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      胰高糖素樣多肽-1及其類似物的心血管保護(hù)研究進(jìn)展

      2013-02-19 19:43:27劉劍鋒綜述陳韻岱審校
      關(guān)鍵詞:心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞心率

      劉劍鋒 綜述 陳韻岱 審校

      解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院/解放軍總醫(yī)院 心內(nèi)科,北京 100853

      胰高糖素樣多肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)是一種餐后由遠(yuǎn)端腸腔L型細(xì)胞分泌的天然降血糖激素,由30個(gè)氨基酸組成,能在下丘腦水平控制食欲和胃飽滿感,從而減少食物攝入,使體重下降;同時(shí)還有刺激迷走神經(jīng)使胃排空延遲、促進(jìn)胰島素分泌等作用。多項(xiàng)臨床研究已證實(shí)GLP-1對(duì)2型糖尿病有卓越的療效[1-3],并發(fā)現(xiàn)GLP-1對(duì)心血管危險(xiǎn)因素有保護(hù)作用[4-6]。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)GLP-1受體(GLP-1R)在心臟以及血管等組織中也有表達(dá)[7-9],為GLP-1的心血管保護(hù)作用從作用途徑上提供了理論基礎(chǔ)。但是,也有研究在未表達(dá)經(jīng)典GLP-1R的細(xì)胞和組織中觀察到了GLP-1及其類似物的多效性,因此,獨(dú)立于經(jīng)典GLP-1R之外的GLP-1作用機(jī)制及通路值得進(jìn)一步研究[10]。目前市場(chǎng)上有兩種GLP-1R激動(dòng)劑臨床應(yīng)用:艾塞那肽(exenatide)和利拉魯肽(liraglutide)。二者分別與天然GLP-1有53%和97%的同源性,均能耐受二肽基肽酶Ⅳ(DPP-Ⅳ)的降解作用,半衰期分別為2.4 h和12 h,可根據(jù)葡萄糖濃度“按需”調(diào)節(jié)胰島素分泌,低血糖事件發(fā)生率低,安全性好。我們從GLP-1的降糖外作用出發(fā),對(duì)GLP-1的心血管保護(hù)作用作一綜述。

      1 GLP-1和缺血性心臟病

      Nikolaidis等[6]首先報(bào)道GLP-1能增加心肌胰島素敏感性以及心肌葡萄糖的攝取,且和血清胰島素水平無(wú)關(guān)。Bose等[11]建立大鼠離體心臟缺血再灌注損傷模型,在缺血前給予GLP-1并持續(xù)到再灌注結(jié)束,證明了GLP-1能通過(guò)激活cAMP和PI3k通路保護(hù)離體及完整大鼠心臟的梗死心肌。與該研究結(jié)果相似的是,Xie等[12]對(duì)低氧-再恢復(fù)氧供誘發(fā)的大鼠心肌細(xì)胞損傷模型研究發(fā)現(xiàn)GLP-1能通過(guò)PI3k-Akt和MAPK信號(hào)通路抑制心肌細(xì)胞的凋亡,對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞有直接保護(hù)作用。Ravassa等[13]通過(guò)對(duì)HL-1心肌細(xì)胞的凋亡研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GLP-1主要通過(guò)PI3k通路及部分通過(guò)ERK1/2通路保護(hù)HL-1心肌細(xì)胞免受凋亡,且這種細(xì)胞保護(hù)與血糖濃度無(wú)關(guān),然而GLP-1R是否在HL-1細(xì)胞上有表達(dá)有待商榷。多項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抗凋亡基因血紅素氧化酶1(HO-1)、糖原合成激酶(GSK)-3β、Bcl-2家族蛋白、caspase-3和PPARs-β及PPARs-δ均參與了基于GLP-1治療的心肌保護(hù)作用[14-17]。但GLP-1對(duì)心肌的保護(hù)作用不完全依賴GLP-1R。Ban等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)GLP-1促進(jìn)了離體小鼠缺血再灌注損傷心臟的功能恢復(fù)和心肌細(xì)胞活性,但這些保護(hù)作用在GLP-1R-/-小鼠也存在;還發(fā)現(xiàn)再灌注時(shí)給予GLP-1(9-36)減少了缺血再灌注后的缺血損傷,增加了野生型和Glp1r-/-小鼠的cGMP釋放、血管擴(kuò)張和冠脈血流,GLP-1(7-36)和它的代謝產(chǎn)物GLP-1(9-36)能不依賴已知的GLP-1R發(fā)揮心血管保護(hù)作用。

