潘井正

完形填空是測(cè)試考生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言能力的一種有效的手段。近幾年考查項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)日益語(yǔ)境化,日益突出了對(duì)考生能力的考查,因此對(duì)純粹的語(yǔ)法或詞匯的考查日益減少。命題設(shè)計(jì)角度也變得更加靈活,常涉及以下幾個(gè)方面:

1.對(duì)整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇和上下文語(yǔ)境邏輯關(guān)系的考查;

2.語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的掌握和靈活運(yùn)用;

3.特定語(yǔ)境中詞語(yǔ)辨析和應(yīng)用;

4.詞語(yǔ)常識(shí)包括常用搭配和一些固定的短語(yǔ)用法。

議論型完形填空是高考英語(yǔ)完形填空的重要體裁。2009年的完形填空就是一篇有關(guān)高中生的service learning的議論文。文章結(jié)構(gòu)非常清晰,命題者采用了針對(duì)一個(gè)話(huà)題,首先給出正方觀點(diǎn)和反方觀點(diǎn),然后作者提出自己看法和觀點(diǎn)的模式。本題著重考查考生的邏輯理解能力和知識(shí)能力。從題目的設(shè)計(jì)上看,今年考到了5個(gè)名詞,4個(gè)動(dòng)詞,3個(gè)連詞,3個(gè)介詞,2個(gè)形容詞,2個(gè)詞組,1個(gè)副詞。學(xué)生要在理解上下文的基礎(chǔ)上,著眼于近義詞的辨析 (現(xiàn)結(jié)合2009年江蘇高考完形填空題加以說(shuō)明)。

The requirements for high school graduation have just changed in my community. As a result, all students must1sixty hours of service learning,2they will not receive a diploma. Service learning is academic learning that also helps the community.3of service learning include cleaning up a polluted river, working in a soup kitchen, or tutoring a student.4a service experience, students must keep a journal (日志) and then write a5about what they have learned.

Supporters claim that there are many6of service learning. Perhaps most importantly, students are forced to think7their own interests and become8of the needs of others. Students are also able to learn real-life skills that9responsibility, problem-solving, and working as part of a team.10 , students can explore possible careers11service learning.

For example, if a student wonders what teaching is like, he or she can choose to work in an elementary school classroom a few afternoons each month.12there are many benefits, opponents (反對(duì)者)13problems with the new requirement. First, they14that the main reason students go to school is to learn core subjects and skills. Because service learning is time-consuming, students spend15time studying the core subjects. Second, they believe that forcing students to work without16goes against the law. By requiring service, the school takes away an individual's freedom to choose.

In my view, service learning is a great way to17to the community, learn new skills, and explore different careers.18 , I dont believe you should force people to help others—the19to help must come from the heart. I think the best20is one that gives students choices: a student should be able to choose sixty hours of independent study or sixty hours of service. Choice encourages both freedom and responsibility, and as young adults, we must learn to handle both wisely.

1. A. spendB. gainC. completeD. save

2. A. andB. orC. butD. for

3. A. SubjectsB. ideas

C. ProceduresD. Examples

4. A. WithB. BeforeC. DuringD. After

5. A. diaryB. reportC. noteD. notice

6. A. coursesB. benefits

C. challengesD. features

7. A. beyondB. aboutC. overD. in

8. A. carefulB. proudC. tiredD. aware

9. A. possessB. apply

C. includeD. develop

10. A. GraduallyB. Finally

C. LuckilyD. Hopefully

11. A. throughB. acrossC. ofD. on

12. A. SoB. ThusC. SinceD. While

13. A. deal withB. look into

C. point outD. take down

14. A. argueB. doubtC. overlookD. admit

15. A. muchB. fullC. lessD. more

16. A. costB. payC. care.D. praise

17. A. contributeB. appeal

C. attendD. belong

18. A. ThereforeB. Otherwise

C. BesidesD. However

19. A. courageB. desire

C. emotionD. spirit

20. A. decisionB. purpose

C. solutionD. result

【參考答案與解析】

1. C。由文章知到,現(xiàn)在的大學(xué)要求學(xué)生要完成60小時(shí)Service Learning,完成學(xué)時(shí)是畢業(yè)的必備條件。因此C為正確答案。

2. B。否則 (or) 學(xué)生就不能獲得畢業(yè)文憑。

3. D。cleaning up a polluted river, working in a soup kitchen, or tutoring a student都是Service Learning的典型例子 (example),而不屬于主題或?qū)W科 (subject),因?yàn)閟ervice learning 本身就是一門(mén)學(xué)科。

4. C。在Service Learning期間的某一時(shí)候,所以選During。

5. B。在進(jìn)行Service Learning,由生活常識(shí)來(lái)看,事后得寫(xiě)一篇相關(guān)的調(diào)查報(bào)告 (report)。

6. B。支持者認(rèn)為社區(qū)服務(wù)有很多益處,另外從下文“there are many benefits…”也可以得出正確答案。

7. A。此題可能是今年最難的了。“Perhaps most importantly, students are forced to think7their own interests and become8(填aware) of the needs of others.”

