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      SPAN——數(shù)字敏感性

      2011-07-30 12:36:56林秋達(dá)
      世界建筑 2011年7期
      關(guān)鍵詞:建筑設(shè)計(jì)

      林秋達(dá)

      SPAN是由馬蒂亞斯·戴爾·坎普(Matias del Campo)和桑德拉·曼寧格(Sandra Manninger)在2003年創(chuàng)辦的一個(gè)專注于建筑學(xué)領(lǐng)域新工具運(yùn)用的設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所。這些新工具不僅包括了技術(shù),也包含了還處于理論階段的新興想法, 比如,連續(xù)性、強(qiáng)度、物質(zhì)和空間組織等概念。在他們的設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐中,SPAN主要具有3個(gè)帶動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)主導(dǎo)思維的體系:第一,建筑在運(yùn)動(dòng)物質(zhì)中的表現(xiàn)和它們的基本幾何形態(tài);第二,如何駕馭巴洛克建筑思想譜系的軌跡;第三,用計(jì)算機(jī)控制的機(jī)器幫助他們?cè)谖锢憝h(huán)境中實(shí)現(xiàn)建筑理想的可能性。所有的這些思索創(chuàng)造了從會(huì)議論文、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)作品到建筑項(xiàng)目等多樣性的形式。上述多樣性的表現(xiàn)形式,形成了SPAN根植于計(jì)算驅(qū)動(dòng)的生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)。由算法和生成過程驅(qū)動(dòng)的創(chuàng)造性策略,以及對(duì)環(huán)境壓力創(chuàng)造的豐富而密集的空間狀態(tài)的模擬等潛在的能力,體現(xiàn)了SPAN對(duì)當(dāng)代數(shù)字環(huán)境的敏感性。從SPAN創(chuàng)建開始,他們就已覆蓋了一系列的研究領(lǐng)域,如拓?fù)鋵W(xué)、組織工程、植物學(xué)、譜系等等,隨后更延伸到建筑設(shè)計(jì)之中。SPAN最近的研究領(lǐng)域還涵蓋了遞歸幾何。這些研究形成了其項(xiàng)目的文化內(nèi)涵,并呼應(yīng)了從巴洛克時(shí)代到弗雷德里克·基斯勒(Frederik Kiesler)的作品等實(shí)例(圖1)。

      SPAN事務(wù)所的設(shè)計(jì)體系來源于多種跨學(xué)科的研究。運(yùn)動(dòng)物體及其根本的構(gòu)架幾何體系,由巴洛克建筑所衍生的曲線設(shè)計(jì)軌跡思想,以及數(shù)控制造機(jī)械為建筑的物質(zhì)化實(shí)現(xiàn)所帶來的機(jī)會(huì)等都形成了他們建筑思想的源泉。SPAN最近的項(xiàng)目包括了澳大利亞酒莊、維也納展示住房和上海世博會(huì)奧地利館等。

      SPAN對(duì)現(xiàn)代建筑情結(jié)近乎迷戀的探索,得益于自然界豐富的形態(tài)構(gòu)成,以及將形式作為設(shè)計(jì)驅(qū)動(dòng)力的設(shè)計(jì)方法。他們的作品從多種文化譜系中得到信息,例如巴洛克幾何形體或者在基斯勒的作品中體現(xiàn)的無限性等。隱藏在由算法和生成過程驅(qū)動(dòng)的創(chuàng)造性策略中的能力,以及對(duì)環(huán)境變量場(chǎng)如何能夠產(chǎn)生豐富而密集的空間條件的模擬,反應(yīng)了SPAN 對(duì)在當(dāng)代建筑表現(xiàn)中的豐富環(huán)境能量的敏感和渴望(圖2)。

