Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O納米片的水熱制備

曹霄峰 張 雷 馬英麗 陳學(xué)太

(南京大學(xué)配位化學(xué)研究所，配位化學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，南京微結(jié)構(gòu)國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室，南京大學(xué)化學(xué)化工學(xué)院，南京 210093)

Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O納米片的水熱制備

曹霄峰 張 雷 馬英麗 陳學(xué)太＊

(南京大學(xué)配位化學(xué)研究所，配位化學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，南京微結(jié)構(gòu)國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室，南京大學(xué)化學(xué)化工學(xué)院，南京 210093)

采用硝酸鋅、五氧化二釩和氫氧化鈉作為反應(yīng)物，通過(guò)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的CTAB輔助的水熱方法制備了Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O納米片。運(yùn)用XRD，ICP-AES，F(xiàn)TIR，HRTEM，EDS，F(xiàn)E-SEM對(duì)產(chǎn)物的晶相和形貌進(jìn)行了表征。結(jié)果表明CTAB在控制產(chǎn)物的形貌、尺寸分布和自組裝過(guò)程中起著關(guān)鍵作用。同時(shí)我們研究了產(chǎn)物的晶體生長(zhǎng)行為和自組裝過(guò)程。

礬酸鹽；鋅；自組裝；形貌

In the past decades transition metal oxides nano/micro-structures have attracted much interest owing to their excellent chemical and physical properties.They are expected to be used in various fields such as information storage,lithium rechargeable batteries,sensors,heterogeneous catalysis,and so on[1-5].Metal vanadates and their derivatives are an important family of transition metal oxides.Because the vanadium element has a series of variable valence states,it can

form various types of oxyacids with different V/O ratio,leading to the versatile metal vanadates including lanthanide-[6-8], bismuth-[9-11], silver-[12-15], iron-[16-17],nickel-or cobalt[18-19],and zinc vanadates[20-22].In recent years increasing research attention has been paid to zinc vanadates and their derivatives[20-27].Ye and coworkers[23]have systematically studied photocatalytic activities of M3V2O8(M=Mg,Ni,Zn)in visible-lightdriven O2evolution processes,among which Zn3V2O8showed the highest activity.Zhang et al.[24]have synthesized clew-like ZnV2O4hollow spheres and studied the electrochemical properties.Liu et al.[25]have prepared ZnV2O6powders by rheological phase reaction and studied their cathodic performance for lithium secondary battery.Bulk Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O was firstly prepared by a hydrothermal process and its crystal structure was determined[26].It is a layered sandwichlike compound,which adopts a hexagonal lattice[21,26].The fabrication of the micro-or nano-structured Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O has been rarely reported.Yu and his co-workers[27]have successfully prepared nanosheets of Zn3(OH)2V2O7·H2O by a butylamine-assisted hydrothermal procedure.Herein we report the synthesis of Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O nanodisks by a simple surfactantassisted hydrothermal route at 200 ℃ for 1～18 hours.The role of the surfactant CTAB,the crystal growth behavior and self-assembly process were investigated.

1 Experimental

All reagents were purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagent Corporation and used without further purification.In a typical preparation procedure,V2O5(0.001 mol,A.R.),NaOH (0.006 mol,A.R.)and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB,2 g,A.R.)were dispersed in 30 mL distilled water under stirring.When these reagents were dissolved,Zn(NO3)2·6H2O(0.003 mol,A.R.)was added to the resulting colorless solution.Immediately the solution became turbid and viscous.The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes and then transferred into a 40 mL Teflon-lined stainless autoclave.The autoclave was sealed and heated at 200℃for 8 h,then allowed to cool to room temperature naturally.The white solid product was collected and separated by centrifugation,washed with distilled water and absolute ethanol several times and finally dried in vacuum at 60℃for 5 hours.

