解析定語從句的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和功能用法,關(guān)鍵在于正確認(rèn)識(shí)從句的關(guān)系代詞及語法功能。
一、限制性定語從句
1. 正確使用關(guān)系代詞
(1) that既可以指人,也可以指物。指人時(shí)用法同who和whom,指物時(shí)用法同which,在從句中作賓語時(shí)都可以省略。當(dāng)先行詞是指人的名詞且關(guān)系代詞作主語時(shí),who用得較多;如果關(guān)系代詞在這種情況下作的是賓語,用that或省略不用時(shí)多。
e.g. The doctor (that) she visited yesterday is famous.(指人,作賓語,可省略)
當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí),盡可能使用that或省略,或利用就近原則處理。
e.g. They are talking about the school and the students that they visited yesterday.
(2) 關(guān)系代詞作從句的主語時(shí),從句謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)與先行詞保持一致。如果先行詞是one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞短語,從句謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);如果是the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞短語,從句謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
e.g. The study of ecology is important for everyone who cares about our world.
(3) 當(dāng)集體名詞指人按復(fù)數(shù)對(duì)待時(shí),作主語的關(guān)系代詞用who /whom;當(dāng)集體名詞指一個(gè)整體按單數(shù)對(duì)待時(shí),作主語的關(guān)系代詞用which,從句的謂語動(dòng)詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致性。
e.g. A family who quarrel amongst themselves.
(4) 當(dāng)先行詞是非指人的all, few, little, much, any, everything, anything, nothing等時(shí),無論關(guān)系代詞作主語還是賓語,多用that(作賓語時(shí)可省略)。
e.g. I appreciate all youve done for us.(賓語,省略that)
(5) 當(dāng)先行詞(短語)中,有“形容詞最高級(jí)”、“序數(shù)詞”或“all, no, only, any, every, little, much, the very”等修飾時(shí),無論關(guān)系代詞作主語還是賓語,多用that (作賓語時(shí)可省略)。
e.g. This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.
(6) “there be” 結(jié)構(gòu)作定語從句時(shí),不用 “wh ” 形式的關(guān)系代詞,而且?guī)缀跤肋h(yuǎn)是省略形式。
e.g. The number of mistakes there are in this homework is simply astounding.
(7) 先行詞是主句的表語時(shí),一般不用 “wh ” 形式的關(guān)系代詞。
e.g. Thats the knife and fork (that) I eat with.
(8) 當(dāng)同一個(gè)先行詞后面出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí),不論它們之間是并列還是非并列關(guān)系,常常是第二個(gè)關(guān)系代詞用 “wh ” 形式。
e.g. These are forms that occasionally occur but which should not be taught.
(9) 在存在句 there be… 結(jié)構(gòu)中和It is /was… 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中,作主語的關(guān)系代詞(嚴(yán)格說,強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中僅是個(gè)連接詞)在口語中常常省略。
e.g. There is a train (which) leaves at nine oclock.
(10) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)(與介詞一起作從句的狀語,或該介詞是充當(dāng)謂語部分的短語動(dòng)詞中的介詞),介詞可以移至關(guān)系代詞前,構(gòu)成“介詞+ which(指物)”或“介詞+ whom(指人)”引導(dǎo)的定語從句,此時(shí)which /whom 不能省略。
a. 此結(jié)構(gòu)中,“關(guān)系代詞”指代“人”時(shí),須用whom,指代“事物”時(shí)須用which,并且不能省略。
e.g. The man to whom I spoke just now is our manager.(whom 不能換,不能?。?/p>
b. 但是,將“介詞”移至“定語從句中或結(jié)尾”時(shí),whom 可換用who 或that,也可省去;which 可換用that,也可省去。
e.g. The day (which /that) she arrived on was Wednesday.
c. 注意:限制性定語從句”中,即使將“介詞”移至從句中或結(jié)尾,“關(guān)系代詞”仍不互換,亦不能省去。
e.g. The day, which she arrived on, was Wednesday.(which 不換,不?。?/p>
d. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”在從句中作狀語時(shí)可換成相應(yīng)的“關(guān)系副詞 when,where,why等。”
e.g. Do you know the reason for which she left? = Do you know the reason why /that she left?
e. 在從句中作“方式”狀語的 “ in which” 可換 “that” 或省去,不能換用 “how”。
e.g. This is the way in which he did the experiment = This is the way (that) he did the experiment.
