0010);FXR、CYP7A1和MRP2抗體購(gòu)自Abcam公司(貨號(hào):ab51970、ab65596、ab203397);CYP3A11購(gòu)自圣克魯斯生物有限公司(貨號(hào):sc-271033);GAPDH和H3抗體購(gòu)買(mǎi)于Abmart公司(貨號(hào):P60037、P30266F)。
1.1.3主要儀器純水儀(型號(hào):Direct-Q3UV)購(gòu)自美國(guó)Millipore公司;多功能酶標(biāo)儀(型號(hào):ELx808)購(gòu)自美國(guó)BioTek公司;全自動(dòng)生化分析儀(型號(hào):CS-T300)購(gòu)自長(zhǎng)春迪瑞醫(yī)療科技股份有限公司;臺(tái)式高速離心機(jī)(型號(hào):D37520)購(gòu)自賽默飛世爾科技公司;三重四級(jí)桿串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜儀(型號(hào):AB Sciex Triple Quad 4500)購(gòu)自美國(guó)AB公司;顯影儀(型號(hào):Tanon-5200Multi)購(gòu)自上海天能科技有限公司。
1.2方法
1.2.1動(dòng)物分組與處理適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng)7天后進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)操作。將所有小鼠按照體質(zhì)量S型分為對(duì)照(Control)組、葉酸高劑量(H-FA)組、DEHP組、DEHP+葉酸低劑量(DEHP+L-FA)組、DEHP+葉酸高劑量(DEHP+H-FA)組,每組6只。葉酸低劑量和高劑量分別為1 mg/kg、5 mg/kg。H-FA組、DEHP+L-FA組和DEHP+H-FA組給予相應(yīng)劑量的葉酸灌胃,Control組和DEHP組灌胃等量的PBS溶液。2 h后,DEHP組、DEHP+L-FA組和DEHP+H-FA組給予含200 mg/kg DEHP的玉米油,Control組和H-FA組灌胃等量的純玉米油,共灌胃4周。取材前禁食6 h,收集血液和肝組織用于后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.2.2一般情況觀察每天觀察小鼠的精神、毛發(fā)及死亡情況,記錄體質(zhì)量與攝食量。
1.2.3肝組織病理學(xué)觀察將小鼠肝大葉相同部位組織經(jīng)4%多聚甲醛浸泡處理,室溫放置搖床固定24 h后,脫水、包埋、切片、固定和蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色后,顯微鏡下觀察并拍照。
1.2.4血清生化檢測(cè)使用生化分析儀檢測(cè)血清中TBA和ALP的含量。
1.2.5小鼠肝組織中MDA和SOD含量的測(cè)定準(zhǔn)確稱(chēng)取組織重量,按照重量(g)∶體積(mL)=1∶9的比例加入9倍體積的生理鹽水制備勻漿,離心取上清液待測(cè)。根據(jù)試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)步驟進(jìn)行相關(guān)操作,檢測(cè)小鼠肝組織勻漿中MDA和SOD的含量。
1.2.6液相色譜-三重四級(jí)桿質(zhì)譜檢測(cè)血清膽汁酸譜采用液相色譜-三重四級(jí)桿質(zhì)譜儀(AB SCIEX Triple Quad?4500 System)檢測(cè)小鼠血清中各膽汁酸組分水平。色譜柱:Phenomenex Gemini 3um NX-C18 110A(100 mm×2.0 mm);流動(dòng)相:A相為含有0.1%冰乙酸的4 mmol/L乙酸銨溶液,B相為甲醇;柱溫為40℃;流速為0.4 mL/min;進(jìn)樣量為10μL。
1.2.7 Western Blot檢測(cè)小鼠肝組織膽汁酸代謝相關(guān)蛋白稱(chēng)取小鼠肝組織50 mg,用RIPA裂解液提取總蛋白,并用細(xì)胞核蛋白與細(xì)胞漿蛋白抽提試劑盒提取核蛋白,用BCA法測(cè)定蛋白濃度并進(jìn)行定量。蛋白經(jīng)SDS-PAGE電泳分離,并轉(zhuǎn)移到PVDF膜上,用快速封閉液封閉30 min,F(xiàn)XR(1∶2 500)、CYP7A1(1∶1 000)、CYP3A11(1∶1 000)、MRP2(1∶1 000)、H3(1∶10 000)、GAPDH(1∶5 000)一抗置于4℃冰箱孵育過(guò)夜,再用相應(yīng)二抗(1∶10 000)室溫孵育1~2 h。用超敏ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒在顯影儀上顯影,用Image J軟件分析蛋白條帶灰度值,計(jì)算蛋白表達(dá)量。