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      人教版高中英語選修八第五單元語法課教學設計

      2014-04-26 22:07韓濤
      校園英語·中旬 2014年1期
      關鍵詞:時態(tài)意圖語法

      韓濤

      一、整體設計思路、指導依據(jù)說明

      《新課程標準》強調(diào)英語課程必須面向全體學生,要從學生的學習興趣和生活經(jīng)驗出發(fā),倡導體驗、實踐、參與、合作與交流的學習方式和任務型的教學途徑,發(fā)展學生的綜合語言運用能力,激發(fā)學生學習英語的興趣,幫助學生建立學習的成就感和自信心。語法教學是高中英語教學的重要組成部分,時態(tài)是高中學生必須掌握的語法內(nèi)容,而現(xiàn)在完成進行時又是近五年來高考考查的重點。高中二年級第二學期模塊8第5單元Learning about language部分中的discovering useful structures部分主要是圍繞現(xiàn)在完成進行時展開的?;谝陨先齻€方面,這堂語法課遵循二語習得的理論和中國學生的語言認知規(guī)律,變傳統(tǒng)的接受式教學法為“發(fā)現(xiàn)——體驗——探究——合作”式教學法,即以4P語法教學(preparation, presentation, practice, production)組織課堂,主張課堂教學應該指導學生在充分體驗語言材料的基礎上,即充分的語言信息輸入的基礎上,歸納有關語言知識,提高學生的語言技能。在設計思路上充分考慮到學生的生活經(jīng)驗和興趣,為學生精心設置各種情景,通過一系列的任務活動,達到有效的語言輸出,即語法應用能力的培養(yǎng)。

      二、教學背景分析

      教學內(nèi)容分析:在高中階段中,“現(xiàn)在完成進行時”是重點時態(tài)知識。備課前,筆者研讀了近五年的高考試題(2008-2012)發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在完成進行時是近5年來高考時態(tài)考查新熱點。人教版新課標高中英語模塊1-7的課本并未涉及現(xiàn)在完成進行時的專門教學內(nèi)容,而本節(jié)課學習的內(nèi)容是人教版教材模塊8第5單元Learning about language部分中的一個課時??紤]到教學內(nèi)容較多,既包含新詞匯的學習、鞏固和運用,又包含語法的講解,一節(jié)課很難落實教學目標,所以筆者對教材進行了重組,把learning about language 部分中的discovering useful structures單獨作為一個課時來學習現(xiàn)在完成進行時,以加強學生的理解和應用。著名語言學家Littlewood 曾經(jīng)說過:“語言能力是具備交際能力的首要條件。因為一連串不合語法的句子很難達到交際的目的。好的交際能力必須要有扎實的語言知識作基礎”。因此本課語法教學將對掌握好這一單元語言知識及交際活動的順利進行,都起著支持的作用。故本節(jié)語法課的定位是:通過學生體驗、實踐、參與、合作與交流的方式進一步明晰“現(xiàn)在完成進行時”所表達的意義和句型結(jié)構(gòu)特點以及現(xiàn)在完成進行時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別。

      學生情況分析:全班學生的基礎知識扎實,學習能力強。大部分同學學習英語的興趣較高。對于“現(xiàn)在完成進行時”,學生在平時做題時有所接觸,僅僅是處于一般的了解階段,因為學生更熟悉現(xiàn)在完成時,所以經(jīng)常混淆現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行時。而人教版教材在模塊8之前幾乎沒有專門涉及到現(xiàn)在完成進行時的教學內(nèi)容,所以學生對平時練習時所見到的“現(xiàn)在完成進行時”理解不深刻,還不能準確清楚的說明現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別。個別學生有時態(tài)的概念,但運用時仍然無法準確使用現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行時。高二學生思維活躍,敢于提出不同見解。兩年的高中英語學習,使學生儲備了一定的詞匯和英語知識,能較好地展開話題討論,各抒己見。筆者采取多媒體輔助教學,創(chuàng)設多種語境,激發(fā)學生交流和學習的興趣,使他們始終處于主動的思考、探究和創(chuàng)造的狀態(tài)中,創(chuàng)設充滿活力的課堂氣氛。

