Ｔｈｅ?。樱恚幔颍簟。校幔颍颍铮簦澹簦?/h1>
2008-02-27 01:34:00
中學(xué)科技 2008年1期
The Smart Parrot
Scientists have taught a parrot English. So what? This time, it seems, the bird not only says the words but also understands them. Alex, an African grey parrot residing atAmerica'sPurdue University inIndiana, hasavocabulary of about 40 words with which it identifies, requests andsometimes refusesmore than 50toys. It seemstomanipulatewordsasabstractsymbols - in other words, to use a primitive form of language.
In many birds, communication takes the form of simple, stereotypedsignals. Somebirds, likeparrots, are capableoflearninghugerepertoriesofphrasesby mimicking each other or other species. But, until now, there has been no evidence that any bird could make the big leap to associating one sound exclusively with one object or quality.
Alex can. Dr. Irene Pepperberg, his trainer, exploited the natural curiosity of the parrot to teach him to use the names of different toys. She did this with a technique known as model rival training. The trainer and an assistant play with the toys and ask each other questions about them. To join in, the parrot has to compete for the trainer's attention. The results were spectacular. Alex rapidly learnt to ask for certain objects, identifying them by wordsfor shape, colorandmaterial. Itwas askedto repeat words until it got them right and was then rewarded by being given the object to play with.
聰明的鸚鵡
科學(xué)家們教會(huì)了一只鸚鵡說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。那又有什么稀奇呢？原來(lái)這一回這只鸚鵡不僅會(huì)說(shuō)話，而且還懂得這些話的意思。Alex是養(yǎng)在美國(guó)印第安那州普杜大學(xué)的一只灰色的非洲鸚鵡，它掌握了將近40個(gè)詞匯，它能用這40個(gè)詞匯識(shí)別50多種玩具，討要、有時(shí)則拒絕接受某種玩具。它看來(lái)能把這些詞作為抽象符號(hào)來(lái)熟練運(yùn)用。換句話說(shuō)，它能使用語(yǔ)言的原始形式。
對(duì)許多鳥來(lái)說(shuō)，相互間的交流用的是簡(jiǎn)單的、一成不變的信號(hào)。有些像鸚鵡那樣的鳥能夠通過(guò)互相模仿或是模仿其他動(dòng)物的聲音而學(xué)會(huì)大量詞語(yǔ)，但迄今為止還沒有證據(jù)表明哪一只鳥能夠來(lái)一個(gè)飛躍，把某個(gè)聲音與某個(gè)特定物體或品質(zhì)聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
Alex卻能做到這一點(diǎn)。它的馴養(yǎng)員艾琳·佩伯格利用鸚鵡天生的好奇心教它學(xué)會(huì)說(shuō)各種玩具的名字。她使用了一種叫做仿效競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的訓(xùn)練法。馴養(yǎng)員和一名助手一起玩這些玩具，并就這些玩具互相提問(wèn)。鸚鵡如果想加入進(jìn)來(lái)，它就必須與助手競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，爭(zhēng)取吸引馴養(yǎng)員的注意。這樣訓(xùn)練的效果出人意料地好。Alex很快就學(xué)會(huì)了使用表示形狀、顏色和材料的詞匯來(lái)討要某些玩具。馴養(yǎng)員還要求它把這些詞匯重復(fù)多次，直到它說(shuō)對(duì)為止，然后再把它要的玩具給它玩，作為獎(jiǎng)賞。
（翻譯本文時(shí)，請(qǐng)注意根據(jù)中文習(xí)慣使用代詞和增減詞語(yǔ)）
Invisible to Microwaves
Scientists can't yet make an invisibility cloak like the one that Harry Potter uses. But, for the first time, they've constructed a simple cloaking (1) d___that makes itself and something placed inside it invisible to microwaves.
Like (A) v___light, microwaves are a form of radiant energy. They are part of the electromagnetic (2) s___, which also includes radio waves, infrared light, ultraviolet rays, X rays, and gamma rays. The wavelengths of microwavesare (B) s___than those of radio waves, but longer than those of visible light.
