郝昌明

近年來(lái)為了考查考生的應(yīng)變能力，高考英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)選擇題常設(shè)置陷阱，讓能力不強(qiáng)的考生上當(dāng)，造成誤選。這樣就拉開(kāi)了考生的分?jǐn)?shù)差距，便于高校分層次選拔人才。高考英語(yǔ)單項(xiàng)選擇題常通過(guò)下列手段設(shè)置陷阱。

一、利用“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞which + 定語(yǔ)從句”句型設(shè)置陷阱

眾所周知“介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句是常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)，高考常借助該句型來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱。

例1： The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from_______spoken in England.（08全國(guó)卷I）

A. which B. what

C. that D. the one

解析： C。不少考生誤選A，認(rèn)為這是介詞from + which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，其實(shí)空檔處表達(dá)的是the English的含義，應(yīng)用that代替。

例2： Animals suffered at the hands of Man_______they were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural land to provide food for more people.（08江西）

A. in which B. for which

C. so that D. in that

解析： D。不少同學(xué)誤選A，認(rèn)為這是介詞 + which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。其實(shí)空檔后面的in that是習(xí)語(yǔ)，意為“由于，因?yàn)椤?，引出原因狀語(yǔ)從句，又如：Although the dividends are the same, this is the better investment in that it is a safer stock. (雖然紅利一樣，但這是更好的投資，因?yàn)檫@只股票更安全。) / Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak. (人之所以異于禽獸是因?yàn)槿藭?huì)思考，會(huì)說(shuō)話(huà)。)

例3： Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from_______their parents speak at home. （08浙江）

A. what B. that

C. which D. one

解析： B。不少同學(xué)誤選C，認(rèn)為這是介詞from + which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。其實(shí)from后面為賓語(yǔ)從句，空檔處表示“……的語(yǔ)言”，因此應(yīng)填what。

二、改變定語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句的位置來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱

定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句通常接在被修飾的先行詞和同位的名詞后面，但在高考試題中常常改變其位置，將其后移，不少考生被這一陷阱所迷惑，難以做出正確選擇。

例1： Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers_______consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. （08江西）

A. where B. when

C. who D. which

解析： A。cases為先行詞，表示“場(chǎng)合”，在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，因此應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。但因定語(yǔ)從句和先行詞被will be introduced to readers隔開(kāi)，不少考生不能識(shí)別這一陷阱，從而做出錯(cuò)誤的選擇。

例2： A warm thought suddenly came to me_______I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday．（06安徽）

A． if B． when C． that D． which

解析： C。I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday說(shuō)明先行詞A warm thought的內(nèi)容，因此空檔處應(yīng)填that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句。但因同位語(yǔ)從句與同位名詞之間被suddenly came to me隔開(kāi)，不少考生沒(méi)有識(shí)別這一陷阱，無(wú)法做出正確選擇。

三、用定語(yǔ)從句的創(chuàng)新句型來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱

定語(yǔ)從句通常直接由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，但當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞有所屬關(guān)系時(shí)句型要變：特定詞匯+ of whom / which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。不少考生因不了解這一句型常造成誤選。

例1： The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors,_______are beyond our control.（08湖南）

A. most of them B. most of which

C. most of what D. most of that

解析： B。定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞可還原成most of the factors are beyond our control，因此該空應(yīng)用most of which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但不少考生因不了解這一句型而誤選A。

例2： The man pulled out a gold watch,

_______ were made of small diamonds. （08陜西）

A. the hands of whom

B. whom the hands of

C. which the hands of

D. the hands of which

解析： D。定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞可連成The hands of the gold watch were made of small diamonds.因此該空應(yīng)填the hands of which來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但不少考生因不了解這一句型而亂選一氣。

四、用連詞的新含義來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱

一些連詞有新含義，如while可以表示“盡管”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，也可以表示“然而，卻”，引導(dǎo)并列句；what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)一般表示“……的內(nèi)容”，也可表示“……的人 / 地點(diǎn) / 時(shí)間 / 速度 / 價(jià)格 / 方法 / 狀況”。

