熊添 樊宏 張暉
不同劑量艾司洛爾對(duì)氣管插管時(shí)心血管反應(yīng)的預(yù)防作用
熊添 樊宏 張暉
目的 觀察不同劑量艾司洛爾對(duì)氣管插管時(shí)心血管反應(yīng)的預(yù)防作用。方法 選取北京航天總醫(yī)院100例擇期手術(shù)患者隨機(jī)分成5組,A組(對(duì)照組)、B組(艾司洛爾 0.5mg/kg)、C組(艾司洛爾 1.0mg/kg)、D組(艾司洛爾 1.5mg/kg)和E組(艾司洛爾 2.0mg/kg)。插管前 30s分別靜注生理鹽水 10ml,艾司洛爾 0.5mg/kg,1.0mg/kg,1.5mg/kg,2.0mg/kg。記錄患者給藥前、插管時(shí)、插管后 1、3、5、10min時(shí)的收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)、心率(HR),并計(jì)算出相應(yīng)的脈率收縮壓乘積(RPP)。結(jié)果 A組插管時(shí)SBP、DBP、HR、RPP及插管后 1min DBP、HR、RPP顯著高于給藥前(P<0.01);B組插管時(shí)DBP、HR、RPP顯著高于給藥前(P<0.01),插管時(shí)及插管后 1min SBP、HR、RPP顯著低于A組(P<0.01);C、D、E 3 組插管時(shí)SBP、DBP、HR、RPP顯著低于A、B兩組(P<0.05),插管后 1min SBP,HR,RPP顯著低于A組(P<0.01);插管后 3min C、D兩組SBP,D、E兩組HR,C、D、E 3 組RPP顯著低于A組(P<0.05);D組插管后3~10min HR、RPP,E組插管時(shí)及插管后1~10min HR、RPP顯著低于給藥前(P<0.05),但E組有5例用藥后發(fā)生心動(dòng)過緩。結(jié)論 靜脈注射艾司洛爾1.5mg/kg對(duì)氣管插管時(shí)的心血管反應(yīng)預(yù)防效果較好,插管前后血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定且副作用發(fā)生少。
艾司洛爾;氣管插管;心血管反應(yīng)
全身麻醉氣管插管的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致內(nèi)源性兒茶酚胺釋放可引起血壓升高、心率增快等心血管反應(yīng),可以通過喉頭表面麻醉以及靜脈注射阿片類藥物、利多卡因等方法預(yù)防。艾司洛爾是心臟高選擇性的β1受體阻滯劑,具有起效快、半衰期短、清除率高、無蓄積等優(yōu)點(diǎn),作為圍麻醉期用藥有減輕氣管插管的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、控制心動(dòng)過速、心肌保護(hù)、鎮(zhèn)痛等作用,有研究表明插管前靜脈給予艾司洛爾可預(yù)防心動(dòng)過速和心率收縮壓乘積的增加[1]。Menigaux等[2]認(rèn)為,艾司洛爾不但可減少插管時(shí)的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化和體動(dòng)反應(yīng),還可防止腦電雙頻指數(shù)(BIS)升高。Figueredo[3]研究表明艾司洛爾預(yù)防氣管插管時(shí)的心血管反應(yīng)的作用與劑量相關(guān)。本研究目的是觀察不同劑量的艾司洛爾對(duì)氣管插管時(shí)心血管反應(yīng)的抑制作用,為臨床應(yīng)用艾司洛爾抑制這一反應(yīng)提供合理的推薦臨床劑量。
1.1 一般資料 選擇2012年3月~2013年5月北京航天總醫(yī)院擇期于全身麻醉下手術(shù),ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí),心功能Ⅰ級(jí)的擇期手術(shù)患者100例,男64例,女36例,年齡28~62歲,體質(zhì)量55~89kg。將患者隨機(jī)分為A組(對(duì)照組),B組(艾司洛爾 0.5mg/kg),C組(艾司洛爾 1.0mg/kg),D組(艾司洛爾1.5mg/kg),E組(艾司洛爾 2.0mg/kg)5組,每組 20例,5組患者性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量、ASA分級(jí)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,具有可比性(見表1)。所有患者無支氣管哮喘、內(nèi)分泌及心血管系統(tǒng)疾患。手術(shù)種類包括普外科、骨科、婦產(chǎn)科、泌尿外科、胸外科等手術(shù)?;颊咝g(shù)前禁食禁飲時(shí)間均為12h。
表1 5組一般資料比較
1.2 方法 入室后局部麻醉下常規(guī)行右橈動(dòng)脈穿刺,接惠普多功能生命體征監(jiān)測(cè)儀監(jiān)測(cè)患者連續(xù)動(dòng)態(tài)收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)、脈搏血氧飽和度(SpO2)、心率(HR)。開放靜脈輸液通路,麻醉誘導(dǎo)前快速給予林格氏液250ml。麻醉誘導(dǎo)為咪唑安定0.05mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.5μg/kg、維庫溴銨0.12mg/kg、依托咪酯0.4mg/kg。