      三、教學目標分析

      1.通過觀察例句,全班學生能夠說出現(xiàn)在完成進行時的構(gòu)成形式;

      2.通過完成本節(jié)課所設置的語言任務,全班學生能夠準確地應用現(xiàn)在完成進行時造句和翻譯;

      3.通過本節(jié)課的學習,全體學生能夠說出現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別;

      4.觀察圖片和觀看新聞視頻片段,全班學生能夠運用現(xiàn)在完成進行時來描述見聞;

      5.幫助學生對學習語法產(chǎn)生濃厚興趣,關注國內(nèi)時事,主動積極地幫助身處困境的人,有用英語表達自己觀點和想法的欲望。

      四、教學重點、難點分析

      教學重點:

      1.現(xiàn)在完成進行時的構(gòu)成形式及其功能。

      2.現(xiàn)在完成進行時在各種語境中的使用。

      3.現(xiàn)在完成進行時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別。

      教學難點:

      1.觀察和對比在具體語境中準確使用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。

      2.觀察,歸納并總結(jié)出現(xiàn)在完成進行時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別。

      五、教學過程設計

      步驟1:Preparation教師呈現(xiàn)四個含有現(xiàn)在完成進行時的句子。(1 min)

      T: I have been teaching English in a high school since I graduated from the college.

      I have been teaching English in a high school for seven years.

      Hengshui High School has been attracting many students to study here.

      How long have you been studying in Hengshui High School?

      S: I have been studying in Hengshui High School for 2 years.

      設計意圖:以教師自我介紹的方式引入易于激發(fā)學生的好奇心和求知欲,所呈現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)在完成進行時的四個例句生動具體,易于學生理解。師生通過兩個結(jié)合現(xiàn)在完成進行時的情境充分了解彼此,激發(fā)了學生的興趣,為學生通過觀察得出結(jié)論創(chuàng)造條件,也為下一步的任務奠定基礎。

      步驟2:教師呈現(xiàn)人物描述,學生猜測班級的同學進行猜謎游戲。(3 mins)

      T: (1) ______ has been showing interest in Kobe.

      (2) ______ has been paying attention to the current affairs at home and abroad.

      (3) ______ has been losing weight.

      (4) ______ has been cycling to school every day.

      (5) ______ has been suffering from English.

      (6) _____ has not been taking notes in English class.

      Ss: XX has been showing interest in Kobe; XX has been paying…

      設計意圖:以班級的學生特點、興趣、愛好創(chuàng)設語境,所呈現(xiàn)的六個例句和學生生活緊密相連,易于與學生產(chǎn)生良好的互動,進一步激發(fā)學生學習本課內(nèi)容的興趣。語言學習是枯燥的,學生在長時間的語言學習中,往往感到厭倦。根據(jù)學生的認知規(guī)律和表現(xiàn)欲強的特點,也為了給部分不愿參與語言學習的學生以足夠的動力,在課堂中適時的運用游戲能刺激學生思維。在游戲中體驗語法讓學生明白語言學習實際上是快樂的。

      步驟3:Presentation學生歸納出現(xiàn)在完成進行時的構(gòu)成方式。(1 min)

      T: According to the above sentences, what kind of tense is used in the sentences?

      S: The present perfect continuous tense.

      T: Would you please tell everyone the form of the tense?

      S: have/has+been+doing

      設計意圖:學生通過觀察例句來總結(jié)歸納出現(xiàn)在完成進行時的構(gòu)成形式。本節(jié)課主題生成并為下一個任務的進行提供基礎。

      步驟4:Practice學生根據(jù)所給圖片及詞匯運用現(xiàn)在完成進行時造句。(3 mins)

      T: Since we have known the present perfect continuous tense, now please make up sentences according to the given pictures and words, using the present perfect continuous tense.