例1：_______the Internet is of great help, I dont think its a good idea to spend too much time on it. （08湖南）

A. If B. While

C. Because D. As

解析： B。該空表示“盡管”，應(yīng)填while來(lái)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。但不少考生不知道while有此用法，于是誤選as。as的確可以表示“盡管”，但在引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)應(yīng)采用倒裝句型。

例2： The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer. Warm sunshine and soft sands make_______it is.（07天津）

A. what B. which

C. how D. where

解析： A?？諜n處表示“……的狀況”，因此應(yīng)填入what來(lái)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。但不少考生只知道what表示“……的內(nèi)容”，于是只好亂選一氣。

五、在情景對(duì)話(huà)中用常規(guī)回答來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱

眾所周知，情景對(duì)話(huà)中的回答語(yǔ)往往有委婉、客氣、禮貌的特征，因此Thats all right. Youre welcome. Not at all. Take it easy. Nice to meet you. Thanks a lot. Im afraid you cant / had better not. My pleasure. Its a pleasure.等語(yǔ)句常常成為特定對(duì)話(huà)的回答用語(yǔ)，高考常常借助這些語(yǔ)句來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱。

例1： — The floor is dirty. Can anyone clean it?

—_______I do it all the time. （08陜西）

A. Dont mention it.

B. Why you?

C. Not sure.

D. Not me again.

解析： D。不少考生誤選A，因?yàn)閷?duì)它比較熟悉。其實(shí)Dont mention it.通常用來(lái)對(duì)感謝用語(yǔ)進(jìn)行回答，表示“不用謝”。而此處I do it all the time.說(shuō)明我不想再打掃了，因此應(yīng)選D。

例2：— My name is Jonathan. Shall I spell it for you?

—_______ .（08遼寧）

A. lf you dont mind

B. Not at all

C. Take it easy

D. Nice to meet you

解析： A。B、C、D三選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容都是考生熟悉的交際用語(yǔ)，但用在本題中與語(yǔ)境不吻合。而A項(xiàng)表示“如果不介意（請(qǐng)您拼寫(xiě)一下）”，符合語(yǔ)境邏輯。

例3：—We have booked a room for today and tomorrow.

—_______, sir.（07全國(guó)卷II）

A. Im sure B. My pleasure

C. Its all right D. Ill check

解析： D。B、C是對(duì)話(huà)回答常用語(yǔ)，但與本題語(yǔ)境不吻合。D項(xiàng)表示“讓我查一下”，與語(yǔ)境邏輯吻合。

六、改變單詞的常用句式來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱

一些單詞在使用時(shí)往往有固定句式，但高考命題者往往用其非常見(jiàn)句型來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱，從而造成部分考生誤選。

例1： —Id like some more cheese.

—Sorry, theres_______left.（08浙江）

A. some B. none

C. a little D. few

解析： B。none通常和of連用，但表示“一個(gè)也沒(méi)有”時(shí)可置于there is之后，不少考生因不了解這一點(diǎn)易造成誤選。

例2： —How is everything going on with you in Europe?

—Quite well. Not so smoothly as I hoped,_______ .(05江蘇)

A. though B. instead

C. either D. too

解析： A。though通常為從屬連詞，置于句首引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。但此處的though為副詞，位于句末，表示“然而，不過(guò)”。不少考生因不了解though的這一用法而造成誤選。

七、改變?cè)~匯的常見(jiàn)位置來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱

一些詞匯在句中常有習(xí)慣性位置，改變其位置可以達(dá)到設(shè)置陷阱的目的。

例1： Why are you so anxious? It isnt your problem_______ .（08浙江）

A. on purpose B. in all

C. on time D. after all

解析： D?？諜n表示“究竟、終究”，應(yīng)填after all。但因其常置于句首，不少考生沒(méi)有將其識(shí)別出來(lái)，只好亂選一氣。

例2： You cant imagine what difficulty we had_______home in the snowstorm.（07遼寧）

A. walked B. walk

C. to walk D. walking

解析：D。本題考查have difficulty (in) doing sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)，但因其賓語(yǔ)被前置，不少考生沒(méi)有識(shí)別出這一結(jié)構(gòu)。

