賈 媛,周 鵬,張艷軍
(天津中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)中藥學(xué)院,天津 300193)
最新研究[1]發(fā)現(xiàn),骨不但維持著骨組織動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,同時(shí)是一個(gè)重要的內(nèi)分泌器官,在其自身代謝過程中,分泌多種活性因子,影響全身物質(zhì)和能量代謝。骨鈣素(osteocalcin,OC)作為骨分泌一種激素樣物質(zhì),對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)能量代謝有重要作用[2]。本文就近年來(lái)骨鈣素調(diào)節(jié)能量代謝方面的研究進(jìn)行綜述。
骨鈣素是由分化期成骨細(xì)胞特異性分泌的一種非膠原蛋白,是成骨細(xì)胞分化、成熟的標(biāo)志,也是骨形成或骨轉(zhuǎn)換的重要標(biāo)志[3]。骨鈣素合成后,大部分在維生素K的催化調(diào)節(jié)下,生成羧化骨鈣素,少量骨鈣素未則羧基化或羧化不全,直接分泌入血參與能量代謝,發(fā)揮激素樣作用[4]。維生素K通過調(diào)節(jié)骨鈣素的羧基化,影響羧基化骨鈣素和羧化不全骨鈣素的比例,進(jìn)而影響骨的礦化能力和能量代謝調(diào)節(jié)能力[5]。
2.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)研究 對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)性糖尿病動(dòng)物研究[6]發(fā)現(xiàn),血中胰島素水平降低,骨鈣素水平也降低,經(jīng)治療后,骨鈣素水平又有所提高,推論骨鈣素和胰島素水平具有一定的相關(guān)性。研究[7-8]表明,Esp-/-小鼠表現(xiàn)出低糖血癥、高胰島素血癥和胰島素敏感性增高,而骨鈣素基因敲除Ocn-/-小鼠的表現(xiàn)型則恰恰相反,表現(xiàn)出胰島素抵抗和高糖血癥。Esp-/-小鼠能量代謝的異常表現(xiàn)型是由循環(huán)中骨鈣素活性增強(qiáng)所致。在Esp-/-小鼠中,未羧化骨鈣素的比例增高[9]。用華法林作用于野生型小鼠的成骨細(xì)胞后,其骨鈣素與羥基磷灰石的結(jié)合率明顯下降,相反其誘導(dǎo)胰島素和脂聯(lián)素的表達(dá)有所提高[10]。以上實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論說明,未羧化的骨鈣素能夠誘導(dǎo)胰島素和脂聯(lián)素的表達(dá),對(duì)能量代謝的調(diào)節(jié)有重要影響。體外研究[11-12]發(fā)現(xiàn),骨鈣素還可以增加白色脂肪細(xì)胞中脂聯(lián)素基因的表達(dá)。
正常情況下,脂聯(lián)素的含量與胰島素抵抗呈負(fù)相關(guān)性,而脂聯(lián)素增多可降低胰島素抵抗的產(chǎn)生。由此說明,骨鈣素可以通過促進(jìn)脂聯(lián)素的表達(dá)而使胰島素敏感性提高[13]。將成骨細(xì)胞和胰島細(xì)胞或者脂肪細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng),發(fā)現(xiàn)胰島素和脂聯(lián)素的表達(dá)在此共培養(yǎng)體系中明顯提高,表明是通過成骨細(xì)胞分泌因子而對(duì)能量代謝及內(nèi)分泌調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)揮作用[14]。
2.2 臨床研究 與正常人相比,Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血清骨鈣素水平明顯降低,而在骨鈣素高表達(dá)的人群中空腹血糖則明顯偏低[15]。對(duì)患有Ⅱ型糖尿病的男性和絕經(jīng)后的女性骨鈣素與糖脂代謝相關(guān)性研究[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),無(wú)論是男性還是絕經(jīng)后女性,血清骨鈣素水平與空腹血糖、糖化血紅蛋白及動(dòng)脈硬化參數(shù)呈負(fù)相關(guān)性,絕經(jīng)后女性血清骨鈣素水平與脂聯(lián)素含量呈正相關(guān)性。同樣有研究[7]發(fā)現(xiàn),血清骨鈣素水平與空腹血糖、空腹胰島素、高敏C反應(yīng)蛋白、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)以及身體脂肪含量存在負(fù)相關(guān)性。對(duì)Ⅱ型糖尿病患者通過血糖控制,骨鈣素水平可隨著血糖由高至正常也逐漸升高至正常[17]。在對(duì)肥胖患者進(jìn)行外科手術(shù)減肥后的觀察中,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后患者體內(nèi)骨鈣素的水平呈現(xiàn)升高趨勢(shì)[18]。以上結(jié)論說明,骨鈣素能夠通過感知血糖濃度的變化,影響血清胰島素和脂聯(lián)素的水平,減少脂肪含量來(lái)參與Ⅱ型糖尿病的糖脂代謝調(diào)節(jié)的。
骨鈣素作為成骨細(xì)胞分泌的具有內(nèi)分泌調(diào)節(jié)作用的因子,在骨代謝和糖脂代謝的調(diào)節(jié)中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。這與祖國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)腎主骨藏精理論不謀而合。諸多補(bǔ)腎中藥??筛深A(yù)骨的代謝行為,有望通過調(diào)控骨鈣素的分泌,從而促使β細(xì)胞增殖、胰島素分泌增多、胰島素敏感性提高,降低血糖,減少脂肪堆積,從而起到改善糖脂代謝紊亂的作用。
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