陳曉水,侯宏衛(wèi),邊照陽(yáng),唐綱嶺,胡清源
(國(guó)家煙草質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗(yàn)中心,河南 鄭州 450001)
質(zhì)譜與色譜(氣相或液相)聯(lián)用既發(fā)揮了色譜技術(shù)高效的分離能力,又結(jié)合了質(zhì)譜特異的鑒別能力。盡管質(zhì)譜譜圖鑒定化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)比單純依據(jù)色譜保留時(shí)間定性更準(zhǔn)確,然而一級(jí)質(zhì)譜譜圖在確定化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)方面仍然存在以下困難:1)有些同分異構(gòu)體之間的差別很小,或者在復(fù)雜樣品中存在嚴(yán)重基體干擾物質(zhì)及共流出物,較難鑒定目標(biāo)物的分子結(jié)構(gòu);2)GC/MS的靈敏度低于色譜儀的一些選擇性檢測(cè)器。MS/MS(二級(jí)質(zhì)譜)在應(yīng)用時(shí)相當(dāng)于一級(jí)質(zhì)譜做色譜用,對(duì)離子進(jìn)行再次分離,二級(jí)質(zhì)譜進(jìn)行檢測(cè),這樣可以使基質(zhì)背景和噪音大大降低,從而提高分析的靈敏度。二級(jí)質(zhì)譜技術(shù)已在環(huán)境分析、食品分析和生物分析等領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。
二級(jí)質(zhì)譜最基本的工作原理是[1-2]:選擇合適的電離方式將目標(biāo)物電離為碎片離子,從一級(jí)MS的碎片離子中篩選特征的碎片離子為母離子;母離子與氣體(常用的氣體有He、CH4、Ar等)進(jìn)行碰撞誘導(dǎo)裂解,使母離子裂解產(chǎn)生子離子;收集子離子,得到目標(biāo)物的二級(jí)質(zhì)譜譜圖,其分析操作模式主要有子離子掃描(product-ion scan)、母離子掃描(precursor-ion scan)、中性丟失掃描(neutral-loss scan)和多反應(yīng)監(jiān)測(cè)(multireaction monitoring,MRM)。二級(jí)質(zhì)譜的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)在于其高選擇性和高靈敏度,以及對(duì)復(fù)雜基質(zhì)的抗干擾能力。按其二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理的不同,可分為三重四極桿質(zhì)譜(QQQ-MS/MS)、離子阱質(zhì)譜(IT-MS/MS)、四極桿飛行時(shí)間質(zhì)譜(Q-TOF MS)和四極桿-線性離子阱質(zhì)譜(Q-trap-MS/MS)等。
截至2012-06-28,在ISI-Web of science數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中檢索,主題為“GC-MS/MS”or“gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry”,共 檢索出1 125篇相關(guān)文獻(xiàn);若把時(shí)間設(shè)定為“2000~2012”,共有887篇,具體情況示于圖1。
圖1 2000~2012與“GC-MS/MS”相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)(數(shù)據(jù)來源:Web of Science)Fig.1 The related literatures about“GC-MS/MS”between 2000and 2012(data source:Web of Science)
由圖1可知,與GC-MS/MS相關(guān)的應(yīng)用文獻(xiàn)每年都不太多,直到2010年才超過100篇/年,但總體趨勢(shì)是呈緩慢上升的,而且自1983年第一篇相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)問世后,大部分工作也是在2000年后才發(fā)表的。
與發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)數(shù)的緩慢增長(zhǎng)不同,相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的被引頻數(shù)則呈急劇增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì),2011年被引頻次已經(jīng)達(dá)到2 370次,平均每篇被引頻次約16次。