The scientists'new "invisibility device" is the size of a drink coaster and shaped like a ring. The ring is made of a special (C) m___with unusual ability. When microwaves strike the ring, very few bounce off it. Instead, they pass through the ring, which bends the waves all the way around until they reach the opposite side. The waves then return to their original paths.
To a detector set up to receive microwaves on the other side of the ring, it looks asif thewavesnever changedtheir paths - asif therewereno (3)o___in the way! So, the ring is effectively invisible.
When the researchers put a small copper loop inside the ring, it, too, is nearly invisible. However, the cloaking device and anything inside it do cast a pale shadow. And the device worksonlyfor(D) m___, notfor visible light or any kind of electromagnetic (E) r___. So, Harry Potter's invisibility cloak doesn't have any real competition yet.(A,B,C,D,E FOR CROSS, 1,2,3 FOR DOWN. The first letters of the absents were given)
Funny Conjecture
The name, not necessarily respectively, of the brakeman, fireman, and engineer of a certain train are Smith, Jones and Robinson. The three passengers on the train who happen to have the same names - Smith, Jones, and Robinson - will be referred to hereafter as Mr. Smith, Mr. Jones, and Mr. Robinson to distinguish them from the employees.
We are informed that: 1. Mr. Robinson lives in Detroit. 2. Thebrakemanliveshalfway between Chicago and Detroit. 3. Mr. Jonesearnsexactly $20000ayear. 4.Smith beat the fireman at billiards. 5. The brakeman's next-door neighbor, one of the passengers, earns exactly three times as much as the brakeman. 6. The passenger who lives in Chicago has the same name as the brakeman.
Questions:
1.we can conclude that the brakeman's next-door neighbor is ().
A. Mr. RobinsonB. Mr. Jones
C. the firemanD. Mr. Smith
2. The engineer's name is ().
3. Some of the original conditions must have been used in arriving at the above result. They are ().
A. 3,5 B. 1,2,5,6
C. 2,4,6D. All six of the conditions
上期Read&
Comprehension答案
1. A 2. C3. D
4. B 5. C
上期Crossword答案
A. facesB. screens
C. differenceD. understand
E. subtract 1. monitor
2. animals3. either
上期Illation答案
8，14
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The Smart Parrot
Scientists have taught a parrot English. So what? This time, it seems, the bird not only says the words but also understands them. Alex, an African grey parrot residing atAmerica'sPurdue University inIndiana, hasavocabulary of about 40 words with which it identifies, requests andsometimes refusesmore than 50toys. It seemstomanipulatewordsasabstractsymbols - in other words, to use a primitive form of language.
In many birds, communication takes the form of simple, stereotypedsignals. Somebirds, likeparrots, are capableoflearninghugerepertoriesofphrasesby mimicking each other or other species. But, until now, there has been no evidence that any bird could make the big leap to associating one sound exclusively with one object or quality.
Alex can. Dr. Irene Pepperberg, his trainer, exploited the natural curiosity of the parrot to teach him to use the names of different toys. She did this with a technique known as model rival training. The trainer and an assistant play with the toys and ask each other questions about them. To join in, the parrot has to compete for the trainer's attention. The results were spectacular. Alex rapidly learnt to ask for certain objects, identifying them by wordsfor shape, colorandmaterial. Itwas askedto repeat words until it got them right and was then rewarded by being given the object to play with.
