張麗楠,李 屹,楊 磊
(1.甘肅中醫(yī)學(xué)院,甘肅蘭州730000;2.甘肅省腫瘤醫(yī)院,甘肅蘭州730000)
微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)是大小約22nt的非編碼RNA分子,通常定位于與腫瘤相關(guān)的脆性位點(diǎn)(fragile site)。miRNA與腫瘤相關(guān)的證據(jù)最早源于染色體13q14在慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病(CLL)中缺失的研究[1]。到目前為止,已經(jīng)確認(rèn)與人類腫瘤相關(guān)的miRNA已有幾十種[2],其在肺癌、乳腺癌、胃癌、前列腺癌及直腸癌等常見惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中有重要作用[3]。
轉(zhuǎn)錄后的調(diào)控:在細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi),成熟的miRNA與Agoll等結(jié)合形成誘導(dǎo)沉默復(fù)合體(RNA-induced silencing complex,PISC)。在PISC內(nèi),miRNA通過靶基因mRNA的3'UTR結(jié)合來調(diào)控基因表達(dá)。
遺傳學(xué)調(diào)控:miRNA的表達(dá),對靠近CpG島的基因影響較大。MiR370作用于白介素-6,收到DNA甲基化酶1及HASJ4442的影響[4]。而miR-34b及miR-34c由于甲基化不足,影響p53相關(guān)基因的功能。MiR-29家族作為抑癌基因,作用于DNA甲基化轉(zhuǎn)移酶DNMT3A和DNMT3B,誘導(dǎo)抑癌基因EHZT、WWOX正常甲基化,從而抑制非小細(xì)胞肺癌的發(fā)展[5]。
miRNA自身表達(dá)的調(diào)控:即miRNA的單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphism SNP)。有學(xué)者分析了miRNA的多態(tài)性,表明即使在成熟miRNA之外序列堿基的改變也能影響miRNA的生成和功能[6]。let-7與Kras基因3'結(jié)合位點(diǎn)6(LCS6)的SCP對Kras結(jié)合有很重要的影響,從而對Ras基因表達(dá)產(chǎn)生極大的作用[7]。另有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),pre-h(huán)as-mir-196中的rs11614913SNP(C-T)改變has-mir-196加工的過程,影響miRNA的成熟和表達(dá),從而影響非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者的預(yù)后和存活[8]。
miRNA可能成為新的肺癌早期診斷和癌癥進(jìn)程相關(guān)的標(biāo)記物,有助于肺癌的早期診斷和個性化治療[9]。肺癌最重要的癌基因?yàn)镵ras與抑癌基因p53,20% ~30%的肺腺癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)Kras基因有突變現(xiàn)象,而在非小細(xì)胞腺癌中p53失活占50%[10]。與兩個基因相關(guān)的miRNA中,目前研究最清楚的是let-7。let-7家族至少有9個成員。主要通過抑制癌基因Kras、HMGA2、C-myc以及細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)蛋白 CDC23A、周期蛋白依賴性激酶6和周期蛋白D2[11-13]發(fā)生作用。Let-7表達(dá)下降可導(dǎo)致Ras蛋白增加,誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)源性Kras基因或p53缺失從而影響信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。缺失p53導(dǎo)致核因子-KB(NF-KB)的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子p56在核內(nèi)積累,從而導(dǎo)致腫瘤發(fā)生。如果誘導(dǎo)p53回復(fù)表達(dá),p56則在核內(nèi)消失,則可使腫瘤進(jìn)程延緩[14]。
目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的與肺癌相關(guān)的miRNA主要是通過調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞周期、癌基因、抑癌基因和細(xì)胞凋亡發(fā)生作用。而最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與以往miRNA調(diào)控靶基因的作用機(jī)制不同,miRNA也可以作用于靶 mRNA 的5'-UTR 而促進(jìn)該基因的翻譯[15-16]。還有報道,miRNA還可以作用于mRNA的蛋白編碼區(qū)抑制該基因的翻譯[17]。
此外,據(jù)美國國立癌癥研究所的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),miRNA也與腫瘤細(xì)胞對化療藥物的敏感程度有關(guān)[18]。
現(xiàn)今,研究血中miRNA的差異表達(dá)及其表達(dá)譜的變化與腫瘤間的相互關(guān)系已經(jīng)成為廣大學(xué)者的關(guān)注焦點(diǎn)[19-21],而其成果將為未來腫瘤疾病的診斷和治療帶來巨大的影響。
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