在初中階段學習英語的過程中, 同學們常會犯這樣那樣的錯誤, 大多數(shù)同學認為這些錯誤紛繁復雜、 無章可循, 其實并非如此。為了便于系統(tǒng)復習, 現(xiàn)將中考高頻考點,或者說把同學們常犯的錯誤進行分類詳解, 希望對大家能有所警示與啟迪。
I.“蛇足”類錯誤例析
“蛇足”類錯誤就是“畫蛇添足”,在句中出現(xiàn)一些不應有或本應省略的成分。反之,一些應有的成分也不能省略。
例1.
Though traveling by air is fast and comfortable, but it costs too much money. ( ×)
Traveling by air is fast and comfortable, but it costs too much money. (√)
Though traveling by air is fast and comfortable, it costs too much money. (√)
例2.
Because he was ill yesterday, so he didnt go to work. ( ×)
Because he was ill yesterday, he didnt go to work. (√)
He was ill yesterday, so he didnt go to work. (√)
【析】 用though, but表示“雖然……但是…… ”或用because, so 表示“因為……所以……”時,though和but及because和so 都只能擇一而用,不能兩者同時使用。
例3.
More than three hundreds people died in the oil well accident in Chongqing in 2003.
( ×)
More than three hundred people died in the oil well accident in Chongqing in 2003. (√)
【析】 hundred, thousand, million, billion等詞前有具體數(shù)詞修飾用來表示“確數(shù)”時,無論數(shù)詞大小,hundred等詞都要用單數(shù)形式。
例4.
My English teacher is a 38years old man. ( ×)
My English teacher is a 38yearold man. (√)
【析】 句中的38yearold是由數(shù)詞、名詞和形容詞一起構(gòu)成的復合形容詞,在句中充當定語,修飾名詞man。復合形容詞作定語時, 其中的名詞要用單數(shù)形式, 且各詞之間要有連字符“‘”。
例5.
The Smiths have moved Beijing. ( ×)
The Smiths have moved to Beijing. (√)
【析】 不及物動詞后接名詞或代詞作賓語時,要在動詞之后加上適當?shù)慕樵~;但不及物動詞后接home, here, there等副詞作賓語時,動詞之后不必加任何介詞。
例6.
The box is too heavy for him to carry it.
( ×)
The box is too heavy for him to carry. (√)
【析】 the box既是這句話的主語, 也是不定式to carry的邏輯賓語,若句末再加上it,就和the box重復了。
II. “主謂不一致”類錯誤例析
主謂不一致類錯誤指的是句子的主語和謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上不一致而形成的錯誤。
例1.
Each of the boys have a pen. ( ×)
Each of the boys has a pen. (√)
【析】 復數(shù)名詞前有表個體的each of, one of, every,either of等修飾,或有表否定的neither of, none of 等詞組修飾時,謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。
例2.
Neither he nor you is good at English. ( ×)Neither he nor you are good at English. (√)
【析】 either... or..., neither... nor..., not only... but also... 等詞組連接句子的兩個主語時,謂語動詞遵循“就近原則”, 即由靠近謂語的那個主語決定謂語的人稱和數(shù)用何種形式。
例3.
Two months are quite a long time. ( ×)
Two months is quite a long time. (√)
【析】 當時間、體積、距離、重量等名詞作句子主語時,常將其看作一個整體,謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。
例4.
Ten minus three are seven. ( ×)
Ten minus three is seven. (√)
【析】 用英語表示加(plus)、減(minus)等數(shù)學運算時,謂語動詞也用單數(shù)形式。
例5.
Watching TV too much are bad for your eyes. ( ×)
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. (√)
【析】 不定式、ving形式充當句子主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。
例6.
The number of the workers in this factory are about 5,000. ( ×)
The number of the workers in this factory is about 5,000. (√)
【析】 the number of表示“……的數(shù)量”,謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式; anumber of的意思是“若干”或“許多”,相當于some或a lot of,和復數(shù)名詞連用,謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。
III. “詞序”、“語序”類錯誤例析
詞序、語序類錯誤指的是單詞或句子在排列順序上不正確,也表現(xiàn)為該用陳述句語序的用了疑問句語序,或該用疑問句語序的用了陳述句語序等情況。
例1.
Hello! I have important something to tell you. ( ×)
Hello! I have something important to tell you. (√)
【析】 形容詞或動詞不定式修飾不定代詞作定語時,修飾成分要置于不定代詞之后。
例2.
His son is enough old to go to school. ( ×)
His son is old enough to go to school. (√)
【析】 enough作形容詞修飾名詞時,可以放在名詞前,也可放在名詞后;作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時,只能放在形容詞或副詞之后。
例3.