      2 GLP-1和非缺血性心臟病

      有研究表明GLP-1能使離體大鼠心肌細(xì)胞的cAMP水平增加,但降低了其收縮性,而且不同劑量的GLP-1對(duì)左室形成壓(left ventricular developed pressure,LVDP)的作用截然不同,0.5 nmol/L降低LVDP,而0.3 nmol/L GLP-1與之作用相反[18-19]。此外,Nikolaidis[6]等通過(guò)給有擴(kuò)張性心肌病的清醒狗輸注重組GLP-1[1.5 pmol/(kg·min)],發(fā)現(xiàn)左室瞬時(shí)壓力變化、每搏量、心輸出量明顯增加,而左室舒張末壓、心率和全身血管阻力明顯下降,同時(shí)心肌葡萄糖的攝取增加。在此基礎(chǔ)上,該團(tuán)隊(duì)證實(shí)GLP-1-(9-36)通過(guò)模擬胰島素而不是促胰島素作用,模擬了GLP-1-(7-36)刺激心肌葡萄糖攝取以及改善左室功能和全身血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的效應(yīng)[20]。這些結(jié)果也表明GLP-1-(9-36)是活性肽。2010年該團(tuán)隊(duì)的研究進(jìn)一步揭示,GLP-1通過(guò)激活p38 MAPK、增加NO的合成以及GLUT1的轉(zhuǎn)位促進(jìn)心肌葡萄糖的攝取[21]。

      3 GLP-1和血管內(nèi)皮

      黏附分子在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病變的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起著重要作用。臨床研究證明GLP-1能改善糖尿病合并穩(wěn)定性冠心病患者的內(nèi)皮功能紊亂[22]。Liu等[23]的體外研究表明利拉魯肽能通過(guò)抑制TNF-α或高血糖誘導(dǎo)的纖溶酶原激活物抑制劑-1(PAI-1)和血管黏附分子(ICAM-1和VCAM-1)在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的表達(dá),改善2型糖尿病患者的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能紊亂,延緩或防止動(dòng)脈硬化的發(fā)生。在此基礎(chǔ)上,該研究團(tuán)隊(duì)從體內(nèi)角度在ApoE-/-小鼠進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了上述效應(yīng)依賴GLP-1R[24]。Ishibashi等[25]和Hattori等[26]的研究結(jié)論與其相似。

      動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化是一炎癥過(guò)程,其前提是單核細(xì)胞黏附到內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞。Arakawa等[27]對(duì)C57BL/6小鼠或ApoE-/-小鼠研究發(fā)現(xiàn),exendin-4通過(guò)抑制TNF-α和單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1的mRNA表達(dá)以及p65(NF-kB的組分)的核轉(zhuǎn)位,抑制巨噬細(xì)胞的炎癥反應(yīng),從而延緩動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化病變的發(fā)生發(fā)展,而且這種效應(yīng)能被cAMP抑制劑MDL-12330A或蛋白激酶A特異抑制劑(PKA)PKI14-22逆轉(zhuǎn)。Hattori等[26]研究表明,利拉魯肽通過(guò)增加NO的合成、抑制NF-kB的活化以及部分通過(guò)激活A(yù)MPK對(duì)人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞發(fā)揮抗炎作用,從而保護(hù)血管,而且這種保護(hù)作用是劑量依賴的。

      內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的衰老在糖尿病和心血管病的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了重要作用,決定其預(yù)后。Oeseburg等[28]體外研究結(jié)果表明,GLP-1能通過(guò)GLP-1R激活下游cAMP/PKA通路保護(hù)人臍靜脈內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞免受活性氧誘導(dǎo)的衰老,而抑制cAMP/PKA通路、阻止其保護(hù)作用。

      4 GLP-1和血脂

      血脂紊亂是心血管病的重要危險(xiǎn)因素。糖尿病常合并血脂紊亂,主要表現(xiàn)為高甘油三酯、低高密度脂蛋白膽固醇以及小而密的LDL-c增多。Schwartz等[29]開(kāi)展的一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)、雙盲、安慰劑對(duì)照的交叉研究,共入選35例研究對(duì)象,其中糖耐量受損20例、新發(fā)2型糖尿病15例,結(jié)果表明單純皮下注射exenatide(10 μg)使餐后TG、apoB-48和CⅢ、剩余脂蛋白(RLP)膽固醇以及RLP-甘油三酯的升高水平明顯降低,從而降低心血管風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但該項(xiàng)研究觀察時(shí)間短,僅持續(xù)到餐后8 h,不足以觀察到exenatide的長(zhǎng)期效應(yīng)。為此,Bunck等[30]入選69例既往口服二甲雙胍的2型糖尿病患者進(jìn)行隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,exenatide持續(xù)治療51周,療程結(jié)束停藥5周,結(jié)果表明長(zhǎng)期的exenatide治療明顯降低了餐后血糖、甘油三酯、apo-B48、VLDL-c、游離脂肪酸(FFA)的水平。值得注意的是,在停藥5周后,所有上述餐后檢測(cè)指標(biāo)均回歸治療前水平。這反映了exenatide長(zhǎng)期治療的必要性。