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 25.0軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以±s表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,進(jìn)一步兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1葉酸對(duì)DEHP誘導(dǎo)的膽汁淤積小鼠體質(zhì)量和攝食量的影響5組小鼠初始體質(zhì)量差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均gt;0.05)。從第10天開(kāi)始,DEHP組小鼠的體質(zhì)量明顯低于對(duì)照組(P值均lt;0.05);與DEHP組相比,DEHP+L-FA組與DEHP+H-FA組小鼠的體質(zhì)量差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均gt;0.05)。與對(duì)照組相比,DEHP組的每日攝食量顯著降低(Plt;0.01);與DEHP組相比,DEHP+L-FA組與DEHP+H-FA組小鼠的攝食量差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均gt;0.05)(圖1)。
2.2葉酸對(duì)DEHP誘導(dǎo)的膽汁淤積小鼠肝功能的影響與對(duì)照組相比,DEHP組小鼠肝質(zhì)量指數(shù)顯著增加(Plt;0.01);與DEHP組相比,DEHP+L-FA組與DEHP+H-FA組小鼠肝質(zhì)量指數(shù)均明顯降低(P值均lt;0.01)。血清生化指標(biāo)表明,與對(duì)照組相比,DEHP組小鼠血清TBA和ALP均顯著升高(Plt;0.01、Plt;0.05);相較于DEHP組,DEHP+H-FA組小鼠血清TBA和ALP均明顯降低(Plt;0.01、Plt;0.05),DEHP+L-FA組小鼠血清TBA和ALP差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均gt;0.05)(圖2)。HE染色結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組與H-FA組的肝組織結(jié)構(gòu)完整,DEHP組小鼠肝組織中可見(jiàn)匯管區(qū)擴(kuò)大,膽管變形和增生并伴有少量炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),而葉酸干預(yù)后可顯著改善小鼠肝組織形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)(圖3)。以上結(jié)果表明葉酸對(duì)DEHP暴露誘導(dǎo)的膽汁淤積型肝損傷有明顯保護(hù)作用。
2.3葉酸對(duì)DEHP誘導(dǎo)的膽汁淤積小鼠肝組織MDA、SOD含量的影響相比于對(duì)照組,DEHP組的MDA含量顯著上升(Plt;0.01),SOD含量顯著下降(Plt;0.05);與DEHP組相比,MDA和SOD含量在DEHP+H-FA組顯著回調(diào)(P值均lt;0.05),DEHP+L-FA組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均gt;0.05)(圖4)。提示在DEHP誘導(dǎo)的膽汁淤積型肝損傷中存在氧化應(yīng)激,而葉酸能通過(guò)增強(qiáng)機(jī)體抗氧化發(fā)揮保肝作用。
2.4葉酸對(duì)DEHP誘導(dǎo)的膽汁淤積小鼠血清膽汁酸含量的影響采用LC-MS/MS檢測(cè)小鼠血清中各膽汁酸組分,探究DEHP暴露以及葉酸干預(yù)對(duì)小鼠血清各膽汁酸組分的作用。小鼠血清膽汁酸以游離型和?;撬峤Y(jié)合型為主,甘氨膽酸、鵝脫氧甘膽酸等5種甘氨酸結(jié)合型膽汁酸因含量低于檢測(cè)限而無(wú)法定量。與對(duì)照組相比,DEHP組小鼠血清中TBA、未結(jié)合型膽汁酸、初級(jí)膽汁酸、次級(jí)膽汁酸均不同程度升高(Plt;0.01、Plt;0.01、Plt;0.01、Plt;0.05);而高劑量葉酸干預(yù)后,血清中TBA、未結(jié)合型膽汁酸、初級(jí)膽汁酸、次級(jí)膽汁酸基本降低至正常水平(Plt;0.01、Plt;0.01、Plt;0.01、Plt;0.05)。對(duì)血清中每種膽汁酸成分的含量進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組相比,DEHP組小鼠血清中有7種結(jié)合型膽汁酸[?;悄懰幔═CA)、?;侨パ跄懰幔═DCA)、?;切苋パ跄懰幔═UDCA)、?;?β-鼠膽酸(T-β-MCA)、?;?α-鼠膽酸(T-α-MCA)、牛磺豬去氧膽酸(THDCA)、?;鞘懰幔═LCA)明顯升高]和5種未結(jié)合型膽汁酸[熊去氧膽酸(UDCA)明顯降低,α-鼠膽酸(α-MCA)、β-鼠膽酸(β-MCA)、去氧膽酸(DCA)、石膽酸(LCA)明顯升高]均有顯著變化(P值均lt;0.05);而高劑量葉酸干預(yù)后,除α-MCA、β-MCA外,其余膽汁酸均顯著回調(diào)(P值均lt;0.05)。聚類(lèi)熱圖分析5組間各膽汁酸亞型的分布規(guī)律,結(jié)果顯示,組內(nèi)聚類(lèi)理想,差異膽汁酸在不同組間區(qū)別明顯(圖5)。結(jié)果表明葉酸可顯著改善DEHP暴露導(dǎo)致的小鼠血清膽汁酸組分紊亂。