1. 作定語從句謂語的成語“短語動(dòng)詞”中的介詞,常常不能與動(dòng)詞拆開,也不放在“關(guān)系代詞”前,如 “l(fā)ook for, look after, go over” 等。
e.g. 這是你要找的書嗎?
× Is this the book for which you are looking?
√ Is this the book (which) you are looking for?
g. “Whose +名詞”有時(shí)可改寫成“the +名詞+ of which /whom”后者較為正式。
e.g. Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea = Id like a room the window of which looks out over the sea.
h. 全句開頭已用疑問詞 “who, which” 等提問時(shí),其后所需“關(guān)系詞”常用 “that”。
e.g. Where is the place (that)she used to hide? (that = where)
2. 正確使用關(guān)系副詞
(1) 由關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾一些表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞(短語),而本身在從句中擔(dān)任狀語,相當(dāng)于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的作用。
e.g. Those are the two months when hotel rates are highest. (when = during /in which)
(2) “關(guān)系副詞”在“限制性定語從句”中作“狀語”時(shí),在非正式語體中??捎胻hat 替換,也可省去。
e.g. The factory (where /that) Tom works is near here.
(3) 表“方式”的“關(guān)系副詞”不用 “how” ,只用 “that /in which”,或省去。
e.g. I dislike the way /manner (that /in which) he spoke to me.
(4) 在先行詞是介詞賓語時(shí),傾向于用關(guān)系副詞,而不用“介詞+ which”引導(dǎo)定語從句。
e.g. In the days when Santa Fe was a Spanish city, a number of Spanish families founded village in remote parts of the mountains.
(5) 修飾time,moment, day, way, direction, distance, reason等名詞的定語從句常常不用關(guān)系詞,有時(shí)也可以用關(guān)系副詞that或“介詞+ which”等。
e.g. This is the only way some boys from poor family with no intellectual background can get to college. (也可以用that或in which 引導(dǎo)從句)
(6) 在 “the same… as /the same as”,“such … as” 結(jié)構(gòu)中as是關(guān)系代詞,在從句中可以作主語、賓語或表語。在 “in /at the same … as” 結(jié)構(gòu)中as是關(guān)系是副詞。
e.g. I have never met such kind people as they are.(as 在從句中作表語)
(7) 此外,than和but亦可用作關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句。
e.g. You spent more money than was intended to be spent.
二、非限制性定語從句
1. 非限制性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系沒有限制性定語從句緊密,對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明的作用。關(guān)系詞的使用方法與限制性定語從句類似。“關(guān)系詞”不能用that充當(dāng),也不能互相代換,不能省去,可用which 或as 指代“主句全句或部分內(nèi)容”。
e.g.
I want to buy the house, which has a garden.
I like the book, which I bought yesterday.(which 不換不省)。
Do you know Tom, whom we talked about?(whom 不換不?。?/p>
凡是與of 短語連用的不定代詞也可以與 “of which” 或 “of whom” 連用,構(gòu)成:
all /some any /many /much /most /few /little of whom (指人) /which (指物)
e.g. There is a temple on the hill, in front of which stands a lot of green trees.
2. 修飾全句的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞as 和which可以引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾一個(gè)完整的句子或句中的一部分。用as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置句末、句中或前首。用which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句不能位于被修飾的句子前。
e.g.
The earth is round, which is known to all.
As is known to all, the earth is round.
與as 作關(guān)系代詞不同,as作從屬連接詞可以引導(dǎo)評(píng)述性的狀語從句,句中往往有it。如as it appears, as it happens, as it seems, as I see it等。
但是上述的it有時(shí)省略,沒有 it的結(jié)構(gòu)可能插入一個(gè) it,此時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)就沒什么區(qū)別了。如as (it) seems likely, as I remember (it)。