潘東亮董禮明晉連超張祥華李寧忱那彥群
1.北京大學(xué)首鋼醫(yī)院泌尿外科,北京大學(xué)吳階平泌尿外科醫(yī)學(xué)中心,北京100144;
2.威海市文登中心醫(yī)院泌尿外科,山東 威海264400
后腹腔鏡下腎部分切除術(shù)中熱缺血時(shí)間的再探討
潘東亮1董禮明2晉連超1張祥華1李寧忱1那彥群1
1.北京大學(xué)首鋼醫(yī)院泌尿外科,北京大學(xué)吳階平泌尿外科醫(yī)學(xué)中心,北京100144;
2.威海市文登中心醫(yī)院泌尿外科,山東 威海264400
背景與目的:腹腔鏡下開(kāi)展的腎部分切除術(shù)已經(jīng)逐漸成為治療單發(fā)T1期腎癌的可選術(shù)式。但是受諸多因素的影響,腎蒂阻斷時(shí)間時(shí)常超過(guò)腎臟耐受的熱缺血時(shí)間30 min的上限,可能對(duì)患者腎功能造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p害,而損害程度目前尚無(wú)定論。本研究旨在比較后腹腔鏡下腎部分切除術(shù)中熱缺血時(shí)間對(duì)術(shù)側(cè)殘余腎功能的影響。方法:將2012年1月—2014年1月開(kāi)展的后腹腔鏡下腎部分切除術(shù)44例患者分為2組:觀察組(熱缺血時(shí)間>30 min)21例,對(duì)照組(熱缺血時(shí)間≤30 min)23例。重點(diǎn)對(duì)比2組患腎手術(shù)前后腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率的差異。結(jié)果:觀察組術(shù)前術(shù)后腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率分別為29.3~53.0 mL/min[(33.1±5.2)mL/min]和23.1~40.5 mL/min[(27.3±5.9)mL/min](P=0.054),對(duì)照組術(shù)前術(shù)后腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率分別為27.4~49.6 mL/min[(32.3±4.1)mL/min]和23.8~44.4 mL/min[(29.1±5.0)mL/min](P=0.07),2組之間腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率減少幅度分別為5.2~12.9 mL/min[(5.1±0.3) mL/min]和3.6~5.2 mL/min[(4.0±0.7)mL/min](P=0.051),差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:熱缺血時(shí)間30~60 min并未對(duì)術(shù)側(cè)殘余腎功能產(chǎn)生具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的嚴(yán)重?fù)p害,但在保證手術(shù)安全性的同時(shí)應(yīng)盡力縮短患腎的熱缺血時(shí)間以盡可能多地保留術(shù)側(cè)殘余腎功能。
腎部分切除術(shù);腹腔鏡;腎癌;熱缺血;阻斷;時(shí)間
[Key words]Partial nepherctomy; Laparoscopy; Renal carcinoma; Warm ischemia; Clamp; Time
對(duì)位于腎臟周邊的T1期單發(fā)腎癌行腎部分切除術(shù)(partial nepherctomy,PN)可以保留更多的腎單位,延緩慢性腎臟病變的進(jìn)程;特別是隨著腹腔鏡設(shè)備的迅速普及和術(shù)者手術(shù)技巧的提高,腹腔鏡下開(kāi)展的腎部分切除術(shù)(laparoscopic partial nephrectomy,LPN)已經(jīng)逐漸成為治療腎臟單發(fā)T1期腎癌的可選術(shù)式。但是受諸多因素的影響,腎蒂阻斷時(shí)間超過(guò)腎臟耐受的熱缺血時(shí)間30 min的上限時(shí),可能對(duì)患腎功能造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p害,而損害程度目前尚無(wú)定論。本研究旨在比較LPN中熱缺血時(shí)間對(duì)術(shù)側(cè)殘余腎功能的影響。
1.1 一般資料
依據(jù)AJCC2009腎癌分期T1aN0M0的單發(fā)性腎癌入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn),2012年1月—2014年1月共納入開(kāi)展的LPN患者44例,年齡37~65歲,平均年齡49.3歲,中位年齡46歲;男性26例,女性18例。均為體檢意外發(fā)現(xiàn),泌尿系B超和CT均顯示為單發(fā)的腎臟周邊腫瘤,突出于腎臟表面,腫瘤最大徑2.5~4.0 cm。伴對(duì)側(cè)腎結(jié)石14例,對(duì)側(cè)腎囊腫15例。術(shù)前均行胸片、腎動(dòng)態(tài)核素顯像等檢查進(jìn)行評(píng)估。以術(shù)中腎蒂阻斷時(shí)間30 min為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將44例患者分為2組:觀察組(腎蒂阻斷時(shí)間>30 min)21例,對(duì)照組(腎蒂阻斷時(shí)間≤30 min)23例,2組在年齡、腫瘤最大徑、患腎位置、腫瘤部位及患腎腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)等方面差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,表1、2)。
1.2 治療方法
所有患者均經(jīng)常規(guī)術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備通過(guò)術(shù)前評(píng)估。手術(shù)麻醉均采用氣管內(nèi)插管全身麻醉,體位均取健側(cè)臥位,抬高腰橋。常規(guī)消毒手術(shù)視野,鋪無(wú)菌巾。于第12肋緣下腋后線交匯處做一個(gè)2 cm小切口,鈍性分離肌肉進(jìn)入腹膜后間隙,然后置入自制氣囊并注氣800 mL擴(kuò)張腹膜后間隙。在手指引導(dǎo)下于第12肋緣下腋前線和髂前上棘2 cm腋中線處分別放置5、10 mm套管各1根,第12肋緣下腋后線交匯處切口放置10 mm套管。清理腹膜后脂肪,沿腰大肌前緣切開(kāi)腎周筋膜,在腎實(shí)質(zhì)表面用超聲刀分離腎實(shí)質(zhì)與腎周脂肪間隙(腫瘤部分的腎周脂肪予以保留),游離腎臟并分離腎動(dòng)脈,用“Bulldog”血管夾夾閉腎動(dòng)脈,并計(jì)阻斷時(shí)間,距腫瘤邊緣0.5 cm用剪刀銳性切除腫瘤。將腫瘤完全切除后,先將切除的腫瘤放入標(biāo)本袋內(nèi)再放置髂窩內(nèi),以防惡性腫瘤污染創(chuàng)面。腎臟創(chuàng)面縫合方法有2種:①以2-0可吸收線連續(xù)全層式縫合創(chuàng)面的皮髓質(zhì);②先用3-0可吸收線連續(xù)縫合創(chuàng)面底部結(jié)締組織,然后再以2-0可吸收線連續(xù)縫合創(chuàng)面的皮髓質(zhì)??p合滿意后去除“Bulldog”血管夾,降低氣壓。仔細(xì)檢查創(chuàng)面無(wú)出血后,取出標(biāo)本,腹膜后置乳膠引流管一根,關(guān)閉切口。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及隨訪
