姜建軍

動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)是高考試題的?？純?nèi)容之一，同時(shí)也是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)之一。筆者通過(guò)對(duì)近幾年來(lái)各地的高考試卷分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的考查主要集中在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)；一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)等的用法與區(qū)別。本文擬就高考試題中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的考查時(shí)態(tài)的考點(diǎn)予以歸類(lèi)分析，以期同學(xué)們更好地復(fù)習(xí)和掌握英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)在具體語(yǔ)境中的運(yùn)用。

一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

1．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

（1）考查表示按時(shí)間表將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件

例1—Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 1026 _______ off at 18: 20.

A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken

解析：飛機(jī)起非的時(shí)間是時(shí)間表上的安排，所以無(wú)論將來(lái)什么時(shí)候發(fā)生都用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，答案應(yīng)是A。

（2）考查表示特征、能力或現(xiàn)時(shí)的情況或狀態(tài)

例2 This machine _______. It hasnt worked for years.

A. didnt work B. wasnt working

C. doesnt work D. isnt working

解析：機(jī)器閑置了很多年，所以現(xiàn)在的狀況也是不運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)時(shí)的狀態(tài)，故答案為C。

例3 The house belongs to my aunt but she _______ here any more.A. hasnt lived B. didnt live C. had lived D. doesnt live

解析：句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故不住在這里也應(yīng)該是現(xiàn)時(shí)的情況，答案應(yīng)為D。

（3）考查表示普遍真理、事實(shí)

例4Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _______ the Pacific, and we met no storms.

A. was called B. is called

C. had been called D. has been called

解析：盡管我們橫渡太平洋是幾個(gè)月前的事情，但是海洋的名稱(chēng)是存在的事實(shí)，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，答案是B。

2．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

（1）考查表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的事

例5 I have to go to work by taxi because my car _______ at the garage.

A. will be repaired B. is repaired

C. is being repaired D. has been repaired

句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，所以現(xiàn)在汽車(chē)正在被修理，故答案選C。

例6Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _______ to ask how I am going to spend the money.

A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning

解析：因?yàn)槲耀@了獎(jiǎng)，所以這段時(shí)間老有人給我打電話(huà)怎樣花這筆錢(qián)，答案應(yīng)是D。

（3）考查表示某個(gè)按最近的計(jì)劃或安排將要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作、即將開(kāi)始或結(jié)束的動(dòng)作

常用的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, give, change, fly, work等。

例7Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belt. The plane _______.

A. takes off B. is taking off

C. has taken off D. took off

解析：答案是B。用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示飛機(jī)即將起飛。

從歷屆高考題可以看出，命題者在選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置中注重對(duì)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)區(qū)別的考查。這兩種時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別見(jiàn)下：

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：習(xí)慣性、永久性、客觀事實(shí)

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：暫時(shí)性、重復(fù)性、感情色彩

二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

1．一般過(guò)去時(shí)

主要考查表示過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間或某一段時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況

例8Its said that the early European playing-cards ________ for entertainment and

education.

A. were being designed B. have designed

C. have been designed D. were designed

句中的the early說(shuō)明以前歐洲撲克牌的設(shè)計(jì)是為了娛樂(lè)和教育，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)說(shuō)明過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，答案是D。

例9My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He _______ there for a few months and then went to America.

A. worked B. would work

C. would be working D. has been working

此題中的two years ago說(shuō)明是發(fā)生在過(guò)去的事情，所以答案是A。

2．過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

（1）考查表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某階段正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，強(qiáng)調(diào)未完成

例10—Has Sam finished his homework today?

—I have no idea. He _______ it this morning.

A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done

解析：從對(duì)話(huà)中不知道Sam有沒(méi)有完成作業(yè)，所以今天上午他正在做，正確答案為C。

（2）考查表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

例11—What were you doing when Tony phoned you?

—I had just finished my work and _______ take a shower. A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting

解析：“我”剛剛完成手頭的工作，將要去洗澡，所以答案是D。

一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別如下：

一般過(guò)去時(shí)：完成性

過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：未完成

三、現(xiàn)成完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1．現(xiàn)成完成時(shí)

（1）考查表示所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果

例12Although medical science _______ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning.

A. achieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had achieved

解析：盡管句中未出現(xiàn)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，我們從句意可以判斷出醫(yī)學(xué)已經(jīng)控制住了一些危險(xiǎn)的疾病，所以答案是B。

（2）考查表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開(kāi)始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作

例13My friend, who _______ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month.

A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served

解析：此題中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)all his life 說(shuō)明我的朋友從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在一直在奧委會(huì)工作，答案應(yīng)是D。

例14My brother is an actor. He _______ in several films so far.

A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing

解析：句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)so far和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用，意為“到目前為止”，所以答案是C。

2．現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

主要考查表示一個(gè)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始發(fā)生，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能延續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。

例15Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _______ going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet.

A. had considered B. has been considering

C. consider D. is going to consider

解析：因?yàn)槭I(yè)，Lucy一直考慮重返校園，但是到現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)做出決定,所以答案為B。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別如下：

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：完成性強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：未完成性動(dòng)作在不久前持續(xù)進(jìn)行的情景