趙曉軍,李 娜,王海紅,李愛(ài)琴,王 昕,謝 惠,余東亮,盛劍秋
北京軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,北京 100700
急診結(jié)腸鏡在急性下消化道出血診斷及治療中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值
趙曉軍,李 娜,王海紅,李愛(ài)琴,王 昕,謝 惠,余東亮,盛劍秋
北京軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,北京 100700
目的 探討急診結(jié)腸鏡對(duì)急性下消化道出血的診斷價(jià)值。方法 對(duì)293例接受急診結(jié)腸鏡檢查的急性下消化道出血患者臨床資料進(jìn)行分析,比較急診結(jié)腸鏡組與常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡組在平均住院日及輸血量之間的差異。結(jié)果 急診結(jié)腸鏡組檢查成功率90.1%,總體診斷率64.5%。急診結(jié)腸鏡組平均住院天數(shù)6.9 d,常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡組7.8 d,急診結(jié)腸鏡組平均輸血量275 mL壓積紅細(xì)胞,常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡組478 mL。結(jié)論 急診結(jié)腸鏡對(duì)活動(dòng)性出血可采取內(nèi)鏡下止血,為急診外科手術(shù)治療提供可靠依據(jù),同時(shí)可減少急性下消化道出血患者的住院天數(shù)及平均輸血量。
急性下消化道出血;急診結(jié)腸鏡;診斷;治療
結(jié)腸鏡檢查是急性下消化道出血診斷的首選方式,但目前尚缺乏急性下消化道出血危險(xiǎn)評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)于急診結(jié)腸鏡檢查的時(shí)機(jī)和適應(yīng)證等尚存爭(zhēng)議[1-2]。本研究對(duì)我院10年來(lái)行急診結(jié)腸鏡的急性下消化道出血患者的臨床資料進(jìn)行分析,以探討急診結(jié)腸鏡對(duì)急性下消化道出血的診斷及治療價(jià)值。
1.1 臨床資料 2002年1月-2012年1月在我院急診就診及住院共598例急性下消化道出血患者行結(jié)腸鏡檢查(排除息肉切除術(shù)后出血者),293例患者在入院或就診后12~24 h內(nèi)行急診結(jié)腸鏡檢查,305例行常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡檢查。急診結(jié)腸鏡組男187例,女106例,年齡21~79歲,平均年齡(56.8±11.4)歲;常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡組男204例,女101例,年齡26~87歲,平均年齡(60.8±6.3)歲。急診結(jié)腸鏡組與常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡組平均年齡及性別比例無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05)。
1.2 方法 急診結(jié)腸鏡組150例口服泄劑清腸(口服硫酸鎂或舒泰清),69例清潔灌腸(溫水或生理鹽水),74例未行腸道準(zhǔn)備。常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡組患者常規(guī)口服泄劑清腸(口服硫酸鎂或舒泰清)。
2.1 全結(jié)腸鏡檢查完成情況 結(jié)腸鏡檢查以到達(dá)回盲部或回腸末端為完成全結(jié)腸檢查。急診結(jié)腸鏡組中清腸組182例患者完成全結(jié)腸(包括回腸末端)檢查;未清腸組56例患者完成全結(jié)腸(回腸末端)檢查。清腸組與未清腸組完成全結(jié)腸檢查率無(wú)顯著差異(清腸組83.1%,未清腸組 75.7%,P=0.589,見(jiàn)表 1)。常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡組均完成全結(jié)腸鏡檢查。
2.2 結(jié)腸鏡檢查診斷率
2.2.1 急診結(jié)腸鏡組診斷率及處理情況:189例首次急診結(jié)腸鏡檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)病變部位,診斷率64.5%(189/293)。36例二次結(jié)腸鏡檢查(清腸后)發(fā)現(xiàn)病變部位(36/293,12.3%),43 例未發(fā)現(xiàn)明確出血部位(43/293,14.7%)。189例首次急診結(jié)腸鏡檢查共發(fā)現(xiàn)出血病灶196處,其中活躍性出血病灶97處。88處活躍性出血病灶行結(jié)腸鏡下止血治療(88/97,90.7%),包括病變部位噴灑止血藥物、鈦夾止血、黏膜下注射等方法,83處病灶(83/88,94.3%)止血成功,患者治愈出院,5例內(nèi)鏡下止血失敗,3例外科手術(shù),1例術(shù)后多臟器功能衰竭死亡,2例DSA止血。6例小腸活躍性出血分別行緊急DSA及急診經(jīng)肛小腸鏡檢查,3例經(jīng)DSA止血成功,另3例小腸鏡發(fā)現(xiàn)活躍性出血病變急診外科手術(shù)。