A、B、C、D、E組5組患者在插管前 2min分別靜脈注射生理鹽水、艾司洛爾(規(guī)格100mg/10ml,山東齊魯制藥廠生產(chǎn),產(chǎn)品批號(hào):3050092EF)0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0mg/kg 30s內(nèi)注射完畢,記錄患者給藥前、插管時(shí)、插管后 1、3、5、10min時(shí)的SBP、DBP、HR,并計(jì)算出反映相應(yīng)時(shí)間心肌耗氧量的指標(biāo)—脈率收縮壓乘積(RPP)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 應(yīng)用SPSS11.5統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理。正態(tài)計(jì)量資料以“均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)”表示,各組內(nèi)及組間的數(shù)值比較采用方差分析及q檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 5組SBP、DBP、HR、RPP比較 A組插管時(shí)SBP、DBP、HR、RPP及插管后SBP、DBP、HR、RPP顯著升高,與給藥前比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。B組插管時(shí)SBP、DBP、HR、RPP顯著升高,與給藥前比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。C組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)SBP、DBP、HR、RPP無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。D組HR、RPP插管后3~10min顯著低于給藥前(P<0.05)。E組插管時(shí)及插管后1~10minHR、RPP顯著低于給藥前(P<0.05,見表1)。
5組患者給藥前SBP、DBP、HR、RPP差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。B組插管時(shí)及插管后1min SBP、HR、RPP顯著低于A組(P<0.01)。C、D、E3組插管時(shí)SBP、DBP、HR、RPP均顯著低于A、B組(P<0.05),插管后 1min SBP、HR,RPP顯著低于A組(P<0.01);插管后 3min C、D兩組SBP;D、E兩組HR;C、D、E三組RPP仍顯著低于A組(P<0.05)。C、D、E3組之間比較插管時(shí)及插管后1~10min SBP、DBP、HR、RPP差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.2 不良反應(yīng) E組有5例患者用藥1min后發(fā)生心動(dòng)過緩,HR分別為 52、53、56、57、59 次/min,插管時(shí)HR上升到 65次/min左右;A、B、C、D四組患者無此現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。五組患者用藥后均未發(fā)生低血壓。
全身麻醉氣管插管時(shí)麻醉過深容易出現(xiàn)心臟抑制、低外周血管阻力、低血壓的表現(xiàn),過淺時(shí)又容易出現(xiàn)一過性的心率增快和血壓增高,這種一過性的心血管反應(yīng)對(duì)于無心腦血管疾病、無高血壓的患者及非施行顱腦手術(shù)的患者通常無大礙,但是對(duì)于有高血壓、心臟病及顱腦手術(shù)的患者卻可增加術(shù)中或術(shù)后心腦血管意外的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4]。因此有效預(yù)防插管時(shí)血壓和心率的劇烈波動(dòng)具有重要的臨床意義。艾司洛爾是一種快速短效高選擇性的β1受體阻滯劑,分布半衰期約為2min,清除半衰期為9min[5-6]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道靜脈注射艾司洛爾0.5mg/kg或1.0mg/kg或1.5mg/kg或2.0mg/kg均可有效預(yù)防氣管插管時(shí)的插管反應(yīng)[7-8],本研究的臨床觀察也驗(yàn)證了這一點(diǎn)。本研究結(jié)果表明:B組插管時(shí)HR、SBP、DBP、RPP顯著高于給藥前水平,但插管時(shí)及插管后1min顯著低于A組,提示靜脈注射艾司洛爾0.5mg/kg對(duì)氣管插管時(shí)的心血管應(yīng)激反應(yīng)是有預(yù)防作用的,但劑量不夠。C組插管時(shí)SBP、DBP、HR、RPP與給藥前比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,顯著低于A、B兩組,插管后 1min,3min SBP、DBP、HR、RPP仍顯著低于A組,提示艾司洛爾1.0mg/kg靜脈注射是可有效預(yù)防氣管插管時(shí)的心血管應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的。D組插管后3~10min SBP、DBP、HR、RPP顯著低于給藥前,插管時(shí)顯著低于A、B兩組,插管后 1~3min SBP、DBP、HR、RPP顯著低于A組,組內(nèi)SBP、DBP對(duì)比插管前、插管時(shí)及插管后1~10min無顯著變化,提示艾司洛爾1.5mg/kg靜脈注射對(duì)氣管插管時(shí)的心血管反應(yīng)有顯著的預(yù)防效果且插管前后血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性好。E組插管時(shí)及插管后1~10min HR、RPP顯著低于給藥前,該組插管時(shí)SBP、DBP、HR、RPP顯著低于A、B兩組,插管后 1min SBP、DBP、HR、RPP及插管后3min HR、RPP顯著低于A組,提示靜脈注射2.0mg/kg艾司洛爾對(duì)氣管插管時(shí)心血管反應(yīng)的預(yù)防效果更好也有良好的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定性,但該組給藥后有5例發(fā)生心動(dòng)過緩,故插管前心率偏慢或本身有竇性心動(dòng)過緩的患者不推薦大劑量使用艾司洛爾預(yù)防氣管插管時(shí)的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),以免發(fā)生心動(dòng)過緩甚至心跳驟停的意外。