      2 Solaris裝置

      3 巴黎布朗庫(kù)西博物館曲面

      4 巴黎布朗庫(kù)西博物館曲面

      5 上海世博會(huì)奧地利館外景

      6 上海世博會(huì)奧地利館內(nèi)景

      7 上海世博會(huì)奧地利館內(nèi)景

      8 上海世博會(huì)奧地利館細(xì)部

      9 上海世博會(huì)奧地利館立面

      SPAN的作品之一,巴黎布朗庫(kù)西博物館的復(fù)雜曲面幾何展現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)格的拓?fù)潢P(guān)系,從而有利于運(yùn)用先進(jìn)的制造方法實(shí)現(xiàn)建筑的建造過程(圖3)。和鄰近的蓬皮杜中心不同,該建筑的外圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)同時(shí)形成了結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng),結(jié)構(gòu)、氣候屏障和建筑表面是一體的。雙曲面的運(yùn)用加強(qiáng)了結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性,為建筑提供了一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的外殼。建筑的多面體特性提供了一種非常具體的表面鑲板的制造方式,預(yù)制組件的裝配是在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行的,反應(yīng)了在21世紀(jì)的技術(shù)環(huán)境下蓬皮杜建造方式的技術(shù)升級(jí)(圖4)。

      2010年上海世博會(huì)奧地利館是SPAN的最新作品。在奧地利館設(shè)計(jì)背后的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力是聲力場(chǎng)。音樂作為一個(gè)概念,反映了建筑無縫銜接的不同內(nèi)部空間的延續(xù)性,從主要空間、觀眾廳,到外部表皮,空間從建筑的拓?fù)鋵?shí)體中不斷展開(圖5)。這個(gè)過程創(chuàng)建了一系列網(wǎng)格和小空間,包括如商店、飯店、辦公室、貴賓區(qū)等功能的其余部分。 每一個(gè)功能領(lǐng)域都是奧地利大都市生活素質(zhì)的反應(yīng):音樂,文化,烹飪技能,城市景觀,綠化等(圖6)。

      為了實(shí)現(xiàn)無縫拓?fù)錉顟B(tài),Topmod軟件在建筑體演變的設(shè)計(jì)過程中起了主要作用。該項(xiàng)目的主要特質(zhì)形成了表面拓?fù)涞闹骺蚣?。軟件的輸出結(jié)果包括了一系列廣泛而微妙的表面狀況。根據(jù)不同的表現(xiàn)行為,超過100個(gè)不同的模型實(shí)體被用來測(cè)試它們對(duì)不同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的適應(yīng)性,比如,實(shí)現(xiàn)建筑功能的潛在能力,或者作為結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)體的結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn),以及最終對(duì)生成的建筑外觀的影響等等。這個(gè)不斷進(jìn)行的驗(yàn)證過程將可能的體型數(shù)減少到了一個(gè)非常小的數(shù)目。最終的建筑體型是經(jīng)過了一系列進(jìn)化算法(各種網(wǎng)格重構(gòu)、細(xì)分、優(yōu)化小網(wǎng)格空間等)并且淘汰了無數(shù)其他可能后得到的??臻g微妙的柔化過渡,以及主要房間內(nèi)向式的設(shè)計(jì),創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)在嘈雜的外環(huán)境中可以令人放松的氛圍(圖7、8)。

      10 Maribor項(xiàng)目室外

      11 Maribor項(xiàng)目室內(nèi)

      奧地利館的拓?fù)湫误w用了3種方式來支持建筑的各種特性,優(yōu)雅而連續(xù)的曲線建筑形體的掃描過程產(chǎn)生了參觀者在展示區(qū)中平滑而有機(jī)的流動(dòng)(圖9)。模擬流動(dòng)的動(dòng)畫創(chuàng)建了參觀者從入口區(qū)到主要空間再到出口區(qū)的連續(xù)流動(dòng)。通過減少正交類型的形體,空間中的聲音品質(zhì)明顯提高了。在主要空間中使用的裝飾板作為聲音的反射器,能夠進(jìn)一步提高聲音的品質(zhì)。它們可以被用來控制大廳混響,同時(shí)也呼應(yīng)了維也納豐富的紋飾效果。