或許最重要的是,學(xué)生不得不去 自己的利益并了解別人的需求。

很多考生不假思索的就選擇了think about 思索 或者 think over 慎重思考某事。但是要注意7題后面的and表明前后是并列關(guān)系。后面講了解別人的需求,就意味著思考的問(wèn)題超越 (beyond) 自己的利益而多考慮別人的需求。

8. D。由上下文容易知道,意識(shí)到做某事為最佳答案。

9. C。由上下文容易知道,真正的生活技能包括責(zé)任感、解決問(wèn)題的能力和團(tuán)隊(duì)精神,所以C項(xiàng)為最佳答案。

10. B。由上下文容易知道 (most importantly…,…also, … finally…), Finally為正確答案。

11. A。介詞through表示通過(guò)……。

12. D。連詞While表示轉(zhuǎn)折 (although),連接與上文相反的觀點(diǎn)。

13. C。point out指出deal with處理look into深入地檢查,研究;調(diào)查take down寫(xiě)下;記下。根據(jù)上下文意思,反對(duì)者應(yīng)該是指出該新要求存在的問(wèn)題。

14. A。由上下文容易知道,反對(duì)者argue爭(zhēng)論為最佳答案。在否定句中 動(dòng)詞doubt后面的賓語(yǔ)從句通常用that引導(dǎo),如果是在肯定句中通常用whether 或if。

15. C。反對(duì)者認(rèn)為,社區(qū)服務(wù)會(huì)耗費(fèi)時(shí)間,學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)主要課程的時(shí)間就會(huì)更少 (less) 了。

16. B。由常識(shí)可知強(qiáng)迫學(xué)生勞動(dòng)而沒(méi)有報(bào)酬 (without pay) 是違法的。

17. A。contribute to the community 表示為社會(huì)做貢獻(xiàn),與上下文相符。而appeal to 表示“吸引、呼吁”,attend to表示“處理、照料“;belong to表示“屬于”,都不符合文章含義。

18. D。此處應(yīng)該為轉(zhuǎn)折,所以選However。

19. B。學(xué)生幫助別人的愿望desire必須是發(fā)自?xún)?nèi)心的而不是被迫的。

20. C。最好的解決問(wèn)題的辦法。

近幾年完形填空越來(lái)越注重考查意義選擇填空,而不是簡(jiǎn)單的考查語(yǔ)法選擇填空。適合某一空格的選項(xiàng)從語(yǔ)法角度來(lái)看可能有多個(gè),但從特定的“情景”意義來(lái)看則只有一個(gè)最佳答案。應(yīng)該說(shuō)完形填空難在此處。

針對(duì)完形填空的特點(diǎn)和對(duì)2009年考題的分析,學(xué)生該如何更有效的答題,現(xiàn)給出筆者多年來(lái)在教學(xué)中總結(jié)出來(lái)的常

用的小技巧:

1.根據(jù)上文或者下文的語(yǔ)言信息推知答案;

2.根據(jù)語(yǔ)言的感情色彩推知答案;

3.根據(jù)語(yǔ)氣詞或關(guān)聯(lián)詞如 While, luckily, finally, however, on the other hand, but 等推知答案;

4.根據(jù)生活常識(shí)或事理邏輯預(yù)設(shè)答案;

5.根據(jù)語(yǔ)法和習(xí)慣用法得出答案。

復(fù)習(xí)建議:邏輯關(guān)系事實(shí)上就是我們通常所說(shuō)的語(yǔ)感。同學(xué)們?cè)趶?fù)習(xí)迎考過(guò)程中盡量做出題思路與高考真題相近的題目,尤其以2007—2009年江蘇省高考試題和近三年全國(guó)卷與各地試卷為練習(xí)材料 (注:2007年共18套真題,2008年共19套真題,2009年共19套真題),首先模擬考場(chǎng)上狀態(tài)做完題目,之后一定要精讀分析,搞清楚每一個(gè)選項(xiàng)為什么對(duì),為什么錯(cuò),但要注意:練習(xí)過(guò)程中幾道題目的對(duì)錯(cuò)并不重要,簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)字對(duì)于我們來(lái)說(shuō)沒(méi)有任何的意義。重要的是在實(shí)踐中提高自己的解題能力。同時(shí)第二天早上,最好拿出前一天分析過(guò)的完形填空題進(jìn)行朗讀來(lái)培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)感。因?yàn)橛辛肆己玫恼Z(yǔ)感,就等于給自己又多了一個(gè)制勝的法寶。