表 1 5 組患者SBP(kPa)、DBP(kPa)、HR(次/min)、RPP變化(每組n=20)
綜上所述,艾司洛爾用于預(yù)防插管引起的心率增快和血壓增高,有其獨(dú)特的療效。靜脈注射1.5mg/kg艾司洛爾是預(yù)防插管反應(yīng)的推薦臨床使用劑量,靜脈注射2.0mg/kg艾司洛爾對(duì)氣管插管時(shí)的心率增快、心肌氧耗量增加雖然更佳的預(yù)防效果,但是有可能引起心動(dòng)過緩的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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Objective To observe the protective effects of different doses of esmolol on cardiovascular response during tracheal intubation.Method One hundred patients undergoing elective operation were randomly divided into fi ve groups, group A (control group), group B (esmolol 0.5mg/kg), group C (esmolol 1.0mg/kg), D group (esmolol 1.5mg/kg), and group E (esmolol 2.0mg/kg). 30 seconds respectively before intubation intravenous saline 10ml, esmolol, 0.5mg/kg, 1.0mg/kg, 1.5mg/kg, 2.0mg/kg. Records of patients before administration, intubation, intubation after 1, 3, 5, 10min systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), and calculate the corresponding pulse rate pressure product (RPP). Results In group A, SBP DBP, intubation, HR, RPP and 1min after intubation DBP, HR, RPP were signifi cantly higher than that of before administration (P<0.01); Intubation DBP, HR, RPP in group B were significantly higher than that of before administration (P<0.01),intubation and 1min after intubation SBP, HR, RPP were signifi cantly lower than group A (P < 0.01); SBP, DBP, HR, RPP in C, D, E three groups was signifi cantly lower than that of A, B group (P < 0.05), 1min after intubation SBP, HR, RPP were signifi cantly lower than group A (P<0.01); 3min after intubation, SBP in group C,D, HR in group D, E ,RPP in group C, D, E was lower than that those in group A (P < 0.05); After intubation, 3-10min HR RPP in group D, intubation and 1-10min after intubation HR, RPP in group E was signifi cantly lower than that of before administration (P < 0.05),occurrence heartbeat bradycardia but in group E was 5 cases. Conclusion Intravenous injection of esmolol on cardiovascular response during tracheal intubation in 1.5mg/kg prevention effect is good, before and after tracheal intubation hemodynamic stability and side effects is less.
Esmolol; Tracheal intubation; Cardiovascular responses
10.3969/j.issn.1009-4393.2014.3.013
北京 100076 北京航天總醫(yī)院麻醉科(熊添 樊宏 張暉)