      (1) Let the workers sleep for a while because…(rescue the injured, for 24 hours nonstop)

      S: …they have been rescuing the injured for 24 hours nonstop.

      (2) President Xi has delivered the “Chinese dream” of national renewal and… (the Chinese people, try ones best, realize)

      S: …the Chinese people have been trying their best to realize their dream.

      (3) (Doctors, find a cure, H7N9)

      S: Doctors have been trying to find a cure to defeat H7N9.

      設計意圖:學生得出現(xiàn)在完成進行時的構(gòu)成形式后進行及時練習,同時結(jié)合2013年國內(nèi)重大時事,如“H7N9”的蔓延與傳播,“中國夢”的提出和2013年4月20日的雅安地震來設置現(xiàn)在完成進行時的語境。讓學生能夠充分地體會到現(xiàn)在完成進行時的功能和意義,也對學生進行了情感教育,讓他們關注時事,明白學習語言是為了在生活中使用。

      步驟5:學生根據(jù)所給情境來選擇最佳答案。(2 mins)

      T: In the past, you have learnt about the present perfect tense, now its your turn to make a choice for the following contexts.

      Which sentence, A or B fits each situation bes?

      (1)You want to find out why someone

      is late.

      A. What have you been doing?

      B. What have you done?

      (2)You want to talk about your success

      in your golf training program.

      A. Ive been playing today.

      B. Ive played for six hours today.

      (3)You want to complain about your

      garage.

      A. Theyve been repairing my car for

      over a week.

      B. Theyve repaired my car.

      答案: A; B; A

      設計意圖:通過提供三個具體的情境讓學生選擇恰當選項來初步感受現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行時的差異。引導學生觀察三個語境,讓學生找出“why”,“success”,“complain”等關鍵詞并初步總結(jié)出現(xiàn)在完成進行時的表意功能。

      步驟6:學生根據(jù)對話主要內(nèi)容來補全對話。(4 mins)

      T: Now, you are required to complete the dialogue with the given statements.

      Dad: Come on, Julie. Have a break. Have a cup of tea. What have you been doing?

      Julie: (taking the tea) Thanks, Dad. 1 ______. The old one moves when I sit on it.

      Dad: Your bike looks good. Whats happened to the front wheel?

      Julie: 2______. I havent quite finished yet. Dad, you look very tired. 3 ______?

      Dad: Yes. 4 ______. They want it at the office on Monday.

      Julie: Dad! Its Saturday afternoon!

      (Half an hour later, Julie comes into her Dads room.)

      Dad: Oh, hello! 5 ______.

      6 ______. Here it is. Hows the bike?

      Julie: Fine! 7 ______.Its quite comfortable. 8______ too.

      A.Ive been putting a new tyre on.

      B. Have you been working all afternoon?

      C. Ive been writing a report.

      D. Ive been putting a new saddle (車座) on.

      E. And Ive put the new tyre on.

      F. Ive just finished this report.

      G. Ive put the new saddle on.

      H. Ive printed it out.

      答案:D, A, B, C, F, H, G, E

      設計意圖:通過將對話補充完整的形式讓學生在一個完整的情境里進一步體驗現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別。讓學生分角色朗讀對話來進一步感受兩種時態(tài)的運用差異。

      步驟7:Summary A 學生根據(jù)三個練習的內(nèi)容總結(jié)現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完行時的各自特點。教師引導學生運用比喻的方式理解現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的差異。(6 mins)

      T: From the dialogue, I know that you begin to sense the differences of the present perfect and present perfect continuous tense, now lets compare the two tenses. First, lets say something about the present perfect since we are familiar with it.

      S: The present perfect tense is mainly used to express result or finished actions. One example is “Ive just finished this report.”

      T: Well, Lets compare “Ive been putting a new tyre on.” / “And Ive put the new tyre on.”

      “Ive been writing a report.” / “Ive just finished this report.”

      “Ive been putting a new saddle on". / "Ive put the new saddle on.”

