張　爽

Unit 3

1.Six of the points represent the states and the seventh stands for all the territories. 六個(gè)角代表六大州，第七個(gè)角代表所有的區(qū)。

represent用作動(dòng)詞，意思為“代表，象征，體現(xiàn)，描繪，描述”。

He represented China in the conference.

他代表中國(guó)參加了這個(gè)會(huì)議。

The dove represents peace. 鴿子象征和平。

[發(fā)散思維]representative adj. 有代表性的，典型的；n.包含多種類(lèi)型的樣品

stand for為固定短語(yǔ)，意思為“代表，象征，主張，支持”等，口語(yǔ)中可用作“容忍，允許”的意思。

Our flag stands for our country. 我們的旗幟代表我們的國(guó)家。

We like our school and all it stands for.

我們喜歡我們學(xué)校以及它所提倡的一切。

CPC stands for the Communist Party of China.

CPC是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的英文名稱的縮寫(xiě)。

I cant stand for those who put on airs. 我不能容忍擺架子的人。

2.These peoples came to the continent at least fifty thousand years ago and created complex societies. 這些部落至少在5萬(wàn)年前就來(lái)到這塊大陸上，并且創(chuàng)造了復(fù)雜的社會(huì)群體。

at least意思為“至少，起碼，不管怎樣”，反義詞為at most。如：

It requires at least two days. 這事至少需要2天。

The railway will be completed in six months at most.

這條鐵路至多6個(gè)月就能完成。

[鏈接]at the latest最遲

Passengers should check in one hour before their flight time at the latest. 乘客最遲應(yīng)在班機(jī)起飛前一小時(shí)辦理登機(jī)手續(xù)。

create用作動(dòng)詞，意為“創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)作;引起，產(chǎn)生，造成”，名詞形式為creation。如：

This hotel creates a friendly atmosphere.

這個(gè)賓館營(yíng)造了一種友好的氛圍。

There are more and more new industries that create new jobs in modern society.

在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，有越來(lái)越多的帶來(lái)新的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的新興產(chǎn)業(yè)。

[發(fā)散思維]creation n.創(chuàng)造，產(chǎn)生 creative adj.創(chuàng)造性的,有創(chuàng)造力的 creativity n.創(chuàng)造性，創(chuàng)造力，獨(dú)創(chuàng)性

complex用作形容詞，意為“復(fù)雜的，難以理解的，復(fù)合的，綜合的”等，反義詞為simple。

3.In 1770, Captain James Cook claimed the east coast of the continent for the British Crown. 在1770年,詹姆斯?庫(kù)克船長(zhǎng)聲稱這個(gè)大陸的東海岸屬于大不列顛王國(guó)。

claim用作動(dòng)詞，意為“要求, 認(rèn)領(lǐng), 自稱, 聲稱, 主張”等。如：

The farmers claimed compensation for the losses.

農(nóng)民們要求賠償損失。

Has anyone claimed the watch? 有人來(lái)認(rèn)領(lǐng)這塊手表嗎？

[發(fā)散思維]“公開(kāi)表達(dá)”“宣布”的一組同義詞：

state“陳述，聲明”，書(shū)面或演講中的正式表達(dá)。

declare“宣布，斷言”，與state接近，但主要指口頭的，尤指官方的聲明。

announce“公開(kāi)宣布，通知”，不一定是正式的。

claim“斷言，宣稱”，尤指面對(duì)反對(duì)意見(jiàn)時(shí)。

4.It would be many years until Australia learnt to respect Aborigines and recognise the importance of a diverse society. 許多年之后澳大利亞人才開(kāi)始懂得尊重土著居民，并認(rèn)識(shí)到多元化社會(huì)的重要性。

recognise v.意為“認(rèn)識(shí)，認(rèn)出，承認(rèn)，公認(rèn)”等。如：

He recognised that he was not qualified for the work.

他認(rèn)識(shí)到自己做這項(xiàng)工作是不夠資格的。

[發(fā)散思維]recognition n.認(rèn)識(shí)，認(rèn)出，承認(rèn)

He has won wide recognition in the field of medicine.

他在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域里受到廣泛的贊譽(yù)。

[發(fā)散思維]diverse adj. 多種多樣的，不同的

His interests are very diverse. 他的興趣非常廣泛。

diversity n. 多種多樣，多樣性

There are a wide diversity of opinions in the meeting.

會(huì)議上眾說(shuō)紛紜。

5.The country also began to change its attitude towards Aborigines: in the late 1960s, the government passed laws to strengthen the rights of Aborigines and Islanders and to improve their living conditions. 國(guó)家也開(kāi)始改變對(duì)土著人的態(tài)度：在20世紀(jì)60年代晚期，政府通過(guò)法律來(lái)加強(qiáng)土著人和島上居民的權(quán)利，并改善他們的生活條件。

attitude n. 意思是“態(tài)度，看法”，常和介詞to/towards連用。如：

There are great changes in attitude towards handicapped people nowadays. 現(xiàn)今，在對(duì)待殘疾人的態(tài)度方面有了很大變化。

I dont think its fair to accuse me of having an attitude problem.

我認(rèn)為說(shuō)我態(tài)度有問(wèn)題是不公平的。

Unit 4

6.Until then, mostly doctors and surgeons studied herbs. 到那時(shí)為止，大部分內(nèi)科醫(yī)生和外科醫(yī)生都研究過(guò)藥草。

until(=till)常用在句首（till不可用于句首），可作介詞或連詞，意為“直到……為止，直到……才”。在肯定句中，與延續(xù)性、持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用；在否定句中，與瞬時(shí)性、短暫性動(dòng)詞連用。

I shall stay here until next Sunday.