      拓?fù)湫问降牟牧辖M織模式應(yīng)用在自然界中是一種普遍的現(xiàn)象,它在加強(qiáng)形式穩(wěn)定性的同時(shí)降低了材料消耗。這種設(shè)計(jì)策略在奧地利館的設(shè)計(jì)中廣泛采用,令展館達(dá)到了更高層次的可持續(xù)性。在自然界中,材料的代價(jià)昂貴,然而形式卻是免費(fèi)的。數(shù)控機(jī)床、工業(yè)機(jī)器人、激光切割機(jī)和計(jì)算機(jī)控制的折彎?rùn)C(jī)的運(yùn)用,使這些概念在建筑尺度上的應(yīng)用成為可能。

      SPAN設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐中使用的計(jì)算工具處在不斷的變動(dòng)之中,事務(wù)所也一直在尋找能幫助建筑師擴(kuò)大設(shè)計(jì)能力的新技術(shù)。首先,SPAN在設(shè)計(jì)過程的每一個(gè)步驟中都運(yùn)用這些方法。在設(shè)計(jì)過程的一開始,計(jì)算機(jī)就像一個(gè)抽象的機(jī)器,提供了在一個(gè)項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)中所有的固有的可能性,然后,設(shè)計(jì)師進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的嚴(yán)格探索設(shè)計(jì),直至找到具體建筑問題的足夠確定的解答。然而,SPAN在設(shè)計(jì)中使用的每一種方法都基于他們?cè)谀骋粋€(gè)領(lǐng)域的理論研究中的探索,比如,對(duì)于鑲嵌方式的研究就在奧地利的酒莊項(xiàng)目和在維也納的住宅項(xiàng)目中得到了體現(xiàn)。 這種解決方案同時(shí)也包括了用于實(shí)際制造的各種策略(圖10)。參數(shù)化工具幫助建筑師并行審議幾個(gè)可能的架構(gòu)解決方案,以測(cè)試空間性能的解決方案和他們?cè)诠δ芎臀镔|(zhì)化手段方面的表現(xiàn)(圖11)。

      馬蒂亞斯的教學(xué)與研究和SPAN事務(wù)所的設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)踐一脈相承。以下簡(jiǎn)要介紹他在德紹建筑學(xué)院DIA的設(shè)計(jì)課程學(xué)生作業(yè)及教學(xué)成果。2008年,他指導(dǎo)的建筑學(xué)碩士論文設(shè)計(jì)的題目是:數(shù)字技術(shù)在德國(guó)法蘭克福高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用。 歷史上高層建筑的形態(tài)不斷地發(fā)生變化。 新的發(fā)明和技術(shù)的發(fā)展影響了高層建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)體系和建造技術(shù),規(guī)劃和政策條例也針對(duì)高層建筑對(duì)周邊環(huán)境的影響施加了多方面的約束,不僅如此,建筑理論和建筑風(fēng)格也在高層建筑的設(shè)計(jì)中留下了印記。因此,在當(dāng)今的時(shí)代設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)高層建筑涉及了多方面的挑戰(zhàn),并且對(duì)建筑的性能具有主要的決定作用。因此,用數(shù)字技術(shù)尋求在多個(gè)領(lǐng)域的綜合解決方案就顯得必不可少了。

      12 “高層塔樓”

      13 “高層塔樓”

      14 “之間”

      15 “之間”

      16 “拱心石”

      學(xué)生莫哈納德·巴尤米(Mohannad Bayoumi)的作品探討了數(shù)字算法技術(shù)在優(yōu)化建筑形式過程中的運(yùn)用潛力。本設(shè)計(jì)的重點(diǎn)是用腳本算法生成建筑表皮,使它能響應(yīng)夏季太陽的位置并控制穿透建筑表面的日光量。 同時(shí),它為窗戶提供了不遮擋法蘭克福市容景觀的最優(yōu)化遮陽系統(tǒng)(圖12、13)。