      According to the sentences above, what are the differences between the present perfect and present perfect continuous tense?

      S: The present perfect continuous tense is mainly used to talk about an activity and its consequences. One example is “Dad, you look very tired. Have you been working all afternoon?”

      S: The present perfect continuous tense is also used to talk about a repeated or continuous activity that is still going on. One example is " Ive been putting a new tyre on. I havent quite finished yet.”

      T: Based on your understanding of the differences of the two tenses, please try to fill in the chart below.

      T: If I compare the present perfect tense to an aged man with achievements and regrets, then the present perfect continuous tense can be compared to…

      S: In my opinion, the present perfect continuous tense can be compared to an aggressive youth with passion and efforts.

      設計意圖:基于前面的練習,要求學生以小組為單位進行觀察,分析和對比,用簡潔的話語概括現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行時的特點;通過一個生動的比喻來幫助學生準確識記兩種時態(tài)的差異。

      步驟8:Production 學生根據(jù)題目選出最佳選項。(3 mins)

      T: Just now we made a summary about the present perfect tense and present perfect continuous tense.It is time to check your understanding of the two tenses.

      (1)【2012全國II,18】 The manager ______ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.

      A. has told B. is telling

      C. has been telling D. will have told

      (2)【2011北京卷,23】Tom ______ in the library every night over the last three months.

      A. works

      B. worked

      C. has been working

      D. had been working

      (3)【2011上海春招,29】Im sure you will do better in the test because you ______ so hard this year.

      A. studied B. have been studying

      C. will study D. had studied

      (4)【2010安徽】— Weve spent too much money recently.

      —Well, it isnt surprising. Our friend and relatives ______ around all the time.

      A. have been coming B. had come

      C. were coming D. are coming

      (5)【2010湖南】Im tired out. I ____ all afternoon and I dont seem to have finished anything.

      A. shopped

      B. have shopped

      C. had shopped

      D. have been shopping

      (6)【2010江西】Mother wanted to be a good provider, a role she _____ since her marriage to father.

      A. shoulders

      B. shouldered

      C. has been shouldering

      D. is shouldering

      答案: C,C,B,A,D,C

      設計意圖:高考單項選擇題中現(xiàn)在完成進行時是近5年時態(tài)考查的熱點,因此提供6個小題讓學生在理解現(xiàn)在完成進行時的基礎之上進行運用。

      步驟9:Summmary B 學生根據(jù)所提供的練習總結(jié)歸納典型的現(xiàn)在完成進行時的時間狀語。(2 mins)

      T: In the above six sentences, can you find the time adverbials?

      S: since 9 am.; every night over the last three months; this year; all the time; all afternoon; since her marriage to father.

      設計意圖:學生通過主動觀察,在教師的點撥下,較好地歸納出現(xiàn)在完成進行時的典型時間狀語,避免了以往教師上語法課喋喋不休的講解,學生聽得昏昏欲睡的被動局面。現(xiàn)在完成進行時的一些標志性的時間狀語是解答此類試題的關鍵,同時也為為下一步任務做鋪墊。

      步驟10:學生根據(jù)題目選出最佳選項(2 mins)

      T: Now, you are required to finish three additional choices.

      (7) She was surprised to find the fridge empty; the child _____everything!

      A. had been eating

      B. had eaten

      C. have eaten

      D. have been eating

      (8) She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book ______ 50 million.

      A. have reached

      B. will reach

      C. have been reaching

      D. had reached

      (9) More patients ______ in hospital this year than last year.

      A. have been treating

      B. have treated

      C. have been treated

      D. had been treated

      答案:B,A,C

      設計意圖:此處所提供的三個小題將現(xiàn)在完成進行時,現(xiàn)在完成時及其被動語態(tài),過去完成時及其被動語態(tài)和一般過去時及其被動語態(tài)綜合到一起,讓學生在多變的語境中準確靈活的判斷時態(tài)的使用。

      步驟11:學生根據(jù)視頻片段和信件內(nèi)容翻譯語句。(12 mins)

      T: As we all know, an earthquake happened in Yaan on April 20th 2013, all the Chinese have been trying their best to help the people there. Now, you have a chance to write a consolation letter to people in Yaan and please finish the translation part.