2.5葉酸對(duì)DEHP誘導(dǎo)的膽汁淤積小鼠膽汁酸代謝相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)的影響為了進(jìn)一步探究DEHP暴露及葉酸干預(yù)對(duì)小鼠肝組織膽汁酸代謝相關(guān)蛋白的作用,采用Western Blot法檢測(cè)小鼠肝臟膽汁酸代謝主要核受體FXR、膽汁酸合成酶CYP7A1、膽汁酸代謝酶CYP3A11、膽汁酸排泌轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體MRP2等相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)水平。與對(duì)照組相比,DEHP組FXR和CYP3A11蛋白表達(dá)水平均明顯增加(P值均lt;0.01),CYP7A1和MRP2蛋白表達(dá)水平均顯著降低(P值均lt;0.01)。與DEHP組相比,F(xiàn)XR和CYP3A11在DEHP+L-FA組和DEHP+H-FA組中均明顯下調(diào)(P值均lt;0.05);MRP2在DEHP+L-FA組和DEHP+H-FA組中均顯著上調(diào)(P值均lt;0.05);CYP7A1在DEHP+H-FA組中顯著上調(diào)(Plt;0.05)(圖6)。
3討論
DEHP作為用量最大的鄰苯二甲酸酯類(lèi)增塑劑,可通過(guò)消化道、呼吸道、皮膚等途徑進(jìn)入人體。這種內(nèi)分泌干擾物在體內(nèi)的蓄積能誘發(fā)生殖毒性、神經(jīng)毒性、肝臟毒性及致癌性[7]。肝臟作為DEHP代謝的主要靶器官,體內(nèi)外實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果[8-9]表明,DEHP暴露可加重氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥,影響肝臟糖脂代謝并促進(jìn)膽汁淤積和纖維化進(jìn)展。ALP是膽汁淤積型肝病早期最具特征性的表現(xiàn),且增高程度與膽管阻塞的程度正相關(guān)。血清TBA是膽汁淤積型肝病最主要的實(shí)驗(yàn)室證據(jù)支持。在本研究中,DEHP組小鼠肝體比、血清ALP和TBA明顯升高,肝臟病理可見(jiàn)匯管區(qū)擴(kuò)大,膽管變形和增生并伴有少量炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),提示膽汁淤積模型造模成功。葉酸干預(yù)后,小鼠肝體比、血清生化指標(biāo)TBA和ALP明顯下降,肝臟病理顯著改善,表明葉酸能有效保護(hù)DEHP誘導(dǎo)的膽汁淤積型肝損傷。MDA和SOD是評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)體氧化應(yīng)激常用的兩個(gè)指標(biāo)。本研究通過(guò)對(duì)肝臟MDA和SOD的檢測(cè),說(shuō)明DEHP暴露可導(dǎo)致小鼠氧化應(yīng)激的增加,而氧化應(yīng)激會(huì)進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)膽汁淤積性肝病的進(jìn)程,提示葉酸能通過(guò)提高機(jī)體抗氧化能力起到保肝作用。
為了探究DEHP暴露及葉酸干預(yù)對(duì)膽汁酸譜的影響,基于液相色譜串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法對(duì)小鼠血清中17種膽汁酸進(jìn)行絕對(duì)定量分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)模型組升高的多為結(jié)合膽汁酸,其中TCA升高最為明顯。在對(duì)照組中,TCA約占總膽汁酸15%,在DEHP組中則升高至39%,這一現(xiàn)象也存在于膽汁淤積型肝硬化患者及膽管結(jié)扎、α-異硫氰酸酯等膽汁淤積動(dòng)物模型中[10-12]。膽汁酸作為一種兩性分子,其肝臟毒性的大小受疏水性的影響。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果中,LCA、DCA、CDCA、CA等疏水性膽汁酸均不同程度升高,其中肝毒性最強(qiáng)的膽汁酸LCA升高最顯著。葉酸給藥后,這些膽汁酸均表現(xiàn)出下降趨勢(shì),表明其有效干預(yù)膽汁酸成分紊亂,降低毒性膽汁酸的濃度以保護(hù)肝損傷。膽汁淤積時(shí),體內(nèi)蓄積的膽汁酸通過(guò)腸肝循環(huán)影響腸道菌群穩(wěn)態(tài),而腸道菌群又會(huì)反過(guò)來(lái)影響膽汁酸的組成與疏水性[13]。