楊開(kāi)成

1. entrance, entry

兩詞都有“入口；進(jìn)入”之意。entrance不具體指門或大門，而籠統(tǒng)地指入口處?？珊蚾f連用，表示“入口”屬于該物的組成部分；也可和to連用，表示通往“某處”的途徑。使用時(shí)，應(yīng)依句意的著眼點(diǎn)進(jìn)行選擇。該詞強(qiáng)調(diào)“進(jìn)入”的行為，如入門、入場(chǎng)、參戰(zhàn)等。entrance還指某人的到來(lái)、或容許某人入內(nèi)。entry可具體指入口，包括門、大門、門廳、門廊等。entry指進(jìn)入組織或指進(jìn)入的權(quán)力，其后多接介詞into；也有準(zhǔn)許入內(nèi)的意思，但語(yǔ)氣更為莊重。

a. We cant go along that road because the sign says “No ____”.

b. This did a good deal of damage to the ____ of the building.

c. The ____ to the hall is on your right.

d. The thieves had forced an ____ into the building.

答案：a. Entry b. entrance c. entrance d. entry

2. be known as, be known for, be known to, be known by

be known as意為“作為……知名，被稱作是，大家公認(rèn)為，叫作”，后接身份名詞；be known for意為“因……而出名，因……而眾所周知”，for表示原因；be known to意為“為……所知，……所熟知”，介詞后的名詞或代詞表示為“誰(shuí)”所知；be known by意為“憑……而知”，by表示手段或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，作“通過(guò)，按照”解。

a. One can ____ his words and deeds.

b. He ____ the police as a thief.

c. Before liberation, this village ____ its extreme poverty.

d. He ____ a fair judge.

答案：a. be known by b. is known to c. was known for d. is known as

3. deal in, deal with, do with

deal in意為“做買賣，賣某物，經(jīng)營(yíng)某物”，后接經(jīng)營(yíng)或買賣的商品，一般不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。deal with和do with都可作“處理”解，deal with常和疑問(wèn)詞how連用；do with中的do為及物動(dòng)詞，要帶賓語(yǔ)，故常和疑問(wèn)詞what連用。另外，deal with還有“和……做買賣；對(duì)付，和……打交道；涉及，論述，關(guān)于(主要指書(shū)籍、文章或演講的內(nèi)容)”等意思。

a. We dont know what to ____ waste things.

b. Such people are difficult ____.

c. Do you ____ Tom, a greedy merchant?

d. They ____ hardware but not software.

答案及解析：a. do with b. to deal with c. deal with d. deal in

4. aim at, aim for

兩者的后面均可接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞，都表示“目的是，旨在”的意義，一般可換用。不同的是，aim at還有“瞄準(zhǔn)，對(duì)準(zhǔn)”的意義，后既可跟表目的的名詞，又可跟射擊的目標(biāo)。be aimed at是aim at的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。aim for強(qiáng)調(diào)最終目的?？傊琣t強(qiáng)調(diào)“目標(biāo)”，for強(qiáng)調(diào)最終目的。

a. The visit ____ expanding relation between the two countries.

b. What she ____ is to win a scholarship.

c. We ____ the completion of the task by the end of the year.

d. The hunter ____ ____ the lion and fired, but missed it.

答案及解析：a. was amed at b. is aiming at c. aim for d. aimed at

5. insist that, insist on, stick to, persist in

四者都有“堅(jiān)持”之意。insist后接that從句有兩種用法：一是表示“堅(jiān)持說(shuō)，堅(jiān)決認(rèn)為(主張)”，從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣；二是表示“堅(jiān)決要，堅(jiān)決要求”，從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即謂語(yǔ)用should＋動(dòng)詞原形，should可省略。insist on多用于堅(jiān)持“意見(jiàn)、看法、主張”等。stick to多用于堅(jiān)持“計(jì)劃、決定、諾言、意見(jiàn)、理想或某種理論”等。persist in表示對(duì)某種活動(dòng)堅(jiān)持不懈或?qū)δ撤N信念固執(zhí)不改。

a. If you ____ breaking the law, you will go to prison.

b. Its right ____ ones promise.

c. He ____ the plan be carried out at once.

d. She ____ the fact.

答案及解析：a. persist in b. to stick to c. insisted that d.insisted on

6. as a result, as a result of

as a result為“因此，結(jié)果是”；as a result of為“由于……的原因 (結(jié)果)”。

a. ____ the big fire, thousands of people lost their lives.

b. He was late for school again. ____, he was punished by the teacher.

c. She was late ____ the snow.

d. It doesnt often rain in summer here. ____, we have to water the vegetable garden.

答案及解析：a. As a result of b. As a result c. as a result of d. As a result。

7. provide, supply

provide主要指為某人、某物或某事“提供”、“供應(yīng)”某物品，尤其指生活必需品，常用于provide sth. for sb.和provide sb. with sth.結(jié)構(gòu)中；supply指用物“供給”、“供應(yīng)”或“提供”給國(guó)家、群眾、工廠、城市、市場(chǎng)等，以部隊(duì)為對(duì)象時(shí)，往往只供給生活必需品，而不指武器。常用于supply sb. with sth.和supply sth. to/for sb.結(jié)構(gòu)中。涉及到金錢時(shí)，provide往往有“免費(fèi)供給”的含義；supply一般是要給錢的。

a. TV ____ a lot of entertainments to us.

b. They ____ the refugees food and medicine.

c. More and more vegetables and fruit ____ to the army.

d. Can you ____ accommodation for thirty people?