      A letter to the people in Yaan

      Dear friends,

      Im very sorry to hear that on April 20th 2013, an unexpected earthquake suddenly happened in Yaan, Sichuan province. It was a huge disaster to Chinese people.

      Until now, (1)______ (在這次地震中已經(jīng)死傷了很多人), in which many people have lost their relatives and homes. Please dont lose heart. All the Chinese people have begun to take action and do everything they can since they heard the news. (2)______ (很多士兵為了搶救那些被埋在廢墟中的人一直在挖掘). (3)______ (許多醫(yī)務工作者一直在搶救傷員). (4)______(人們還為災區(qū)的人民捐款捐物). More importantly, (5)______(李總理一直投身于救援工作). Besides, (6)______(全國人民也一直在為雅安祈福).

      Lets join hands together to overcome all the difficulties! Lets make efforts to rebuild our homes and live happily. I am sure we will have a bright future. Yours sincerely,

      XX

      Ss: (1) A lot of people have been killed and injured in this earthquake.

      (2) A large number of soldiers have been digging to save the people buried in the ruins.

      (3) Many medical workers have been rescuing the injured.

      (4) Everyone has also contributed a lot of money and goods to the people in need.

      (5) Premier Li has been devoting himself to the rescue work.

      (6) The whole nation have been praying for Yaan.

      設計意圖:結(jié)合2013年4月20日雅安地震這一重要事件設置語境,要求學生通過觀看視頻和閱讀“寫給雅安人的一封信”來完成漢譯英練習。讓學生感受現(xiàn)實生活中的現(xiàn)在完成進行時的具體應用,同時對學生進行情感教育,作為中華大家庭的一員,每個人都應該伸出援助之手來幫助雅安人民重建家園。

      步驟12:布置本節(jié)課兩項課后作業(yè)(1 min)

      Homework:

      (1) Oral Practice: “How busy are you!”.

      (2) Finish Exercise 2 on page 41.

      設計意圖:作業(yè)作為課堂教學的延續(xù),它既是教師教學活動的一個重要環(huán)節(jié),又是學生學習過程中的一個重要組成部分。作業(yè)一要求學生通過pair work的形式完成一段關于“How busy are you?”的問答對話活動并要求他們在下節(jié)課進行表演,這使得小組活動不流于形式,真正使每位學生參與交流與合作;作業(yè)二要求學生完成教材41頁的練習二,要求學生筆頭落實,可以檢測每位學生課堂掌握語法的情況,鞏固所學知識。

      六、教學評價設計

      評價內(nèi)容:根據(jù)本節(jié)課的教學目標,筆者設置了如下幾項評價內(nèi)容,包括學生在本課上知識方面所取得的進步與收獲以及學生在本節(jié)課上與他人合作和使用英語交流等情感體驗。學生根據(jù)自己的情況在下列各項前打鉤。

      ( ) I can clearly tell the main functions of the present perfect continuous tense.

      ( ) I have further developed the sense of using the present perfect continuous tense exactly in various contexts.

      ( ) I can tell exactly the differences between the present perfect and the present continuous tenses.

      ( ) I can work out the problems related to the two tenses, especially in multiple choices.

      ( ) I can make up sentences and provide the exact translation using the present perfect continuous tense.

      ( ) I speak English a lot in this class.

      ( ) I cooperate with others well in this class.

      ( ) I find it interesting to learn grammar in this way.

      評價方法:

      (一)教師評價

      1. 適時表揚,鼓勵學生。

      2. 檢測不同層次學生對本節(jié)課內(nèi)容的掌握。

      3. 課后作業(yè)的完成情況。

      4. 階段測試。

      (二)學生自我評價

      根據(jù)自己在本節(jié)課的知識收獲和情感體驗填寫反饋表。

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