      題為“之間”的馬里索·克拉維茨(Marysol Kraviez)、吳迪風(fēng)(Wu Difeng,音譯)的作品探討了功能的限制,考慮了多層次的形態(tài)學(xué)意義,其中包含了眾多的表面狀況以及形式所提供的經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。此外,這些對(duì)表面情況的探索顧及了各種各樣的結(jié)果,包括諸如連續(xù)表面的行為特性等各種問題?!爸g”項(xiàng)目尤其針對(duì)復(fù)雜曲面上的幾何孔徑變化,以及具體的著色所產(chǎn)生的色彩影響進(jìn)行了深入的探討。該項(xiàng)目遵循了一種嚴(yán)格的由進(jìn)化過程驅(qū)動(dòng)的遺傳譜系,其結(jié)果形成了一個(gè)從精確而穩(wěn)定的柵格轉(zhuǎn)化為互相纏繞的動(dòng)態(tài)纖維狀態(tài)的實(shí)體(圖14、15)。

      拱心石是學(xué)生郭廉(Guo Lian,音譯)在馬蒂亞斯指導(dǎo)下的作品。此設(shè)計(jì)坐落于西班牙巴塞羅那。這個(gè)城市在過去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)中受到“新藝術(shù)”時(shí)期安東尼·高迪作品的強(qiáng)烈影響。與這些受大自然啟發(fā)而產(chǎn)生的蜿蜒曲線的對(duì)話成為這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)選擇的基礎(chǔ)。為此,他們?cè)噲D創(chuàng)造一個(gè)可以為不同年齡組服務(wù)的特殊的景觀元素,創(chuàng)造的建筑從它周邊的環(huán)境中得到力量,并在環(huán)境中展示了它自身性格的整體性(圖16)?!酰ū疚膶賴?guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目,項(xiàng)目批準(zhǔn)號(hào)51078218。本文圖片均由 SPAN事務(wù)所和馬蒂亞斯·戴爾·坎普提供。)

      注釋:

      [1]馬蒂亞斯·戴爾·坎普是維也納 SPAN建筑設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所的主持建筑師。他就讀于維也納應(yīng)用藝術(shù)大學(xué),并于2006年獲得辛德勒獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金和到美國(guó)洛杉磯的研究訪問機(jī)會(huì),目前是德紹建筑學(xué)院(Dessau Institute of Architecture)、ESARQ和加泰羅尼亞大學(xué)的客座教授。在2008年和2010年,他擔(dān)任北京建筑雙年展南美區(qū)策展人。

      訪談/Interview:

      林秋達(dá)(LIN Qiuda,以下簡(jiǎn)稱L):請(qǐng)向我們介紹一下SPAN的主要專業(yè)實(shí)踐和研究經(jīng)驗(yàn),以及你們主要的設(shè)計(jì)理念。

      馬蒂亞斯·戴爾·坎普(Matias del Campo,以下簡(jiǎn)稱C):我和我的合伙人桑德拉·曼寧格都很了解技術(shù),并且對(duì)科幻小說和現(xiàn)實(shí)科學(xué)中的新興領(lǐng)域具有濃厚的興趣。我很幸運(yùn)地處在體驗(yàn)建筑數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)革命的前沿位置上。早在我的學(xué)生階段,我就接觸到運(yùn)行Softimage的SGI工作站。它一瞬間就把我吸引到這種設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)上來,因?yàn)樗钗铱梢蚤_拓一種在主流的常規(guī)建筑設(shè)計(jì)中無法體驗(yàn)的空間視野。這種像異國(guó)情調(diào)一般的建筑風(fēng)格變成了我的專長(zhǎng),并且在和桑德拉·曼寧格共同創(chuàng)辦了SPAN事務(wù)所以后,我們一頭扎進(jìn)了這種以計(jì)算機(jī)作為驅(qū)動(dòng)的建筑設(shè)計(jì),以及用計(jì)算機(jī)控制的機(jī)械在物質(zhì)世界中實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的想法的研究中。

      L: 能否請(qǐng)您用你們最近的設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目做實(shí)例,簡(jiǎn)要地談?wù)勀銈儗?duì)建筑學(xué)的主要思考?