GC-MS/MS在分析化學(xué)、生物化學(xué)和環(huán)境科學(xué)等學(xué)科應(yīng)用較多,而且其中很多文獻(xiàn)的內(nèi)容處于交叉領(lǐng)域,如 Camino-Sanchez等[3]利用加壓液相萃取-攪拌棒吸附萃取法(PLE-SBSE)處理海洋沉積物,并采用熱解吸進(jìn)樣檢測(cè)其中的86種持久性有機(jī)污染物(POPs),既屬于環(huán)境科學(xué),又屬于化學(xué)分析方法的建立。
圖1c只是從大致的學(xué)科方向進(jìn)行分類,本研究通過對(duì)2000~2012年的887篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行選讀、篩選和整合,對(duì)GC-MS/MS的具體應(yīng)用方向進(jìn)行綜述。
2.2.1 農(nóng)藥殘留分析 共有236篇文獻(xiàn)與農(nóng)殘相關(guān),是GC-MS/MS應(yīng)用最多的,這一點(diǎn)是由儀器的性能指標(biāo)和實(shí)際的工作需要所決定的。
食品安全問題一直是熱點(diǎn)問題,隨著日本一齊法和歐盟農(nóng)藥限量的提出,其對(duì)農(nóng)藥殘留的分析要求也越來越嚴(yán)格。靈敏度高、抗干擾能力強(qiáng)、可同時(shí)對(duì)上百種農(nóng)藥進(jìn)行掃描分析的GCMS/MS方法得到了人們的青睞。
農(nóng)殘分析的基質(zhì)樣品種類繁多,主要有水果、蔬菜、茶、酒、煙、水、海產(chǎn)品、飼料、人參、葡萄、綠豆、石榴、芒果、橄欖油、血、蛋、胡蘿卜、蜂蜜、大米、胡椒、谷物、水果汁、嬰兒食品、肉、奶粉等。
2000年,Vidal等[4]采用 GC-ECD 和 GCMS/MS分析人血液中的硫丹及其代謝物,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者的檢測(cè)限(LOD)分別為0.03μg/L和0.05 μg/L,但GC-MS/MS的抗基質(zhì)干擾能力更強(qiáng)。Frenich等[5]同樣利用 GC-ECD 和 GC-MS/MS分析人血液中的有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥(如林丹,艾氏劑,DDT等),發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者取得了較一致的結(jié)果。
2001年,Gamon等[6]利用丙酮提取,二氯甲烷-石油醚液液萃取的方法檢測(cè)水果和蔬菜中的80種農(nóng)藥殘留,包括有機(jī)氯、有機(jī)磷、有機(jī)氮和擬除蟲菊酯類,同時(shí)對(duì)比分析了不同的離子化方式(EIvsCI)對(duì)化合物的響應(yīng)影響。
2002年,Takeda等[7]對(duì)比分析離子阱質(zhì)譜在 GC-MS-SIM 和GC-MS/MS不同模式下對(duì)洋蔥、胡蘿卜、大米等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中農(nóng)藥殘留檢測(cè)的差異,發(fā)現(xiàn)35種農(nóng)藥的檢測(cè)限在兩種分析模式下差異不大,變異系數(shù)在50μg/L的加標(biāo)水平下大部分也都可以接受。MS/MS僅僅在抗基質(zhì)干擾上比SIM-MS有優(yōu)勢(shì)。
2005年,Gonzalez-Rodriguez等[8]利用固相微萃取技術(shù)提取奶粉中的農(nóng)藥及其代謝物,檢測(cè)限可達(dá)0.02~1.00μg/L。對(duì)15份商業(yè)奶粉、3份母乳和17份山羊奶進(jìn)行考察,在母乳和山羊奶中都發(fā)現(xiàn)了滴滴伊(DDE)的代謝物。
2008年,F(xiàn)renich等[9]對(duì)比氣相色譜與三重四極桿(QQQ)和離子阱(IT)兩種二級(jí)質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用在分析19種農(nóng)殘時(shí)的特性差異,基質(zhì)考察為黃瓜和雞蛋。質(zhì)譜參數(shù)和日內(nèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差兩者無差異,但日間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差I(lǐng)T優(yōu)于QQQ;QQQ的線性范圍更寬,線性度更好;在黃瓜中二者基質(zhì)效應(yīng)差異不大,但在雞蛋中QQQ受基質(zhì)效應(yīng)的影響HOIT更小。
2010年,Wong等[10]利用 GC-MS/SIM 和GC-MS/MS分析了不同水果和蔬菜中的167種農(nóng)藥殘留。對(duì)蘋果、西蘭花、胡蘿卜、洋蔥、橙子、梨、桃子、土豆、菠菜、西紅柿在內(nèi)的10種農(nóng)產(chǎn)品均采用QuEChERS方法進(jìn)行前處理,乙腈提取后,鹽析分層,用不同的吸附劑(PSA、C18、GCB等)進(jìn)行分散固相萃取凈化。對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),二級(jí)質(zhì)譜表現(xiàn)出更高的選擇性和特異性。
