于小燕
在復合句中作定語、修飾主句中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫作定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫作先行詞;引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞,包括關系代詞that, which, who (whom, whose)和關系副詞when, where, why。弄清楚什么是先行詞以及關系詞在定語從句中所充當?shù)某煞?,是解題的關鍵。
一、考查關系代詞that引導的
定語從句
關系代詞that既可指人也可指物,可以代替who,whom和which。that在定語從句中可作主語或謂語動詞的賓語,還可作表語。作賓語、表語時可省略。例如:
1. Do you like music _______ makes you relaxed?
A. it B. what C. who D. that
【解析】 先行詞music指物,要填的引導詞在從句中作主語,關系代詞要用that,選D。
2. —The village _______ I visited last year has changed a lot.
—Really? I hope to go there one day.
A. that B. who C. when
【解析】 先行詞the village指物,要填的引導詞在從句中作visited的賓語,所以關系代詞用that,選A。
3. My father is no longer the man that he was.
我的爸爸已經(jīng)不是過去的樣子了。
【解析】 關系詞that在從句中作表語。
二、考查關系代詞which引導的定語從句
關系代詞which指物,在定語從句中可作主語或謂語動詞的賓語,作賓語時??墒÷?。例如:
1. This is my beautiful school _______ is near the famous library.
A. where B. which C. who D. when
【解析】 先行詞school指物,要填的引導詞在從句中充當主語,因此關系代詞用which,選B。
2. —Have you found the information about the famous people _______ you can use for the report?
—Not yet. Ill search some on the Internet.
A. who B. what C. whom D. which
【解析】 the information about the famous people意思是“關于著名人物的信息”,先行詞information指物,要填的引導詞在從句中作 use的賓語,因此用關系代詞which引導定語從句,選D。
3. —What are you looking for?
—Im looking for the pen _______ I bought yesterday.
A. who B. which C. whose
【解析】 先行詞the pen指物,要填的引導詞在從句中作賓語,因此該空要用關系代詞which引導定語從句,選B。
【溫馨提示】
先行詞指物且在定語從句中作主語或賓語時,通常情況下,關系詞既可用that,也可用which。但在下列情況下,先行詞指物時,只能用that引導,不能用which引導。
(1) 當先行詞是不定代詞everything,anything,nothing等或被某些不定代詞修飾時;
(2) 當先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時;
(3) 當先行詞是形容詞的最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾時;
(4) 當主句以there be開頭時;
(5) 當先行詞前面有the very,the only,the same等修飾語時。
1. There are lots of things _______ I need to prepare before the trip.
A. who B. that
C. whom D. whose
【解析】 先行詞things指物,要填的引導詞在從句中作賓語,只能用that,選B。
2. Ive found some pictures of the most interesting places _______ you can visit during the winter holidays.
A. where B. which
C. what D. that
【解析】 先行詞places被形容詞最高級the most interesting 修飾,要填的引導詞在從句中作賓語,因此該空只能選用關系代詞that,選D。
三、考查關系代詞who, whom, whose引導的定語從句
關系代詞who指人,在從句中作主語;whom指人,在從句中作賓語,可以省略;先行詞在從句中作賓語時,whom可用who代替,如果關系詞whom緊跟在介詞后,只能用whom;whose既可指人,也可指物,在從句中作定語。例如:
1. Do you know the girl _______ is singing in the classroom?
A. who B. which C. when
【解析】 句意為:你認識正在教室里唱歌的那個女孩嗎?先行詞the girl指人,要填的引導詞充當定語從句中的主語,因此該空應填關系代詞who,答案為A。
2. Jim dislikes people _______ talk much but never do anything.
A. whom B. when
C. whose D. who
【解析】 先行詞people指人,要填的引導詞在從句中作主語,所以選用關系代詞who引導定語從句,答案為D。
3. Friends are those _______ make you smile, always open their hearts to you and encourage you to succeed.
A. which B. what C. whom D. who
【解析】 先行詞those在此指人,要填的引導詞在從句中作主語,因此該空選用關系代詞who引導定語從句,答案為D。
4. The girl _______ you talked with at the school gate is our new math teacher.
A. whose B. which C. whom D. what
【解析】 先行詞the girl指人,要填的引導詞在從句中作talked with的賓語,關系代詞要用whom,答案為C。
5. I like the teacher _______ classes are very interesting and creative.
A. which B. who C. what D. whose
【解析】 先行詞the teacher指人,要填的引導詞在從句中充當定語來修飾主語classes,所以關系代詞要用whose,答案為D。
6. He is one of the experienced engineers in this company _______ hard work was repaid with the development of the company.
A. where B. whose
C. in which D. that
【解析】 先行詞one of the experienced engineers指人,意思是“眾多有經(jīng)驗的工程師之一”,關系代詞whose引導定語從句且作定語來修飾work,答案為B。
四、考查關系副詞when, where, why引導的定語從句
關系副詞when, where, why起連接主句與從句的作用,同時又在從句中作時間狀語、地點狀語和原因狀語。
(一)when指時間,在從句中充當時間狀語,且先行詞都是表示時間的名詞。如time, month, day, hour, date, week, year等。
1. I began to work in Shanghai in the year _______ Hong Kong was returned to China.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
【解析】 句意為:我是在香港回歸中國的那一年開始在上海工作的。先行詞the year指時間,關系副詞when在定語從句中作時間狀語,選D。
2. I cant forget the time _______ the earthquake happened in Yushu.
A. when B. which C. that D. where
【解析】 句意為:我不能忘記在玉樹地震發(fā)生的那一刻。先行詞the time是表示時間的名詞,關系副詞when在定語從句中作時間狀語,選A。
(二)where指地點,在定語從句中作地點狀語從句,先行詞為表地點的名詞。如place, room, house, factory, school, city, town, spot等。
1. This is the school _______ I studied three years ago.
A. where B. when C. that D. which
【解析】 先行詞the school為地點名詞,關系副詞where在從句中作地點狀語,選A。
2. —What do you usually do in your leisure time?
—I enjoy reading in the library _______ I lose myself in a world of good books.
A. which B. that C. where
【解析】 先行詞in the library指地點,關系副詞在從句中作地點狀語,選C。
(三)why表原因,在定語從句中充當原因狀語,why的先行詞只有一個:reason。
1. I know the reason _______ she didnt come yesterday.
A. which B. that C. why D. where
【解析】 先行詞the reason表原因,關系副詞why在從句中作原因狀語,選C。