      C: 建筑學(xué)的主要任務(wù)是組織空間材料以創(chuàng)造特定的空間條件。在這里,有一系列的可能性來思考這種組織架構(gòu)的自然性質(zhì),以及在空間中組織材料的方法。在過去幾年中,我們通過計(jì)算機(jī)的模擬已經(jīng)能夠理解環(huán)境壓力是如何實(shí)際作用于物質(zhì)的聚集的,也了解了我們?nèi)绾尾拍茉谠O(shè)計(jì)中達(dá)到某種具體的建筑表現(xiàn)形式。事實(shí)上,空間的銜接不僅反應(yīng)了建筑消耗能源的方式,這點(diǎn)在今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中已經(jīng)非常明確了,而且它也可以被理解為一種文化的聲明。

      上海世博會(huì)奧地利館是一個(gè)完美的機(jī)會(huì),展示了我們?cè)谧罱鼛啄曛邪l(fā)展的各種各樣的想法。這個(gè)建筑是完全用計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)出來的,在整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中沒有用到任何手工繪圖。超過100個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)模型的推敲才演變成最終建成的這個(gè)版本。這個(gè)建筑體現(xiàn)了我們對(duì)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)和計(jì)算機(jī)控制加工方法的研究成果。一系列的環(huán)境壓力,如太陽輻射和聲學(xué)力場(chǎng)等,也影響了建筑形式。建筑的拓?fù)潢P(guān)系體現(xiàn)了室內(nèi)室外空間的連續(xù)無縫轉(zhuǎn)換,體現(xiàn)了建筑的形式從它自身的中央空間展開到其他空間的過渡。我們的其他一系列項(xiàng)目也一脈相承地遵循了同樣的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)和環(huán)境因素思維,如在巴黎的布朗庫(kù)西博物館和在馬里博爾的現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)博物館等。

      我們最新的研究是探索遞歸的幾何性質(zhì)。已故數(shù)學(xué)家伯諾伊特·曼德爾布羅給了我非常深刻的印象。他是著名的分形幾何的發(fā)明者,在接受采訪時(shí)他曾經(jīng)介紹了在羅馬參觀巴洛克建筑的經(jīng)歷。他描述了當(dāng)他進(jìn)入一個(gè)羅馬教堂的時(shí)候,走得越近,越多的復(fù)雜細(xì)節(jié)就會(huì)在視野中出現(xiàn)。事實(shí)上,這就是一種幾何形體在不同尺度上重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的遞歸現(xiàn)象。這里我要明確一點(diǎn):遞歸描述了一個(gè)函數(shù)的定義在自身被重復(fù)運(yùn)用的過程,導(dǎo)致了自我相似性。 一旦我們掌握了遞歸的幾何原理,我們就開始尋找在建筑上運(yùn)用的可能。因?yàn)檫f歸具有在不同尺度上的重復(fù)性,事實(shí)上,我們可以在任何建筑尺度上運(yùn)用這個(gè)基本的概念。我們?nèi)匀辉谔剿魉倪\(yùn)用可能性,也許將在下一個(gè)建筑項(xiàng)目中讓這個(gè)研究進(jìn)一步成型。

      L: 在你們構(gòu)思設(shè)計(jì)概念的過程中,算法思維是如何影響你們的設(shè)計(jì)形成的?能否談?wù)勀汴P(guān)于數(shù)字化工具,包括參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì)、數(shù)字制造等的理解?

      C: 在很久以前,我們就采用只在計(jì)算機(jī)上設(shè)計(jì)的工作方法了。我們并不認(rèn)為計(jì)算機(jī)只是一種可視化的工具;相反,我們把它當(dāng)做是一個(gè)在設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)程中的合作伙伴。事實(shí)上,這個(gè)和計(jì)算機(jī)互動(dòng)的過程更像是一種對(duì)話,一種計(jì)算機(jī)中的算法過程和設(shè)計(jì)師的設(shè)計(jì)理解之間的對(duì)話。這一設(shè)計(jì)方法意味著計(jì)算機(jī)可以幫助設(shè)計(jì)師處理復(fù)雜的、甚至不可能用手工來進(jìn)行計(jì)算的設(shè)計(jì)過程,同時(shí),設(shè)計(jì)師也將計(jì)算機(jī)推進(jìn)到了一個(gè)特定的感性極限。最近一個(gè)時(shí)期,一種影響建筑生成的因素正在發(fā)揮作用:模擬技術(shù)。計(jì)算機(jī)模擬并不是一個(gè)新的發(fā)現(xiàn),可能在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時(shí)第一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候就已經(jīng)存在了,這種技術(shù)最早是用來模擬彈道軌跡的。然而,模擬技術(shù)在過去幾年得到了突破性的運(yùn)用,甚至可以把模擬得到的信息運(yùn)用于參數(shù)化建模工具中。這意味著環(huán)境信息事實(shí)上直接影響著使用計(jì)算工具得到的設(shè)計(jì)形式,而這種算法思維也導(dǎo)致了一種嶄新的建筑設(shè)計(jì)分支的出現(xiàn)。