農(nóng)藥檢測(cè)的一般流程包括提取、凈化、濃縮和上樣分析。GC-MS/MS等高靈敏度檢測(cè)技術(shù)的普及,使得樣品預(yù)處理的工作變得更為重要。前處理方法主要有溶劑萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、攪拌棒吸附萃取、加壓液相萃取、超臨界流體萃取、QuEChERS方法、微波輔助萃取等。
2007年,Lambropoulou等[11]對(duì)利用色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用法分析農(nóng)藥殘留的前處理方法進(jìn)行了總結(jié),其主要參考文獻(xiàn)在2007年之前。為避免重復(fù),本研究?jī)H對(duì)2007~2012年的部分文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行整理,總結(jié)GC-MS/MS在農(nóng)藥殘留方向的應(yīng)用,列于表1。
由表1可知,在利用GC-MS/MS作為檢測(cè)手段時(shí),最常用的前處理方法是QuEChERS法(“溶劑萃取然后分散固相萃取凈化”的方法與之類似),其特點(diǎn)是前處理簡(jiǎn)單,耗時(shí)短,溶劑消耗量少,能對(duì)幾十種、上百種農(nóng)藥目標(biāo)物進(jìn)行同時(shí)提取和凈化,但相對(duì)于SPE凈化方法來說,其最終提取液的共萃取基質(zhì)含量也要高。與抗干擾能力強(qiáng)的二級(jí)質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用,不僅克服了基質(zhì)干擾和大部分的假陽(yáng)性問題,而且使二級(jí)質(zhì)譜的優(yōu)點(diǎn)得到充分的發(fā)揮,因此QuEChERS方法得以迅速發(fā)展。QQQ比IT的應(yīng)用范圍廣,大部分目標(biāo)物的回收率能滿足多農(nóng)殘分析的要求(70%~120%),定量限(LOQ)一般在1~100ng/g之間,可以滿足農(nóng)藥殘留限量的要求。
表1 2007~2012年GC-MS/MS應(yīng)用于農(nóng)藥殘留分析的部分文獻(xiàn)總結(jié)Table 1 Part of the literatures in“2007—2012”applying the“GC-MS/MS”in the analysis of pesticide residues
2.2.2 環(huán)境污染物 分析的目標(biāo)物主要有多環(huán)芳烴(PAHs)、多氯聯(lián)苯(PCBs)、多溴聯(lián)苯醚(PBDEs)、二噁英(PCDD/Fs)等,其結(jié)構(gòu)示于圖2,相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)150篇左右。
多環(huán)芳烴是由石油、木材、煙草等不完全燃燒產(chǎn)生的,分子中含有2個(gè)以上苯并環(huán)的碳?xì)浠衔?,主要危害在于其致癌性。研究表明,以苯并芘為代表的PAHs與肺癌、皮膚癌有關(guān)。環(huán)境中的PAH主要通過飲食進(jìn)入人體,因此,對(duì)食物、大氣和水中的PAH分析一直是人們研究的熱點(diǎn)。
多氯聯(lián)苯、多溴聯(lián)苯醚結(jié)構(gòu)類似,主要危害性在于兩者在環(huán)境中都有超長(zhǎng)的殘留周期,在生物和人體脂肪組織中累積,從而對(duì)人造成持久性的傷害。二噁英也是一類持久性污染物,易在脂肪中富集,而且它的毒性特別強(qiáng),是氰化鉀(KCN)毒性的1 000倍。同多環(huán)芳烴類似,人類接觸多氯聯(lián)苯、多溴聯(lián)苯醚和二噁英的主要途徑也是食物、水和空氣等。
對(duì)2000~2012年利用GC-MS/MS進(jìn)行以上4類目標(biāo)物分析的文獻(xiàn)資料進(jìn)行整合,列于表2。
圖2 四類環(huán)境污染物的結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖Fig.2 The structure of the four types of environmental pollutants
表2 2000~2012年GC-MS/MS應(yīng)用于四類環(huán)境污染物分析的部分文獻(xiàn)的總結(jié)Table 2 The summary of the literatures about GC-MS/MS applied to the analysis of four types of environmental pollutants between 2000and 2012
續(xù)表