肝臟中生成的初級(jí)膽汁酸大部分以?;撬岷透拾彼峤Y(jié)合型分泌入膽汁,排入腸道后在膽鹽水解酶和7α-脫羥基酶的作用下生成次級(jí)膽汁酸和未結(jié)合型膽汁酸。本研究中,DEHP組結(jié)合型膽汁酸增加的比例遠(yuǎn)高于未結(jié)合型膽汁酸,尤其是T-β-MCA、T-α-MCA和TUDCA增加而β-MCA、α-MCA和UDCA降低,造成這一結(jié)果的原因可能是腸道菌群膽鹽水解酶活性的下降,導(dǎo)致膽汁酸的解偶聯(lián)能力降低。而膽汁酸解偶聯(lián)能力的降低又會(huì)進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致腸肝循環(huán)中膽汁酸的排泄下降,體內(nèi)膽汁酸增加。以上結(jié)果提示腸道微生態(tài)失衡可能參與了DEHP誘導(dǎo)的膽汁淤積,未來(lái)可進(jìn)一步研究其在葉酸改善DEHP誘導(dǎo)的膽汁酸代謝紊亂中的作用。
膽汁淤積發(fā)生時(shí)毒性膽汁酸的蓄積會(huì)造成肝損傷,從而激發(fā)肝臟產(chǎn)生適應(yīng)性反應(yīng)。FXR作為細(xì)胞核激素受體超家族之一,可被膽汁酸激活,是膽汁酸代謝的主要調(diào)節(jié)劑[14]。一般而言,膽汁酸疏水性越強(qiáng),其對(duì)FXR的親和力就越高。將本次測(cè)定的膽汁酸按照激活強(qiáng)度排序,依次為CDCAgt;TCAgt;DCAgt;LCA。激活FXR可通過(guò)抑制CYP7A1而減少膽汁酸合成,也可通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)CYP3A11而增加膽汁酸代謝。在本研究中,與對(duì)照組相比,DEHP組FXR和CYP3A11蛋白表達(dá)水平明顯增加,CYP7A1蛋白表達(dá)水平顯著降低,提示DEHP暴露28天可導(dǎo)致小鼠出現(xiàn)膽汁淤積狀態(tài),但由于肝臟強(qiáng)大的代償功能,一定程度上保護(hù)了毒性膽汁酸造成的肝損傷。值得注意的是,DEHP組MRP2蛋白表達(dá)水平下降,而葉酸干預(yù)能逆轉(zhuǎn)MRP2蛋白的表達(dá)水平。MRP2是位于肝細(xì)胞毛細(xì)膽管膜的膽汁酸轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白,主要負(fù)責(zé)排泌膽汁酸和結(jié)合膽紅素等有機(jī)陰離子化合物,在維持膽汁酸穩(wěn)態(tài)和腸肝循環(huán)起到重要作用。大量研究[15-20]表明,在雌激素、膽管結(jié)扎、α-異硫氰酸酯、脂多糖等多種膽汁淤積模型、丙型肝炎及梗阻性膽汁淤積患者體內(nèi),均發(fā)現(xiàn)了MRP2蛋白表達(dá)的下降。這與本研究結(jié)果一致,MRP2的下調(diào)加重了膽汁淤積小鼠膽汁酸的蓄積。
綜上所述,葉酸可能通過(guò)調(diào)控膽汁酸合成、代謝與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),維持膽汁酸代謝穩(wěn)態(tài),并通過(guò)提高機(jī)體抗氧化能力,從而對(duì)DEHP誘導(dǎo)的膽汁淤積型肝損傷產(chǎn)生保護(hù)作用。
倫理學(xué)聲明:本研究遵守國(guó)家所有相關(guān)法規(guī)、機(jī)構(gòu)政策和赫爾辛基宣言,于2020年5月23日經(jīng)由安徽醫(yī)科大學(xué)動(dòng)物倫理委員會(huì)審批,批號(hào):20200523,符合實(shí)驗(yàn)室動(dòng)物管理與使用準(zhǔn)則。
利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明:王建青、余蕓、侯夢(mèng)貞負(fù)責(zé)課題設(shè)計(jì),資料分析;侯夢(mèng)貞、黃倩倩、張倫、陶文康、蔣月參與收集數(shù)據(jù),修改論文;王建青負(fù)責(zé)擬定寫(xiě)作思路,指導(dǎo)撰寫(xiě)文章并最后定稿。
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收稿日期:2024-01-26;錄用日期:2024-03-12
本文編輯:王瑩
引 證 本 文 : HOU MZ, YU Y, HUANG QQ, et al. Protective effect of folic acid against cholestatic liver injury in mice caused by bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2024, 40(10): 2062-2069.
侯夢(mèng)貞, 余蕓, 黃倩倩, 等. 葉酸對(duì)鄰苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯 (DEHP)暴露導(dǎo)致小鼠膽汁淤積型肝損傷的保護(hù)作用[J]. 臨床 肝膽病雜志, 2024, 40(10): 2062-2069.