答案及解析：a. supplies b. provided c. are supplied d. provide

8. ability, capacity, talent

這組詞都表示“個(gè)人的能力”。ability指人表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的實(shí)際能力，既指天賦能力，也指培養(yǎng)造就獲得的本領(lǐng)；capacity用于物時(shí)指容納能力，用于人時(shí)指潛在的能力，尤指接受能力、領(lǐng)悟性、敏感等；talent表示先天所賦予的某種特殊才能，可以經(jīng)過(guò)訓(xùn)練或使用而有所發(fā)展和成熟。ability和talent主要用于人；capacity可用于人，也可用于物。ability后常接不定式、介詞in或for；talent后通常接介詞for表示“有……的天才”。

a. I think he is a man of great ____.

b. The hall has a seating ____ of 100 persons.

c. This sort of work calls for special ____.

答案及解析：a. ability b. capacity c. talents

9. help, aid, assist

這三個(gè)詞的共同意思是“幫助”，help和aid既可用作名詞，也可用作動(dòng)詞，assist只能用作動(dòng)詞。aid常用于很緊急或很危險(xiǎn)的場(chǎng)合，意為“援助、資助,救援”，在foreign aid (外援)，first aid (急救)，government aid to industry (政府對(duì)工業(yè)的援助)，state aid (國(guó)家援助)等短語(yǔ)中不能用help。assist有“從旁協(xié)助、起輔助作用”的含義，只是充當(dāng)被幫助者的助手，居次要地位。help最常用，常指出于好意或同情而做出的行為，意為“幫助，救援”。

a. She was delighted to ____ him with his English.

b. He ____ me to clean the rooms.

c. The stricken ship sent an SOS for immediate ____.

d. I couldnt have done it without your ____.

答案及解析：a. assist/aid/help b. assisted/helped c. aid d. help

10. damage, destroy, harm

damage指因“損害、損壞”而減少或使之失去使用價(jià)值、用途等。這種“損傷”多為局部性的，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的名詞一般為非生物名詞。destroy指十分徹底地破壞，不能或很難修復(fù)。harm“損害、傷害、危害”，多指給人精神上造成痛苦和苦惱等。

a. What you said has ____ her.

b. The fire ____ several houses.

c. An explosion ____ the engine.

答案及解析：a. harmed b. damaged c. destroyed

11. be used to, get used to, used to

be used to是“習(xí)慣于”的意思，可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)，其中to是介詞，后接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞;be used to有時(shí)是動(dòng)詞use的被動(dòng)形式，有“被用來(lái)……”的意思，to為動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)。get used to意為“習(xí)慣于”，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作，說(shuō)明由不習(xí)慣到習(xí)慣的轉(zhuǎn)變，其后接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞，常用于將來(lái)時(shí)和完成時(shí)中。used to意為“過(guò)去常?！?，表示過(guò)去存在但現(xiàn)在已不存在的情況或習(xí)慣，to為不定式符號(hào)，后跟動(dòng)詞原形。

a. There ____ be many people smoking in the office, but now no- body is allowed to.

b. Ive ____ living here.

c. Weve ____ hard work.

答案及解析：a. used to b. got used to c. been used to

12. join, join in, take part in, attend, participate

四者都可譯成“參加”，但意義和用法有異。join意為“加入某一組織，成為其中一員”，join后可接表示人的名詞或代詞，表示加入到某人或某些人的行列中去。join in表示“加入”，“參與”某種活動(dòng)，in之后可接名詞或動(dòng)詞的-ing形式，表示“參加某人的活動(dòng)”，可以說(shuō)join sb. in (doing) sth.。take part in指參加會(huì)議或群眾性活動(dòng)，重在說(shuō)明句子主語(yǔ)參加該項(xiàng)活動(dòng)并在其中發(fā)揮作用。join in后可以不跟賓語(yǔ)，take part in后必須跟賓語(yǔ)。attend意為“出席，參加”，指參加會(huì)議或儀式、婚禮、葬禮，典禮、上課、上學(xué)、聽(tīng)報(bào)告等，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這一動(dòng)作本身，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)參加者在活動(dòng)中起作用。participate指以主人或主角的身分、或姿態(tài)“參加”或“參與”某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)并在其中發(fā)揮作用。一般不指參加某個(gè)團(tuán)體或組織，其后接介詞in，可與take part in換用，但后者更口語(yǔ)化。

a. She actively ____ in local politics.

b. When will you ____ the meeting?

c. Let me ____.

d. Were going swimming. Will you come and ____ us?

e. My elder brother ____ the army last year.

f. All the children of school-age in our village have ____ school.

答案及解析：a. participates b. take part in(attend) c. join in d. joine. joined f. attended