表1 急診結(jié)腸鏡組全結(jié)腸鏡檢查完成情況[例數(shù)(%)]Tab 1 The data of accomplishment of urgent colonoscopic interventions[n(%)]
2.2.2 常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡組診斷率:常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡組225例首次檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶,總體診斷率73.8%(225/305),其中活躍性出血病灶23處(23/225,10.2%)。
2.3 平均住院天數(shù)及輸血量 急診結(jié)腸鏡組平均住院天數(shù)6.9 d,常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡組平均住院天數(shù)7.8 d。急診結(jié)腸鏡組平均輸血量275 mL壓積紅細(xì)胞/例,常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡組平均輸血量478 mL壓積紅細(xì)胞/例。
急性下消化道出血(ALGB)是消化科常見(jiàn)急癥,其與患者死亡率、醫(yī)療花費(fèi)、住院時(shí)間有明顯關(guān)系,因此有效的評(píng)估及治療非常重要[3-5]。既往研究表明,結(jié)腸鏡對(duì)ALGB的診斷率為74% ~100%,治療率為8% ~ 37%[6-12]。Ríos 等[13]的研究顯示,同常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡檢查比較急診結(jié)腸鏡可顯著提高消化道出血的診斷率。但最近Laine等[14]的研究顯示急診結(jié)腸鏡與常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡的診斷率無(wú)明顯差異。本組病例急診結(jié)腸鏡檢查總體診斷率64.5%,常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡組診斷率70.4%,兩組比較診斷率無(wú)顯著差異,但急診結(jié)腸鏡組活躍性出血病灶數(shù)量與常規(guī)腸鏡組相比差異顯著,且90.7%活躍性出血病灶內(nèi)鏡下止血,止血成功率94.3%,提示急診腸鏡可早期明確伴活躍性出血ALGB的出血部位并進(jìn)行內(nèi)鏡下止血,縮短診斷時(shí)間,減少患者輸血量及平均住院日。
ALGB常見(jiàn)病因國(guó)外資料按其發(fā)病率,占前4位的分別為:結(jié)腸憩室、血管畸形、結(jié)直腸惡性腫瘤和缺血性腸病。本組資料顯示急診結(jié)腸鏡組ALGB病因前4位的是:結(jié)腸潰瘍性病變、血管畸形、結(jié)腸腫瘤、缺血性腸病等,似與總體疾病構(gòu)成略不同,考慮與本組患者中活躍性出血比例較高,且潰瘍性病變及血管性病變多合并活動(dòng)性出血有關(guān)。本組資料提示結(jié)腸潰瘍及血管畸形等病變多合并活躍性出血,內(nèi)鏡下可實(shí)施止血夾、噴灑藥物等方法止血,止血效果可靠。
綜合既往臨床資料以及本組病例資料,考慮急診結(jié)腸鏡對(duì)于ALGB的診斷及治療意義在于以下幾方面:①判斷出血部位位于結(jié)腸或下段小腸;② 早期發(fā)現(xiàn)活躍性出血病變并內(nèi)鏡下治療,減少患者輸血量,如止血失敗可為進(jìn)一步檢查治療如DSA止血及外科治療提供依據(jù)。急診結(jié)腸鏡也存在一定局限性,如患者腸腔內(nèi)積血及腸道清潔度較差,會(huì)增加進(jìn)鏡及觀察病變的難度。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道在ALGB患者中未行腸道準(zhǔn)備的結(jié)腸鏡檢查僅55% ~70%到達(dá)回盲部[15-17],本組資料顯示,接受急診結(jié)腸鏡檢查的清腸組與未清腸組總體完成檢查情況無(wú)顯著差異。我們的體會(huì)是大量下消化道出血者腸道內(nèi)積存糞便較少,主要為鮮血及血塊,檢查者進(jìn)鏡時(shí)可根據(jù)黏膜皺襞走形判斷進(jìn)鏡方向,根據(jù)患者腸道積血情況,初步判斷出血部位,對(duì)可疑部位重點(diǎn)沖洗、觀察,有利于提高結(jié)腸鏡檢查成功率及病變檢出率。本組內(nèi)鏡檢查醫(yī)師均為有2 000~3 000例結(jié)腸鏡檢查經(jīng)驗(yàn)的內(nèi)鏡醫(yī)師,有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的內(nèi)鏡醫(yī)師可提高檢查成功率,縮短檢查時(shí)間,提高患者檢查順應(yīng)性。
[1] Strate LL.Editorial:Urgent colonoscopy in lower GI bleeding:not so fast[J].2010,105(12):2643-2645.