      當(dāng)這些技術(shù)不僅可用于設(shè)計(jì)過程,也能適用于生產(chǎn)過程時(shí),這整個(gè)過程就真的變得非常有趣了。我們一直都感興趣的是計(jì)算機(jī)控制的機(jī)械的使用。許多其他行業(yè),如汽車業(yè)、航空業(yè)和造船業(yè)中的工業(yè)機(jī)器人,計(jì)算機(jī)控制切割焊接機(jī)的使用已經(jīng)有幾十年的歷史了。現(xiàn)在,這些機(jī)器正變得越來越容易獲得,并且為建造建筑項(xiàng)目提供了非常有力的工具。在我們的公司,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)如何使用激光切割機(jī)、三維打印機(jī)、工業(yè)機(jī)器人、數(shù)控銑床等來找到使我們的計(jì)算機(jī)生成的設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)象成為真正的物質(zhì)實(shí)體的辦法。關(guān)鍵是要了解這個(gè)新興的生產(chǎn)環(huán)境,以找到在高端建筑設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目中的設(shè)計(jì)策略。

      L: 除了奧地利館,你們?cè)谥袊?guó)有其他正在進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目嗎?你們對(duì)數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)工具在中國(guó)建筑產(chǎn)業(yè)的未來發(fā)展有何看法?

      C: 目前,我們正在進(jìn)行各種中國(guó)項(xiàng)目的談判,所以我相信我們將會(huì)有更多的項(xiàng)目在中國(guó)實(shí)施。關(guān)于對(duì)數(shù)字化工具在中國(guó)發(fā)展的問題,在我看來,中國(guó)的建筑行業(yè)和建筑教育已經(jīng)對(duì)數(shù)字設(shè)計(jì)和建造所帶來的機(jī)會(huì)敞開了胸懷。這個(gè)過程是非??斓?。2008年是我第一次在北京講有關(guān)腳本的課程。當(dāng)時(shí)我的演講課程人滿為患!今天,我在德國(guó)德紹的工作室?guī)缀跤幸话氲膶W(xué)生是華人。因此,中國(guó)在這方面的發(fā)展是非常非??斓?。我敢肯定,很快中國(guó)將達(dá)到和任何其他國(guó)家相同的水平。我對(duì)這樣的發(fā)展感到非常高興,因?yàn)閿?shù)字的代碼是一個(gè)全球性的語言,可以成為在任何地方的討論的一部分,也加強(qiáng)和促進(jìn)了世界各地不同區(qū)域之間的溝通。

      L: 請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)要介紹您的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和您主要的教學(xué)方法。

      C: 因?yàn)楦鞣N原因,我畢業(yè)以后就開始了教學(xué)。在我的眼中,教育領(lǐng)域總是處在建筑學(xué)發(fā)展的最前沿,學(xué)術(shù)界為擴(kuò)展建筑設(shè)計(jì)和課程中的新想法創(chuàng)造了機(jī)會(huì)。我一直有一個(gè)愿望,能將建筑實(shí)踐和學(xué)術(shù)研究結(jié)合起來,以探索一條新的建筑學(xué)之路。我所教的每一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)課程都是針對(duì)某一個(gè)具體問題的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)奶剿鳌T诮虒W(xué)過程中,我們盡量把注意力放在和數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)相關(guān)聯(lián)的主題上,有時(shí)可能是一個(gè)非常基本的課題。我最早在維也納應(yīng)用藝術(shù)大學(xué)教授研究生課程,課程的名稱是都市策略,我們重點(diǎn)關(guān)注將粘性物質(zhì)的行為特征作為都市狀態(tài)下的一種設(shè)計(jì)策略。后來,我被指定為德紹建筑學(xué)院的客座教授,以及巴塞羅那ESARQ的遺傳建筑學(xué)課程教授。我還任教于世界各地不同的大學(xué)的許多講習(xí)班,這里就不一一提及了。