聰明的鸚鵡
科學(xué)家們教會(huì)了一只鸚鵡說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。那又有什么稀奇呢？原來(lái)這一回這只鸚鵡不僅會(huì)說(shuō)話，而且還懂得這些話的意思。Alex是養(yǎng)在美國(guó)印第安那州普杜大學(xué)的一只灰色的非洲鸚鵡，它掌握了將近40個(gè)詞匯，它能用這40個(gè)詞匯識(shí)別50多種玩具，討要、有時(shí)則拒絕接受某種玩具。它看來(lái)能把這些詞作為抽象符號(hào)來(lái)熟練運(yùn)用。換句話說(shuō)，它能使用語(yǔ)言的原始形式。
對(duì)許多鳥來(lái)說(shuō)，相互間的交流用的是簡(jiǎn)單的、一成不變的信號(hào)。有些像鸚鵡那樣的鳥能夠通過(guò)互相模仿或是模仿其他動(dòng)物的聲音而學(xué)會(huì)大量詞語(yǔ)，但迄今為止還沒有證據(jù)表明哪一只鳥能夠來(lái)一個(gè)飛躍，把某個(gè)聲音與某個(gè)特定物體或品質(zhì)聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
Alex卻能做到這一點(diǎn)。它的馴養(yǎng)員艾琳·佩伯格利用鸚鵡天生的好奇心教它學(xué)會(huì)說(shuō)各種玩具的名字。她使用了一種叫做仿效競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的訓(xùn)練法。馴養(yǎng)員和一名助手一起玩這些玩具，并就這些玩具互相提問(wèn)。鸚鵡如果想加入進(jìn)來(lái)，它就必須與助手競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，爭(zhēng)取吸引馴養(yǎng)員的注意。這樣訓(xùn)練的效果出人意料地好。Alex很快就學(xué)會(huì)了使用表示形狀、顏色和材料的詞匯來(lái)討要某些玩具。馴養(yǎng)員還要求它把這些詞匯重復(fù)多次，直到它說(shuō)對(duì)為止，然后再把它要的玩具給它玩，作為獎(jiǎng)賞。
（翻譯本文時(shí)，請(qǐng)注意根據(jù)中文習(xí)慣使用代詞和增減詞語(yǔ)）
Invisible to Microwaves
Scientists can't yet make an invisibility cloak like the one that Harry Potter uses. But, for the first time, they've constructed a simple cloaking (1) d___that makes itself and something placed inside it invisible to microwaves.
Like (A) v___light, microwaves are a form of radiant energy. They are part of the electromagnetic (2) s___, which also includes radio waves, infrared light, ultraviolet rays, X rays, and gamma rays. The wavelengths of microwavesare (B) s___than those of radio waves, but longer than those of visible light.
The scientists'new "invisibility device" is the size of a drink coaster and shaped like a ring. The ring is made of a special (C) m___with unusual ability. When microwaves strike the ring, very few bounce off it. Instead, they pass through the ring, which bends the waves all the way around until they reach the opposite side. The waves then return to their original paths.
To a detector set up to receive microwaves on the other side of the ring, it looks asif thewavesnever changedtheir paths - asif therewereno (3)o___in the way! So, the ring is effectively invisible.
When the researchers put a small copper loop inside the ring, it, too, is nearly invisible. However, the cloaking device and anything inside it do cast a pale shadow. And the device worksonlyfor(D) m___, notfor visible light or any kind of electromagnetic (E) r___. So, Harry Potter's invisibility cloak doesn't have any real competition yet.(A,B,C,D,E FOR CROSS, 1,2,3 FOR DOWN. The first letters of the absents were given)
Funny Conjecture
The name, not necessarily respectively, of the brakeman, fireman, and engineer of a certain train are Smith, Jones and Robinson. The three passengers on the train who happen to have the same names - Smith, Jones, and Robinson - will be referred to hereafter as Mr. Smith, Mr. Jones, and Mr. Robinson to distinguish them from the employees.
We are informed that: 1. Mr. Robinson lives in Detroit. 2. Thebrakemanliveshalfway between Chicago and Detroit. 3. Mr. Jonesearnsexactly $20000ayear. 4.Smith beat the fireman at billiards. 5. The brakeman's next-door neighbor, one of the passengers, earns exactly three times as much as the brakeman. 6. The passenger who lives in Chicago has the same name as the brakeman.
Questions:
1.we can conclude that the brakeman's next-door neighbor is ().
A. Mr. RobinsonB. Mr. Jones
C. the firemanD. Mr. Smith
2. The engineer's name is ().
3. Some of the original conditions must have been used in arriving at the above result. They are ().
A. 3,5 B. 1,2,5,6
C. 2,4,6D. All six of the conditions
上期Read&
Comprehension答案
1. A 2. C3. D
4. B 5. C
上期Crossword答案
A. facesB. screens
C. differenceD. understand
E. subtract 1. monitor
2. animals3. either
上期Illation答案
8，14
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