與農(nóng)殘分析不同的是,在這幾種環(huán)境污染物的分析中,IT-MS/MS的應(yīng)用居多,這可能是由于離子阱質(zhì)譜可實(shí)現(xiàn)比二級(jí)更高的多級(jí)質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用功能,對(duì)痕量化合物的定性更有效,而且相對(duì)于三重四極桿質(zhì)譜來講,其價(jià)格便宜,因此應(yīng)用更多。從時(shí)間上來講,QQQ的普及比IT要晚,由表2可知,最近幾年來,QQQ應(yīng)用于這4類環(huán)境污染物的分析也逐漸增加。基于QQQ-MS/MS在定量上的優(yōu)越性,隨著該類型儀器的普及,將在未來工作中發(fā)揮重要的作用。
前處理方法中應(yīng)用最多的是加壓液相萃取(PLE),通過提高溫度和壓力,從而減少萃取溶劑的使用量,提高分析速率,減少樣品的前處理時(shí)間。Pena等[35]利用選擇加壓液相萃?。⊿PLE)方法處理污水污泥,選擇溫度140℃,壓力1.0×107Pa,正己烷作為萃取溶劑,用 GCIT-MS/MS分析其中的多環(huán)芳烴。在萃取小池中加入吸附劑做凈化,從而省去了單獨(dú)的凈化步驟,回收率為84.8%~106.6%,定量限(LOQ)為1~5ng/g。Vidal等[36]同樣采用PLE處理農(nóng)耕土壤,用QQQ-MS/MS檢測(cè)其中的24種多環(huán)芳烴和27種多氯聯(lián)苯,回收率為70%~112%,定量限為0.07~2.5ng/g。
其它處理方法還有液液萃?。↙LE)、固相微萃?。⊿PME)和 QuEChERS等。Fontana等[40]用改進(jìn)的QuEChERS方法處理生物樣品(魚、雞、蛋等)提取液,超聲波輔助萃取后用C18進(jìn)行基質(zhì)分散固相萃取凈化,得到多溴聯(lián)苯醚的檢測(cè)限為0.05ng/g。
2.2.3 激素類以及藥物濫用(大麻等) 有100余篇文獻(xiàn)與該內(nèi)容相關(guān)。主要的研究?jī)?nèi)容是通過對(duì)血液、尿液、毛發(fā)、排泄物和廢水中興奮劑、大麻及其代謝物、動(dòng)物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑、雌激素等進(jìn)行分析檢測(cè),進(jìn)而考察人體和動(dòng)物的藥物濫用及其生理健康狀況等。
2011年,Saito等[60]對(duì)不同生物樣本中藥物濫用狀況分析進(jìn)行綜述,作者認(rèn)為L(zhǎng)C-MS/MS是應(yīng)用最多的儀器。同時(shí),鑒于GC-MS(/MS)在定性及抗基質(zhì)干擾上的優(yōu)越性,也是不可或缺的分析方法。
對(duì)近年來與該方向相關(guān)的部分GC-MS/MS文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行總結(jié),列于表3。
表3 2000~2012年GC-MS/MS用于類固醇激素和藥物濫用分析的部分文獻(xiàn)總結(jié)Table 3 The summary of the literatures about GC-MS/MS applied to the analysis of steroid hormones and abuse drugs between 2000and 2012
由表3可知,主要的分析基質(zhì)有尿液、頭發(fā)、血液、廢水等。而目標(biāo)物主要是類固醇激素、大麻、咖啡因、可卡因等內(nèi)分泌干擾素,進(jìn)樣前一般需要衍生化,EI源(電子電離)的應(yīng)用較多。
2006年,Musshoff等[78]對(duì)不同生物基質(zhì)中大麻及其代謝物的生物監(jiān)測(cè)進(jìn)行綜述,指出尿液分析有利于判定是否戒除大麻;而血液分析可用于大麻使用后的一些急性效應(yīng);雖然頭發(fā)中大麻及其代謝物的含量相對(duì)較低,但頭發(fā)作為分析對(duì)象具有其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)點(diǎn),如取樣的無侵害性,室溫保存等。作者指出GC-MS/MS的應(yīng)用可解決頭發(fā)中大麻含量低的問題,由表3可知,近兩年來采用GC-MS/MS分析頭發(fā)中大麻及其代謝物的工作已不少。
2009年,Duffy等[75]對(duì)比了 GC-MS/MS和LC-MS/MS分析牛毛中類固醇激素的優(yōu)劣。前處理方法類似,LC法不需要衍生化,但離子抑制(基質(zhì)效應(yīng))可能比較明顯,通過對(duì)幾十個(gè)樣品的檢測(cè)對(duì)比分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者的結(jié)果一致性較好,在定 量 限 上,GC-MS/MS 要 稍 微 好 于 LCMS/MS。
2009年,Grover等[74]在分析環(huán)境水樣中雌激素時(shí),對(duì)比了 GC/MS、GC-MS/MS 和 LCMS/MS 3種不同的分析方法。結(jié)果表明,GC/MS在分析低含量的目標(biāo)物時(shí),會(huì)出現(xiàn)假陰性結(jié)果。二級(jí)質(zhì)譜結(jié)果較好,但LC-MS/MS基質(zhì)效應(yīng)較嚴(yán)重,從而影響了靈敏度。GC-MS/MS的檢測(cè)限最低,無假陽(yáng)性判定,是3種方法中最好的,但進(jìn)樣前需要衍生化,可能不利于樣品的高通量處理。