      5 GLP-1和心率、血壓

      有研究表明GLP-1能使大鼠心率、血壓增加[31],其機(jī)制為GLP-1及Exendin-4可通過(guò)交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)心率和血壓,其血管收縮作用也可通過(guò)目前尚未知的非自主調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制介導(dǎo)[32-33]。但對(duì)鹽敏感小鼠,GLP-1則表現(xiàn)出降壓效應(yīng)[34]。此外,GLP-1增加心輸出量的同時(shí)不影響血壓,原因可能是GLP-1擴(kuò)張了外周血管[35]。這一推論和Ban等研究[18]證實(shí)GLP-1能擴(kuò)張腸系膜動(dòng)脈結(jié)論相仿。

      但GLP-1對(duì)人血壓的影響不同于鼠的研究結(jié)果。Bharucha等[36]對(duì)55例平均年齡31歲的健康受試者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),靜脈輸注GLP-1(2.4pmol/(kg·min)持續(xù)10 min,接著以1.2pmol/(kg·min)持續(xù)55 min)對(duì)心率、血壓無(wú)影響,考慮原因是劑量和持續(xù)時(shí)間問(wèn)題。但早期進(jìn)行的涉及10例健康受試者的隨機(jī)、雙盲、交叉研究結(jié)果顯示快速腹壁注射GLP-1(80 nmol/ml)能一過(guò)性增加心率、血壓,注射后50~60 min的心率、血壓恢復(fù)到接近基線水平[37]。

      6 GLP-1和心力衰竭

      研究表明GLP-1能改善胰島素的敏感性[38]?;A(chǔ)及臨床研究均證實(shí)GLP-1能明顯改善心功能,有效治療慢性心力衰竭[6,35,39]; GLP-1對(duì)缺血再灌注導(dǎo)致的急性心功能不全患者以及冠脈球囊阻塞過(guò)程中因供應(yīng)性心肌缺血所致的缺血性左室功能不全也有保護(hù)作用,并減輕心肌頓抑[5,40]。Liu等[41]證 明GLP-1[2.5或25 pmol/(kg·min)]或exenatide類似物AC3174[1.7或5 pmol/(kg·min)]皮下注射11周,能使經(jīng)前降支結(jié)扎誘發(fā)心梗后2周的慢性心衰大鼠的心肌重塑,提高了生存率。

      7 結(jié)語(yǔ)

      GLP-1及其類似物的心血管保護(hù)作用已得到大量的基礎(chǔ)及臨床研究所證實(shí)。其具體機(jī)制主要涉及提高心肌葡萄糖攝取、改善內(nèi)皮功能、擴(kuò)張血管、抗炎、抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、調(diào)節(jié)血脂、血壓、心率等。值得注意的是,除Bunck等[30]進(jìn)行的調(diào)節(jié)血脂研究持續(xù)近1年外,GLP-1及類似物在各項(xiàng)研究中的使用時(shí)間較短,不足以發(fā)現(xiàn)其對(duì)高?;颊咝难艿倪h(yuǎn)期療效。此外,目前已進(jìn)行的臨床研究大部分是回顧性的,少部分研究即使是前瞻性,但樣本量少且是單中心,不足以反映真實(shí)人群的特點(diǎn)及療效。因此,以上鼓舞人心的結(jié)論仍需通過(guò)大規(guī)模、多中心、前瞻、隨機(jī)、雙盲、對(duì)照研究來(lái)進(jìn)一步證實(shí)。

      1 Pratley R, Nauck M, Bailey T, et al. One year of liraglutide treatment offers sustained and more effective glycaemic control and weight reduction compared with sitagliptin, both in combination with metformin,in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, parallel-group,open-label trial[J]. Int J Clin Pract, 2011, 65(4): 397-407.

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      21 Bhashyam S, Fields AV, Patterson B, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 increases myocardial glucose uptake via p38alpha MAP kinasemediated, nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms in conscious dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy[J]. Circ Heart Fail, 2010, 3(4): 512-521.

      22 Nystr?m T, Gutniak MK, Zhang Q, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes patients with stable coronary artery disease[J]. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,2004, 287(6): E1209-E1215.

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