記錄腎蒂阻斷時(shí)間、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)中輸血率、術(shù)后病理切緣陽(yáng)性率以及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后1個(gè)月末進(jìn)行第1次隨訪,主要指標(biāo)包括腎動(dòng)態(tài)核素顯像、血肌酐、泌尿系CT、胸片等。重點(diǎn)比較2組患腎手術(shù)前后GFR的差異。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
2.1 2組患者腎蒂阻斷時(shí)間、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量和圍手術(shù)期輸血率的比較
觀察組和對(duì)照組腎蒂阻斷時(shí)間分別為(45.2±7.3) min和(25.4±3.3) min,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.000);手術(shù)時(shí)間分別為(151.1±33.2) min和(120.2±17.3)min,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.021);術(shù)中出血量分別為(50.0±35.1) mL和(44.0±20.0) mL,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.520);44例均未輸血,術(shù)后無(wú)腎積水、腎周感染、腎周大量積液或積血以及尿漏等并發(fā)癥。
2.2 2組患者手術(shù)前后患腎GFR比較
44例術(shù)后1個(gè)月末復(fù)查血肌酐值均正常。2組患腎GFR見(jiàn)表2;觀察組術(shù)前術(shù)后GFR比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.054);對(duì)照組術(shù)前術(shù)后GFR比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.07);2組之間GFR減少幅度比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.051)。
目前PN中熱缺血時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短尚有爭(zhēng)論。傳統(tǒng)理念認(rèn)為腎熱缺血時(shí)間<30 min,超此極限后患腎功能將出現(xiàn)不可逆的熱缺血損傷[1-3]。但在LPN的實(shí)踐中,由于受手術(shù)者操作速度慢、腫瘤的切除位置較深、居中或者腫瘤體積較大的影響,熱缺血時(shí)間常超過(guò)30 min。然而目前對(duì)超過(guò)30 min的熱缺血時(shí)間是否對(duì)患腎造成不可逆性損害仍存在爭(zhēng)論。Porpiglia等[2]研究了18例熱缺血時(shí)間為30~60 min的LPN術(shù)后患者腎功能變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)熱缺血時(shí)間>30 min時(shí)即對(duì)近期患腎功能造成損害,術(shù)后隨訪1年患腎功能損傷僅得到部分恢復(fù)。 但Bhayani等[4]指出LPN手術(shù)熱缺血時(shí)間達(dá)55 min也不會(huì)影響患側(cè)腎的遠(yuǎn)期腎功能。Kane等[5]在阻斷腎動(dòng)脈(43±10) min (25~65 min)后行腎動(dòng)態(tài)檢查,患腎GFR與健腎GFR相同。本研究結(jié)果顯示,阻斷時(shí)間<30 min和>30 min的術(shù)側(cè)腎GFR在術(shù)前和術(shù)后1個(gè)月末時(shí)的減少量差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。另外LPN的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)也證實(shí)患腎的GFR在腎蒂阻斷60和90 min后7和15 d能回復(fù)到術(shù)前水平,說(shuō)明腎臟對(duì)熱缺血的耐受時(shí)間可以超過(guò)30 min,雖然患腎組織的炎性反應(yīng)較重,但是患腎功能可以得到較好的恢復(fù)[6-7]。
腎蒂阻斷時(shí)間30~60 min并未對(duì)術(shù)側(cè)殘余腎功能產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重?fù)p害。本研究結(jié)果顯示,觀察組患腎的腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率下降幅度為15.4%(5.1/33.1),而對(duì)照組則為12.4%(4.0/32.3),2組手術(shù)前后腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率比較以及2組之間下降幅度比較差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,提示腎蒂阻斷30 min內(nèi)和30~60 min之間并未對(duì)術(shù)側(cè)殘余腎功能產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重?fù)p害,且2組相同時(shí)間內(nèi)對(duì)各組殘余腎功能損害程度相似。Yossepowitch等[8]在開(kāi)放手術(shù)經(jīng)冷缺血31~35 min后孤立腎GFR在術(shù)后1個(gè)月?lián)p失15%,其GFR損失程度與本組研究結(jié)果相仿。然而Tanagho等[9]報(bào)道,阻斷14.7 min,其前后GFR差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但是阻斷組和非阻斷組的GFR下降幅度差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。因此,在確保手術(shù)安全和減少尿漏等并發(fā)癥的前提下也要盡量縮短患腎熱缺血時(shí)間。