八、用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的稀有用法來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱

不少情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有特殊用法，如can可表示“有時(shí)會(huì)”；shall可表示“命令、警告、威脅、強(qiáng)制、允諾”，也可表示“可以”，用于一、三人稱(chēng)來(lái)征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)；should可表示“竟然”，也可位于句首表示“如果，萬(wàn)一”。如果考生不了解這些用法，可能首先就會(huì)將正確選項(xiàng)排除在外。

例1： Peter_______be really difficult at times even though hes a nice person in general. （08遼寧）

A. shall B. should

C. can D. must

解析： C。at times暗示該空表示“有時(shí)會(huì)”，因此應(yīng)填can。但不少考生不了解can有此用法，只好亂選一氣。

例2：_______fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off. (06湖北)

A. Would you be B. Should you be

C. Could you beD. Might you be

解析： B。空檔表示“如果你被”，所以應(yīng)填Should you be，表示If you should be的含義。不少同學(xué)不知道should有此用法，造成誤選。

九、用不具被動(dòng)色彩的過(guò)去分詞來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱

過(guò)去分詞通常表示被動(dòng)，但不少過(guò)去分詞因來(lái)自系表結(jié)構(gòu)而不具被動(dòng)色彩，如dressed in (穿著), dressed like (打扮得像), born (出身), seated (坐著), hidden (躲著), satisfied with (對(duì)……滿(mǎn)意), unsatisfied with (對(duì)……不滿(mǎn)意), devoted to (忠誠(chéng)于), lost in (沉溺于), faced with (面對(duì))。高考命題者常常借助這些過(guò)去分詞來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱。

例1： Please remain_______ ; the winner of the prize will be announced soon. （08遼寧）

A. seating B. seated

C. to seat D. to be seated

解析： B。該空表示“坐著”的狀態(tài)，因此應(yīng)填seated，它來(lái)自系表結(jié)構(gòu)be seated，沒(méi)有被動(dòng)色彩。不少同學(xué)以為seated表示“被坐”而將其排除，造成誤選。

例2：_______with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. (06四川)

A. Faced B. Face

C. Facing D. To face

解析： A。faced with來(lái)自系表結(jié)構(gòu)be faced with，在該句做原因狀語(yǔ)，沒(méi)有被動(dòng)色彩。不少同學(xué)以為faced表示“被面對(duì)”將其排除，造成誤選。

十、用熟悉詞匯的新含義來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱

一些詞匯有新含義，但考生對(duì)其不了解而首先將其排除，造成誤選。

例1： I began to feel_______in the new school when I saw some familiar faces. （08山東）

A. at home B. at heart

C. at will D. at sight

解析： A。不少考生認(rèn)為“at home”表示“在家”，于是將其排除。其實(shí)at home還可表示“像在家里一家舒適、自在”，這是符合題意的。

例2： Why dont you just_______your own business and leave me alone? （07全國(guó)卷II）

A. make B. open

C. consider D. mind

解析： D。不少考生只知道m(xù)ind做名詞表示“頭腦、思想、主意”，做動(dòng)詞表示“介意”，于是將其排除。其實(shí)mind your business為一個(gè)習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)，表示“注意你自己的事；少管閑事”。這一含義符合語(yǔ)境邏輯。

例3： Surely it doesnt matter where the student associations get their money from; what_______ is what they do with it. (07湖北)

A. counts B. applies

C. stresses D. functions

解析： A。不少考生以為count只能表示“數(shù)”，于是將其排除。其實(shí)count還可表示“重要的是；有價(jià)值；有重要性”，這一含義符合語(yǔ)境邏輯。

十一、通過(guò)增強(qiáng)先行詞的隱蔽性來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱

眾所周知，定語(yǔ)從句倒底由哪一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)取決于先行詞的屬性和在從句中功能。先行詞指人，在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可分別用who, whom來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，也可用that來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；先行詞指物，在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)均可由which或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；先行詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因，且在從句中做時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可分別由when, where, why來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。但為了增加試題難度，高考命題專(zhuān)家常通過(guò)增加先行詞的隱蔽性來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱。