XRD analyses were carried out on a SHIMADZU XRD-6000 powder X-ray diffractometer,equipped with graphite monochromatized Cu Kα radiation(λ=0.154 18 nm),employing a scanning rate of 4.000 0°·min-1,in the 2θ range from 10°to 70°.The operation voltage and current were maintained at 40 kV and 30 mA,respectively.The Zn/V ratio was measured on JA1100 inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES).SEM images and EDS were measured on a field emission scanning electron microanalyser Hitachi S-4800 employing an operating voltage of 5 kV or 25 kV.HRTEM images were obtained on a JEM-200CX transmission electronic microscope,employing an accelerating voltage of 200 kV.The FTIR spectrum was recorded between 4 000 and 400 cm-1with a Bruker VECTOR-22 instrument.

2 Results and discussion

Fig.1 XRD patterns(a)and the EDS spectrum(b)of the product prepared in the typical experiment

Fig.1a shows the XRD pattern of the product prepared in the typical procedure.All of the diffraction peaks can be indexed to the hexagonal phase of Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O by comparison with the data from PDF No.50-0570.No peaks of any other phases or impurities were detected.The strong and narrow diffra-ction peaks indicate that the product has good crystallinity.According to the ICP-AES measured data,the Zn/V ratio is 3.00∶1.91,which was in good agreement with the theoretical value.Fig.1b is the EDS spectrum of the typical sample.The peaks of Zn,V,and O can be found.No impurities peaks were detected except Cu,Au and C peaks,which were ascribed to the substrate,the gold plating and CO2adsorbed by the sample.The V2O7group has the characteristic peaks in the FTIR spectrum (Fig.2),which was in agreement with the reported data[28].Two strong absorption peaks at 907 and 502 cm-1were assigned to νsV(T)-O-Zn(O)and νsV(T)-O-V(T).The letters T and O stand for the tetrahedral and octahedral coordination.The intense absorption peak at 811 cm-1can be ascribed to the corresponding asymmetric vibrations νasV(T)-O-Zn(O)and νasV(T)-O-V(T).A strong absorption peak at 3 534 cm-1and a medium one at 1616 cm-1can be assigned to the symmetric stretching vibration and bending vibration of H-O-H in H2O molecules,respectively.The other strong and broad peak at 3 081 cm-1can be ascribed to the OH group in the framework[28-29].Two weak absorption peaks at 2 918 cm-1and 2 849 cm-1may be attributed to the symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibration of C-H bonds of CTA+[29].

Fig.2 FTIR spectra of the sample prepared in the typical experiment

Fig.3a is the low-magnification FE-SEM image of the sample obtained in the typical procedure,indicating that the product was Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O nanodisks with the average thickness of 90 nm,which was further proved by the typical high-magnification FE-SEM and TEM images(Fig.3b and 3c).Furthermore,most of the nanodisks were self-assemblied into layer-by-layer microstructures.

Fig.3 FE-SEM and TEM images of the sample prepared in the typical experiment

Fig.4 FE-SEM images of the products prepared with different amount of CTAB

CTAB has been widely used as a capping agent and/or a soft template to arrange nanomaterials to form the ordered structures[30-36].In order to investigate the effect of CTAB on the morphology and size of the product,some controlled experiments were carried out under the same conditions except different amounts of CTAB.Fig.4a is the FE-SEM image of the product prepared in the absence of CTAB,which shows that the sample was nano/sub-micro particles with the irregular(morphology and wide size distribution.This observation indicated that CTAB played a key factor in controlling the morphology and size distribution and self-assembly process.When 0.1 g CTAB was used,the morphology of the product was the nanodisks with the average thickness from 80 to 90 nm and few self-assembled units were formed(Fig.4b).When the amount of CTAB was increased to 0.5 g or 1 g (Fig.4c,4d),the percentage ofthe self-assembled unitsincreased obviously.With 2～3 g of CTAB was used,the product had the best size distribution and most nanodisks were arranged to form layer-by-layer self-assembled structures(Fig.3,4e).