[2] Jensen DM,Machicado GA,Jutabha R,et al.Urgent colonoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of severe diverticular hemorrhage[J].N Engl J Med,2000,342(2):78-82.
[3] Lanas A,García-Rodríguez LA,Polo-Tomás M,et al.The changing face of hospitalisation due to gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation[J].Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2011,33(5):585-591.
[4] Ríos A,Montoya MJ,Rodríguez JM,et al.Acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhages in geriatric patients[J].Dig Dis Sci,2005,50(5):898-904.
[5] Comay D,Marshall JK.Resource utilization for acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage:the Ontario GI bleed study[J].Can J Gastroenterol,2002,16(10):677-682.
[6] Angtuaco TL,Reddy SK,Drapkin S,et al.The utility of urgent colonoscopy in the evaluation of acute lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding:a 2-year experience from a single center[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2001,96(6):1782-1785.
[7] Jensen DM,Machicado GA,Jutabha R,et al.Urgent colonoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of severe diverticular hemorrhage[J].N Engl J Med,2000,342(2):78-82.
[8] Green BT,Rockey DC,Portwood G,et al.Urgent colonoscopy for evaluation and management of acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage:a randomized controlled trial[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2005,100(11):2395-2402.
[9] Bloomfeld RS,Rockey DC,Shetzline MA.Endoscopic therapy of acute diverticular hemorrhage [J].Am J Gastroenterol,2001,96(8):2367-2372.
[10] Richter JM,Christensen MR,Kaplan LM,et al.Effectiveness of current technology in the diagnosis and management of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage[J].Gastrointest Endosc,1995,41(2):93-98.
[11] Colacchio TA,F(xiàn)orde KA,Patsos TJ,et al.Impact of modern diagnosticMethodson the management of active rectal bleeding.Ten year experience[J].Am J Surg,1982,143(5):607-610.
[12] Al Qahtani AR,Satin R,Stern J,et al.Investigative modalities for massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding[J].World J Surg,2002,26(5):620-625.
[13] Ríos A,Montoya MJ,Rodríguez JM,et al.Severe acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding:risk factors for morbidity and mortality[J].Langenbecks Arch Surg,2007,392(2):165-71.
[14] Laine L,Shah A.Randomized trial of urgent vs.elective colonoscopy in patients hospitalized with lower GI bleeding[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2010,105(12):2636-2641.
[15] Chaudhry V,Hyser MJ,Gracias VH,et al.Colonoscopy:the initial test for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding[J].Am Surg,1998,64(8):723-728.
[16] Tada M,Shimizu S,Kawai K.Emergency colonoscopy for the diagnosis of lower intestinal bleeding[J].Gastroenterol Jpn,1991,26(3):121-124.
[17] Ohyama T,Sakurai Y,Ito M,et al.Analysis of urgent colonoscopy for lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding[J].Digestion,2000,61(3):189-192.
Value of urgent colonoscopy in acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding
ZHAO Xiaojun,LI Na,WANG Haihong,LI Aiqin,WANG Xin,XIE Hui,YU Dongliang,SHENG Jianqiu
Department of Gastroenterology,the Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA,Beijing 100700,China
ObjectiveTo explore the value of urgent colonoscopy(<12 h from admission)in acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding(ALGB).MethodsThe data of 293 patients with ALGB undergoing urgent colonoscopy were analyzed.Average length of hospital stay and volume of blood transfusion were compared between urgent colonoscopy and routine colonoscopy groups.ResultsThe success rate of accomplishment of urgent colonoscopy was 90.1%,and the diagnostic rate was 64.5%.The average length of stay was 6.9 days in the urgent colonoscopy group and 7.8 days in the routine colonoscopy group.The average volume of blood transfusion was 275 mL in the urgent colonoscopy group and 478 mL in the elective colonoscopy group.ConclusionIt is suggested that the urgent colonoscopy can provide therapeutic interventions and improve success rate of hemostasis.It can provide the reliable evidence for the surgery and decrease hospital length of stay and the average volume of blood transfusion.
Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding;Urgent colonoscopy;Diagnosis;Treatment
R574
A
1006-5709(2012)08-0730-03
2012-07-03
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2012.08.013
盛劍秋,E-mail:jianqiu@263.net