例1： Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity_______sight matters more than hearing.（07天津）

A. when B. whose

C. which D. where

解析： D。an activity常被不少考生視為物而用that或which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，于是誤選C。其實(shí)本題的an activity在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，因此應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

例2： After graduation she reached a point in her career_______she needed to decide what to do.（07江西）

A. that B. what

C. which D. where

解析： D。a point常被學(xué)生視為物而用which或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。但本題a point在從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，因此應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

十二、利用省略與替代來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱

眾所周知，省略與替代會(huì)使考生對(duì)原本熟悉的句式變得非常陌生，因此高考試題常用省略與替代來(lái)設(shè)置陷阱。

例： —Do you have any idea what Paul does all day?

—As I know, he spends at least as much time playing as he_______ . （07重慶）

A. writes B. does writing

C. is writing D. does write

解析： B?？諜n處表達(dá)的是spends in writing的含義，因其中in可以省略，spends重復(fù)可由does來(lái)替代，因此該空應(yīng)填does writing。不少考生不識(shí)命題陷阱，首先排除B，造成誤選。

【鞏固性練習(xí)】

1. The way you worked out this difficult problem is different from_______we are satisfied with.

A. which B. that C. what D. one

2. The English-Chinese dictionary on your bookshelf is different from_______on her bookshelf.

A. the one B. which C. what D. as

3. Word came from the capital_______the twenty-ninth Olympic Games were successfully held.

A. that B. which C. what D. where

4. In our next English class the cases will be offered to you_______these phrases can be used together.

A. that B. which C. who D. where

5. There are fifty-six students in our class, _______come from the countryside.

A. half of them B. half of whom

C. half of what D. half of who

6. There are twenty-five problems in the physics exam paper,_______is this one.

A. the most difficult of them

B. the most difficult of that

C. the most difficult of which

D. the most difficult of what

7._______that problem was really very difficult, many students worked it out.

A. Because B. As C. If D. While

8. After_______appeared to be half an hour, his father showed up at the party.

A. that B. what C. which D. it

9. —It is a very fine day today, isnt it?

—Yes, it is. It is a bit cold,_______ .

A. instead B. either

C. too D. though

10. —Mom, can I play computer games for a _______while after I finish my homework? _______. You must go to bed at once.

A. No way B. Youre welcome

C. Dont mention it D. Thats all right

11. —How many students are there on the _______playground playing football?

—_______.

A. Nobody B. Nothing

C. None D. No

12. She thought she would fail to pass the exam, but she passed it_______ .

A. in all B. after all

C. on purpose D. on time

13. I really cant imagine such a beautiful girl_______be so rude.

A. can B. may C. shall D. should

14. She is usually very gentle, but sometimes she_______be very naughty.

A. can B. shall C. should D. must

15._______a fire break out, you must call the fire station at once.

A. Would B. Could

C. Might D. Should

16. When I went into his room, he still remained _______.

A. seating B. seated

C. seat D. to seat

17._______with so much difficulty, the middle-aged woman didnt know what to do.

A. Facing B. Faced

C. Face D. To face

18._______in a very small but beautiful village, the young woman seldom leaves it.

A. Bear B. Bore C. Born D. Bearing

19. It is not what you say but what you do that really_______ .

A. counts B. stresses

C. functions D. applies

20. If you dont work hard from now on, you will be_______by your boss sooner or later.

A. freed B. fined C. fired D. dropped

21. Is this the chair_______you put all of your books the day before yesterday?

A. which B. that C. where D. what

22. Your illness will not develop to the point_______nobody can cure it.

A. which B. that C. what D. where

23. I think your hall is large enough to_______one thousand people.

A. put B. fill C. hold D. place

24. He spends, I think, a lot more time in reading English than I_______French.

A. do learn B. do to learn

C. learn D. do learning

Keys: 1-5 CAADB 6-10 CDBDA

11-15 CBDAD 16-20 BBCAC

21-24 CDCD