除了2.2.1~2.2.3這3大類應(yīng)用較多外,GC-MS/MS其它的應(yīng)用比較分散:如吸煙者尿液中4-氨基聯(lián)苯的檢測(cè),血液中丙烯酰胺及其代謝物,奶粉和雞蛋中三聚氰胺的鑒定等。
截至到2013-04-10,在中國(guó)知網(wǎng)CNKI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中檢索,SU(主題)為“氣相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜”,共檢出206篇中文文獻(xiàn),其中190篇文獻(xiàn)都發(fā)表在2008年以后。
與國(guó)外相同的是,國(guó)內(nèi)GC-MS/MS應(yīng)用最廣泛的同樣是農(nóng)藥殘留方向,有1/3文獻(xiàn)與之相關(guān)。多環(huán)芳烴、多氯聯(lián)苯和多溴聯(lián)苯醚的檢測(cè)分析也與國(guó)外類似。另外,國(guó)內(nèi)近年來相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)較多的還有三聚氰胺、瘦肉精、塑化劑等目標(biāo)物的檢測(cè),這主要是受國(guó)內(nèi)食品安全事件的影響而造成的。
通過對(duì)比分析國(guó)內(nèi)外GC-MS/MS的應(yīng)用發(fā)現(xiàn),國(guó)內(nèi)在這一技術(shù)應(yīng)用方面的工作開展較晚,但已經(jīng)取得長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步,尤其是在農(nóng)藥殘留檢測(cè)方面。以煙草領(lǐng)域的農(nóng)殘檢測(cè)為例,國(guó)際上以GC-MS/MS應(yīng)用于煙草農(nóng)殘的工作開展較早,分別由瑞士人于2003年[79]、韓國(guó)人于2008年[28]完成,但未見后續(xù)報(bào)道,而且農(nóng)藥檢測(cè)指標(biāo)也只有約50種左右。近年來,國(guó)內(nèi)已有報(bào)道[80-81]應(yīng)用 GC-MS/MS將煙草中的待檢農(nóng)藥目標(biāo)物擴(kuò)充到100余種,并對(duì)前處理方法進(jìn)行改進(jìn)。
另外,伴隨著食品安全事件的層出不窮,相關(guān)GC-MS/MS檢測(cè)方法受到越來越多研究者的關(guān)注。
1)隨著各大儀器公司紛紛推出自己的GCMS/MS產(chǎn)品,并考慮到二級(jí)質(zhì)譜相對(duì)于一級(jí)質(zhì)譜的優(yōu)越性和廣泛適用性,GC-MS/MS的應(yīng)用將越來越廣泛。
不同種類的二級(jí)質(zhì)譜中,QQQ-MS/MS由于其精確的定量性能逐漸普及,其市場(chǎng)占有率將進(jìn)一步增加。
2)綜合來看,GC-MS/MS應(yīng)用最廣泛的方向在于農(nóng)藥殘留、多環(huán)芳烴、多氯聯(lián)苯、多溴聯(lián)苯醚、二噁英和類固醇激素等一系列環(huán)境污染物的分析和檢測(cè)。
由農(nóng)藥殘留分析的發(fā)展來看,常規(guī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室對(duì)多種農(nóng)藥殘留普查分析的方法將由原來的多個(gè)并行方法逐漸統(tǒng)一為 GC-MS/MS和 LC-MS/MS兩個(gè)多殘留分析方法,一次前處理,分別GC或LC-MS/MS進(jìn)樣,從而完成對(duì)大部分農(nóng)藥的篩查工作。而對(duì)多環(huán)芳烴等4種環(huán)境污染物的分析則一直是GC應(yīng)用的優(yōu)勢(shì)項(xiàng)目,因?yàn)檫@些目標(biāo)物熱穩(wěn)定、極性小,利用GC-MS/MS可以同時(shí)對(duì)多種目標(biāo)物進(jìn)行定性定量分析。類固醇激素等作為運(yùn)動(dòng)員興奮劑檢測(cè)和動(dòng)物生長(zhǎng)促進(jìn)劑普查的必備項(xiàng)目,也一直受到廣泛的關(guān)注,GCMS/MS的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于其較弱的基質(zhì)效應(yīng),從而可以減少假陽(yáng)性的判定。
總之,由于其靈敏度高、抗干擾能力強(qiáng),隨著氣相色譜-串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜儀器的普及,對(duì)樣品的凈化處理要求降低,前處理方法將更加簡(jiǎn)單、快速。而對(duì)于農(nóng)藥殘留、環(huán)境污染物和激素藥物濫用的檢測(cè)分析將仍然是 GC-MS/MS應(yīng)用的主流方向。
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