Here is your sweater. Put away it. (×)
Here is your sweater. Put it away. (√)
【析】 put away, pick up, put on等“動詞+副詞”構(gòu)成的詞組后接代詞作賓語時,代詞只能放在動詞和副詞之間。
例4.
I dont know where is he going. (×)
I dont know where he is going. (√)
【析】 在含賓語從句的復合句中,從句要用陳述句語序。
例5.
Look! Here the bus comes. ( ×)
Look! Here comes the bus. (√)
【析】 在以here, there引起的陳述句中,若句子的主語是名詞,要用倒裝語序,即用“Here/ There+動詞+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu);但主語若是代詞時,則不用倒裝語序, 即用“Here/ There +代詞+動詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
例6. I do well in playing football,_____________. (我妹妹也是。)
A. so my sister does ( ×)
B. so does my sister (√)
例7. —Li Lei is really a football fan.
—_____________. (確實這樣。)
A. So is he ( ×)
B. So he is(√)
【析】 “so+be動詞/助動詞+主語”的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)表示前面所述情況也適用于后者,意為“……也是這樣”;“so+主語+be動詞/助動詞”的陳述結(jié)構(gòu)表示對前述情況的肯定,意為“……確實如此”。
IV. “邏輯”類錯誤例析
邏輯類錯誤是指用英語表達某一思想時,犯了邏輯推理錯誤,導致句子語法成分不全,句意表達上前后矛盾等方面的失誤。
例1. 重慶比中國的其他城市都大。
Chongqing is larger than any city in China. ( ×)
Chongqing is larger than any other city in China. (√)
【析】 “any city in China”包括了重慶這座城市, 同一事物自己與自己不能作比較,只有在city 前加上other才能表示重慶和中國的其他城市比較大小。
例2. 廣州的天氣比北京的天氣更暖和。
The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than Beijing. ( ×)
The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than that in Beijing . (√)
【析】 表示比較時,句子中的兩個比較對象必須一致,不同類的比較對象不能作比較。錯誤句的比較對象分別為the weather in Guangzhou和Beijing,這兩個不同類的事物之間不能作比較。
V. “受漢語思維方式影響”類錯誤例析
受漢語思維方式影響類錯誤是指用英語表達某個意思時,受了漢語表達的影響而導致犯錯。
例1.
Mr Wu teaches our English. ( ×)
Mr Wu teaches us English. (√)
【析】 “teach sb sth”句式中的sb和 sth是teach的雙賓語,因此teach后的人稱代詞要用賓格,而不能受漢語影響使用形容詞性物主代詞。
例2.
His sister married with a teacher last summer.( ×)
His sister married a teacher last summer. (√)
【析】 表達“A和B結(jié)婚”,要用A married/will marryB。這時務必要避免受漢語影響使用A married/will marry with B。
例3.
There is going to have a film tonigh. ( ×)
There is going to be a film tonight. (√)
【析】 一般將來時用在 There be 句式中時,be going to或will之后的動詞原形只能用be,也就是說要用There is /are going to be...; There will be...。
例4.
Ill go hiking if it wont rain next Sunday. ( ×)
Ill go hiking if it doesnt rain next Sunday. (√)
【析】 習慣上在含有時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句的復合句中,如果主句的謂語動詞用了一般將來時,從句的謂語動詞要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。
例5.
Teacher told us yesterday that the earth went around the sun.( ×)
Teacher told us yesterday that the earth goes around the sun.(√)
【析】 習慣上在含有賓語從句的復合句中,主句的謂語動詞用了一般過去時,從句的謂語動詞要用過去的某種時態(tài)。但如果從句表述的是一客觀事實或客觀真理時,則不受主句時態(tài)的影響,而用一般現(xiàn)在時。
例6.
All the balls are not round. 翻譯成漢語:
所有的球都不是圓的。( ×)
并不是所有的球都是圓的。(√)
【析】 all, every, both等詞和not連用時,若not放在all, every, both的后面,則表示部分否定,意為“并非……都……”。
例7.
Do you know the way of the park? ( ×)
Do you know the way to the park? (√)
【析】 習慣上表示無生命名詞的所有格常用“... of...”; 但表示“通往……的路”要用“the way to...”, 而不能用“the way of...”。類似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有 the key to the lock (這把鎖的鑰匙), the answer to this question(這個問題的答案), the ticket to the concert (音樂會的票)等。
例8.
— He didnt go to school yesterday, did he?
—__________, though he didnt feel very well.
A. No, he didnt ( ×)
B. Yes, he did(√)
例9.
—Dont you usually come to school by bike?
—__________. But I sometimes walk.
A. No, I dont ( ×) B. Yes, I do (√)
【析】 習慣上英語中的yes意為“是的”,no意為“不”,但在“前否后肯”的反意疑問句或否定疑問句中,yes意為“不”,no意為“是的”。
(摘自“巨人學習網(wǎng)”)