我將留在這兒一直到下星期天。

He didnt come back until late in the evening.

他直到晚上很遲才回來(lái)。

[鏈接]not until放在句首，句子要倒裝；強(qiáng)調(diào)till或until引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)，如果是否定句應(yīng)把not提前。

Not until all the fish died in the river, did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was. 直到那條河里所有的魚(yú)都死了,村民們才意識(shí)到污染有多么嚴(yán)重。

It wasnt until 12 oclock that he came back. 他直到12點(diǎn)才回家。

7.Showing how plants were related was a complex and strange thing… 表明植物之間的關(guān)系是一件復(fù)雜而且奇怪的事……

related形容詞，意為“有聯(lián)系的，相關(guān)的，有親戚關(guān)系的”。

The two neighbouring countries are as closely related as the lips and teeth. 這兩個(gè)國(guó)家是唇齒相依的兩個(gè)鄰邦。

[鏈接]relate的用法:

（1）v.（和……）關(guān)聯(lián)，把……與……聯(lián)系起來(lái)

How on earth do his remarks relate to what we are discussing now?

他的評(píng)語(yǔ)和我們現(xiàn)在所討論的事物究竟有什么關(guān)系呢？

（2）v.（對(duì)人）談……，敘述，講……

He related his adventure to his children.

他將自己的冒險(xiǎn)經(jīng)歷說(shuō)給他的孩子們聽(tīng)。

（3）relate to 涉及，與……相關(guān)，談到

We shall discuss the problem as it relates to our specific case.

我們應(yīng)針對(duì)我們的具體情況來(lái)討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

She says she is related to the royal family.

她說(shuō)她與王室有親戚關(guān)系。

（4）in/with relation to關(guān)于，有關(guān)

an answer with no relation to the question跟問(wèn)題無(wú)關(guān)的答復(fù)

（5）be related to…（與……）有親戚關(guān)系，有關(guān)聯(lián)

He is related to my father. 他同我父親有親屬關(guān)系。

8.As a result, fruits such as peaches and pears are in fact related, although they are different at first sight. 因此，像桃和梨這樣的水果實(shí)際上是有緊密關(guān)系的，盡管它們第一眼看上去不同。

sight為名詞，意為“目光，視力，視野，景象，風(fēng)景（一般用復(fù)數(shù)），奇觀”。

He lost his sight in an accident. 他在一次事故中喪失了視力。

It was his first sight of an elephant. 這是他第一次見(jiàn)到大象。

The sunset was a beautiful sight. 日落是很美的景色。

John enjoys seeing the sights of the West Lake.

約翰很喜歡觀賞西湖的風(fēng)景。

[開(kāi)放思維]與sight有關(guān)的短語(yǔ)：

at first sight乍一看 at the sight of一看見(jiàn)

catch (have/get) sight of看到，發(fā)現(xiàn)

[發(fā)散思維]sightseeing n.觀光，游覽；adj.觀光的

go sightseeing去觀光游覽 a sightseeing tour觀光旅行

9.In 1768, the Royal Navy appointed James Cook as the commander of the Endeavour to take members of the Royal Society on an expedition to Tahiti. 1768年,英國(guó)皇家海軍任命詹姆斯?庫(kù)克為“奮力號(hào)”船長(zhǎng)，帶領(lǐng)皇家學(xué)會(huì)成員遠(yuǎn)征塔希提島。

appoint及物動(dòng)詞，意為“任命，委任，約定，指定（時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)）”。

They appointed a place to exchange experience.

他們約定一個(gè)地方交流經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

[發(fā)散思維]appointment n.任命；約會(huì)，約定

the appointment of a proper person to an office

任命一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)娜藫?dān)任某個(gè)職務(wù)

[開(kāi)放思維]keep/break ones appointment守/違約

make/fix an appointment with sb.與某人約會(huì)

expedition n.[C] 遠(yuǎn)征隊(duì)， 探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)， 考察隊(duì); 遠(yuǎn)征， 探險(xiǎn)， 考察

go on an expedition去遠(yuǎn)征/探險(xiǎn)/考察

make an expedition to the North Pole去北極探險(xiǎn)

10.As astronomy was one of the most important branches of science, it was the British government that paid for all the equipment and expenses for that part of the expedition. 天文學(xué)是一個(gè)很重要的科學(xué)分支，因此英國(guó)政府贊助了遠(yuǎn)征中天文學(xué)部分所有的設(shè)備和經(jīng)費(fèi)。

As astronomy was…是一個(gè)由as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，主句由it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句構(gòu)成。

As all the seats were full, we had to stand up.

由于所有位置都有人，我們只好站著。

We started off on foot, as David had an appetite for walking.

因?yàn)榇笮l(wèi)喜歡走路，我們就步行出發(fā)了。

pay的賓語(yǔ)是“錢(qián)”或“人”。

I paid the shop owner $ 5 for the pen.

我為這支鋼筆付了5美元給商店主人。

Have you paid all your debts yet? 你的債務(wù)全還清了嗎？

[開(kāi)放思維] pay for付……費(fèi)用（賓語(yǔ)是東西）；付出代價(jià)

pay back 償還（借款等）；報(bào)答；向……報(bào)復(fù) pay off償清（債務(wù)）

pay sb. off付清工資加以解雇 pay up付清，繳清 pay in繳款，存入