      L: 您的學(xué)術(shù)研究、設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)方法和您自己的專業(yè)實(shí)踐之間具有一種什么樣的關(guān)系?

      C: 學(xué)術(shù)研究和我們的實(shí)踐工作相互交織成一種非常復(fù)雜的格局。在我們的事務(wù)所中出現(xiàn)的想法經(jīng)常作為一種基本的概念在大學(xué)的教學(xué)中得到進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展,并且在那里探討各種不同的可能性和可能的解決方案。我最希望看到的情景是一個(gè)學(xué)生有了他自己的想法和他自己的風(fēng)格,而這種風(fēng)格的出現(xiàn)是基于我們?cè)谠O(shè)計(jì)課程中探索的問題創(chuàng)造出來的框架。最好的情況是每個(gè)學(xué)生都能達(dá)到他們自己的目標(biāo),并且發(fā)現(xiàn)他們?cè)诮ㄖO(shè)計(jì)中獨(dú)特的道路?!?/p>

      L: Please make a introduction of SPAN architect's major professional practice and research experience.

      C: Both of us are very tech-savvy and driven by desires emerging out of the field of Science Fiction as well as factual Science. I was in the lucky position to experience the Cambrian explosion in digital design techniques for architecture first hand.Very early on during my studying time I came in touch with an SGI workstation running Softimage.I felt instantly attracted to the opportunities within this design techniques, as it enabled me to explore spatial conditions outside the predominant conventions in Architectural design. These exotic,opulent architectural conditions became my expertise, and after opening up the practice SPAN together with my partner Sandra Manninger we engulfed into an exploration of computational driven architecture design in full extent, including computer controlled machinery to materialize our ideas also in a physical environment.

      L: Can you briefly talk about your latest main concern of your architecture, using your recent projects as cases?

      C: The main task of architecture is to organize material in space in order to create specific spatial conditions. In this extent there is a series of possibilities to speculate on the nature of this organization, as well as on the methods to organize material in space. In the last years we have been able to understand, by the use of computer simulations, how environmental pressures actually influence any aggregation of material and how we can achieve a specific performance in the building by the way we form the design. In fact the articulation of space not only reflects back in the way the buildings consume energy, that should be very clear by today's standards, but it also can be read as a cultural statement.

      The Austrian Pavilion for the Shanghai Expo was a perfect chance to demonstrate the manifold ideas we developed in architecture throughout the last years. The building was completely developed on the computer, not a single pen was harmed in the process. A genealogy of over one hundred computer-models resulted in the final iteration that materialized as the building on the site. The building was a result of our research in Topology as well as in computer controlled fabrication methods.Furthermore a series of environmental pressures,such as solar radiation and acoustic forces,influenced the form of the building. The Topology is present in the seamless transition between interior and exterior, the continuous circulation, as well as in unfolding of the building from its central concert room to the other spaces. There is a series of other projects that also follow the same lineage of thinking, topology and environmental factors, such as the Brancusi Museum in Paris and the Museum of Modern Art is Maribor.

      The latest research we have been exploring is the nature of recursive geometries. I was very impressed by one statement of the late mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot. He was the inventor of the famous fractal geometry, and he described in an interview his experience with baroque architecture in Rome. He described how he approached a church in Rome and the closer he came the more intricate details emerged in his field of view which were self-similar in nature, in fact a recursive event, whereas the geometry starts to repeat on different scales. Just to make clear what we are talking about here: Recursion describes a process in which the function being defined is applied within its own definition, meaning that it results in self-similarity. Once we discovered how we can use the geometric rules of recursion we started to look for the architectural implications.Due to the nature of repetition in various scales it is in fact possible to us this very basic idea in every architectural scale. We are still in the middle of exploring the possibilities, with the next architecture projects we will make the step to make this research visible and physical.