The reaction temperature can greatly influence the chemical reaction process and the morphology of the products.Reducing the reaction temperature to 180 ℃(Fig.5a),theaveragethicknessofthe nanodisks decreased to about 60 nm and the percentage of the self-assembled structures decreased.With the further decrease of the reaction temperature to 140℃and 100℃,the hexagonal nanodisks gradually changed to the round disks with the decreasing ofthe average thickness of 20～30 nm(Fig.5b and c).No obvious selfassembled structures were observed. These observations suggested that the high temperature is favorable for the formation of the layer-by-layer selfassembled structures.

Fig.5 FE-SEM images of the products prepared at different reaction temperature

Fig.6 FE-SEM images of the products prepared at 200℃for different time

Fig.7 Schematic illustration of formation mechanismof self-assembled structures of Zn3(OH2)V2O7·22HO nanodisks

In order to understand the crystal growth behavior and self-assembly process,a series of time-dependent experiments were performed.When the reaction time was 1 h,the nanosheets of Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O with the average thickness of 10 ～20 nm were formed(Fig.6a).After reaction for 3 h,disk-like particles with thickness of ca.50 nm were formed,among which a few selfassembled structures appeared (Fig.6b).Further prolonging the reaction time to 5 h,12 h and 18 h,the thickness of nanodisk gradually increased to about 90 nm and more layer-by-layer self-assembled structures were obtained.Based on these time-dependent experiments,the formation process of layer-by-layer self-assembled structures is schematically illustrated in Fig.7.The formation possibly followed the three steps.The initially formed amorphous Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O become crystallized and then grew into nanosheets via the Ostwald ripening mechanism under hydrothermal conditions because of the layered crystal structure.It is generally believed that materials with hexagonal crystal structures are particularly predisposed to anisotropic growth and hexagonal plates are easily to be formed[37-38].The van der Waals forces between the hexagonal nanosheets capped by CTAB can impel the nanosheets oriented in an ordered way.CTAB actually serves as a cohesive agent[35].Once the hexagonal Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O nanosheets were established,they intimately contact each other in a face-by-face manner to form layer-by-layer structures with the assistance of CTAB.Fig.8,the HRTEM images of the product,showed the nanosheets stacked along the (001)direction.It is necessary to point that the assembly process could be reversible and the self-assembly intensity isnot monodisperse.Also the individual nanosheet could grow along the thickness direction and became thicker.Other surfactants were also studied and few selfassembled microstructures were formed except polyvinylpyrrolidone.

Fig.8 HRTEM image of the product

3 Conclusions

In summery,Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O nanodisks were obtained by a simple CTAB-assisted hydrothermal route at 200℃employing zinc nitrate,vanadium pentoxide and sodium hydroxide as reagents.FE-SEM images showed CTAB played an important role in controlling the size,morphology and the process of the crystal growth and self-assembly. The time evolution experiments indicated that the self-assembly might follow a three-step formation mechanism.

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Hydrothermal Preparation of Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O Nanodisks

CAO Xiao-Feng ZHANG LeiMA Ying-LiCHEN Xue-Tai＊
(Coordination Chemistry Institute,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry,Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093)

Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O nanodisks were prepared by a simple CTAB-assisted hydrothermal route employing the reaction of zinc nitrate,vanadium pentoxide and sodium hydroxide.The phase and morphology of the products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD),inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)and field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM).The results showed that CTAB played a key role in controlling the morphology,the size and the self-assembly process of the products.The crystal growth behavior and the self-assembly process were also investigated.

vanadate;zinc;self-assembly;morphology

O614.51+1；O614.24+1

A

1001-4861(2010)05-0787-06

2009-10-26。收修改稿日期：2010-01-04。

國(guó)家重大基礎(chǔ)研究項(xiàng)目(No.2007CB925102)資助。

＊通訊聯(lián)系人。 E-mail：xtchen@netra.nju.edu.cn，Tel：025-83597147

曹霄峰，男，28歲，博士研究生；研究方向：納米材料化學(xué)。