腎癌LPN的安全性主要常涉及術(shù)中術(shù)后出血量、尿漏發(fā)生率和切緣陽(yáng)性率3個(gè)方面,而前2項(xiàng)則通過(guò)術(shù)中嚴(yán)密扎實(shí)的縫合來(lái)避免,創(chuàng)面分層縫合即是較為可靠的技巧。然而據(jù)筆者體會(huì),縫合的針數(shù)越多、縫合技術(shù)的不夠熟練,是造成熱缺血時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的主要原因;既然熱缺血60 min內(nèi)并未對(duì)術(shù)側(cè)殘余腎功能產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重?fù)p害,那么宜首選創(chuàng)面分層技術(shù)來(lái)提高手術(shù)安全性。雖然近年來(lái)許多單位嘗試了不阻斷腎蒂和阻斷分支腎動(dòng)脈的方法來(lái)減少患腎熱缺血損傷,但是平均失血量達(dá)100~270 mL,尿漏發(fā)生率為2.6%~7.7%[10-20],高于本研究報(bào)道的結(jié)果,因此在減少熱缺血時(shí)間的同時(shí)應(yīng)兼顧創(chuàng)面封閉的質(zhì)量。另外,在保證手術(shù)安全性的同時(shí)注意盡量提高縫合速度,縮短患腎的熱缺血時(shí)間,通過(guò)體外模擬訓(xùn)練提高腔鏡技術(shù)熟練程度是關(guān)鍵。
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Re-discussion of warm ischemia time during retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal carcinoma
PAN Dong-liang, DONG Li-ming, JIN Lian-chao, ZHANG Xiang-hua, LI Ning-chen,
NA Yan-qun
(Wujieping Urology Medical Center of Peking University, Department of Urology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100144, China)
PAN Dong-liang E-mail: dongliangpan@hotmail.com
Background and purpose: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy has been one of the surgery options for patients with single renal carcinoma of T1stage. Under the effect of some factors, intraoperative renal blood fl ow clamping somtimes exceeds the safe limit of 30 minutes of warm ischemia time (WIT) for renal tissues, that might results in warm ischemia-reperfusion injury to severe extent. However, there still remains controversy about the depth of this warm ischemia-reperfusion injury. So this study aimed to evaluate the effects of longer WIT on ipsilateral residual renal tissues. Methods: Forty-four patients underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy from Jan. 2012 to Jan. 2014. All of them were divided into observe group (WIT>30 min) and control group (WIT≤30 min). The differences of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of operative kidney Pre- and post-operatively between two groups were analyzed. Results: The pre- and post-operative GFRs of operative kidney in observe group were 29.3-53.0 mL/min[(33.1±5.2) mL/min], 23.1-40.5 mL/min[(27.3±5.9) mL/min] respectively (P=0.054). The preand post-operative GFRs of operative kidney in control group were 27.4-49.6 mL/min[(32.3±4.1) mL/min], 23.8-44.4 mL/min[(29.1±5.0) mL/min], respectively (P=0.07). There was no statistically differences of the depth of the decrease of GFRs after surgery between the two groups (P=0.051). Conclusion: WIT of 30-60 min does not result in statistically signi fi cant injury for ipsilateral residual renal function. However, it is still necessary to reserve more ipsilateral residual renal function through minimizing WIT under the premise of ensuring the safety of surgery.
10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2014.07.008
R737.11
A
1007-3639(2014)07-0521-04
2014-03-22
2014-05-23)
中國(guó)科學(xué)院環(huán)境化學(xué)與生態(tài)毒理學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室開(kāi)放基金(No: KF2011-12)。
潘東亮 E-mail:dongliangpan@hotmail.com