      L: How computational thinking come into play in the process of producing the design concept?C: We adapted the method to work in the computer exclusively already long time ago. We do not consider the Computer to be a tool for visualization,but a partner in the design process. In fact it is more like a dialogue between computational processes in the computer and the sensible insights of the designer who guides the process. Considering this design method means that the computer can help to handle complex processes, that wouldn't be possible to calculate by hand, simultaneously the designer pushes the machine to the limits of a specific sensibility. In recent times an additional factor for the formation of architecture came into play:simulation techniques. Simulation on the computer is not a new discovery, it has been around probably since the first computer came up, around World War II. In fact one of the first tasks for this computers was the simulation of the ballistic trajectories of artillery fire. However, the resolution of the simulation has exploded within the last couple of years, as well as the possibilities to connect the information resulting from the simulation with parametric modeling tools. In fact this means that information from the environment directly influences the form of the design, by the use of computational tools. This idea of computational thinking has emerged in a complete new branch of architectural design.

      It really becomes interesting when these techniques are not only used for the design process but also for the production process. We have been always interested in the use of computer-controlled machinery. Many other industries, such as the car industry, the aviation industry and the ship building industry have been using industrial robots and computer controlled cutting and welding machines for decades. Now these machines are becoming more and more available and provide a very powerful tool for the fabrication of highly articulated architecture projects. In our office we have learned how to use laser cutting machines, 3D printers, industrial robots and CNC Milling machines,in order to find ways how to make our computer generated designs into real, physical objects. It is essential to understand this emerging fabrication environment in order to find strategies of formation in advanced architecture projects.

      L: Except for the Austrian Pavilion, do you have other Chinese Projects ongoing? What's your opinion of the development of digital design tools in Chinese architecture industry in the near future?

      C: At the moment we are negotiating a variety of projects in China, so I'm sure there will be more to see of our work in China soon.

      Considering your question about the development of digital tools in China: It appears to me as if the Chinese architectural industry and education is totally embracing the opportunities inherent in digital design and fabrication tools. The process is very fast. 2008 was the first scripting course in Beijing. I was there to give a lecture.The course was packed! Today almost half of the students in my studio in Dessau, Germany, are Chinese. So the development is very, very fast,and I'm sure that China will be on the same level as any other country very soon. I'm really very happy about this development, as the digital code presents a global language that can be part of the discussion everywhere, increasing and facilitating the communication between different sites all over the world.

      L: Please briefly introduce your teaching experience,and your primary teaching method.

      C: I started teaching briefly after I graduated, for various reasons. On the one side the academic field is the one, in my eyes, that is always on the forefront of architectural developments. Academia offers the opportunity to increase and expand novel architectural ideas in terms of design as well as discourse. I always had the desire to combine both architectural practice and academic research in order to explore novel paths in architecture. The main agenda in every studio or workshop I teach is a rigorous exploration of a specific problem. We try to focus on one topic in the studios, connected to digital design techniques. Sometimes it is also a very basic topic. I first started teaching at the postgraduate program of the University of applied arts in Viennna,die Angewandte. The course is called urban strategies, and we focused on the emergent behavior of viscous matter as a design strategy for urban conditions. Later I was assigned as Guest Professor at the Dessau Institute of Architecture at the Bauhaus and Professor at the Genetic Architecture Program of the ESARQ in Barcelona, Spain. In the meantime I have been teaching many workshops in different Universities all over the world, it would take too long to mention them all.

      L: What's the relationship of your academic research, the pedagogy in the studio and your own professional practice?

      C: The academic research and the work in our practice are woven into each other in a very intricate pattern. Sometimes ideas that emerge in the office as a rudimentary concept move on to the university and explode there in a variety of possible solutions. My favorite event is when a student discovers his own idea, his own style, based on a studio outline we created emerging out of a problem we explored in the office. In best case every student reaches this goal and discovers his own approach in architecture design. □

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