張平,李鵬飛(等)
摘要:為了分析蛋白質(zhì)變性劑和金屬離子對(duì)從中華皮蠅(Hypoderma sinense)幼蟲中純化的單體乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)活力的影響,分別用3種蛋白質(zhì)變性劑[尿素、鹽酸胍、十二烷基硫酸鈉(SDS)]以及8種二價(jià)金屬離子在體外處理純化的中華皮蠅LDH,再測(cè)定其酶活力。結(jié)果表明,中華皮蠅LDH對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)變性劑尿素有一定的耐受性,對(duì)SDS敏感;在1~20 mmol/L濃度范圍內(nèi),大多數(shù)二價(jià)金屬離子對(duì)LDH活力有不同程度的抑制作用,但3 mmol/L的Co2+對(duì)LDH活力有很強(qiáng)的促進(jìn)作用,這不同于其他來源的LDH。該研究結(jié)果提示中華皮蠅LDH具有較高的抗變性能力,對(duì)高濃度Co2+的需求可能是其重要特征之一。
關(guān)鍵詞:乳酸脫氫酶(LDH);中華皮蠅(Hypoderma sinense);金屬離子;酶活力;蛋白質(zhì)變性劑
中圖分類號(hào):S852.74+3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):0439-8114(2014)07-1609-03
In vitro Effects of Protein Denaturants and Metal Ions on Activities of Monomeric Lactate Dehydrogenase from Hypoderma sinense
ZHANG Ping,LI Peng-fei,JIN Su-yu,HUANG Lin,LIN Ya-qiu,ZHENG Yu-cai
(College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu 610041,China)
Abstract: To study effects of three protein denaturants and eight metal ions on the activities of monomeric lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) purified from Hypoderma sinense larva, the purified LDH was incubated in vitro with urea, sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS), guanidine hydrochloride and eight divalent metal ions, and then subjected to activity analysis. The results showed that Hypoderma sinense LDH had relative resistance to urea, but was sensitive to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Most metal ions had varied degrees of inhibition to LDH activity at concentrations from 1 to 20 mmol/L, while Co2+ increased LDH activity significantly at 3 mmol/L concentration, quite different from the LDH of other treats. It is indicated that Hypoderma sinense LDH had strong ability against denaturalization and its requirement for high concentration of Co2+ might be its one important property.
Key words: lactate dehydrogenase; Hypoderma sinense; metal ion; enzyme activity; protein denaturalization
乳酸脫氫酶(LDH,EC 1.1.1.27)是糖代謝中無氧酵解的關(guān)鍵酶,能催化丙酮酸和乳酸之間的轉(zhuǎn)化,在能量代謝中發(fā)揮重要作用。在臨床醫(yī)學(xué)上,LDH被認(rèn)為是潛在的藥物靶點(diǎn),用于治療依賴于無氧代謝提供能量的疾病[1]。Marchat等[2]從一種線蟲Molinema dessetae中純化了LDH,并發(fā)現(xiàn)了其酶學(xué)性質(zhì)與哺乳動(dòng)物L(fēng)DH的很多差異。最近,人們從寄生在牦牛皮下的中華皮蠅(Hypoderma sinense)幼蟲中純化了LDH并進(jìn)行了酶動(dòng)力學(xué)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)中華皮蠅LDH為罕見的單體結(jié)構(gòu),對(duì)熱、酸和HgCl2都很穩(wěn)定,與其他動(dòng)物相比對(duì)底物乳酸有更小的米氏常數(shù)[3]。研究酶的穩(wěn)定性以及金屬離子對(duì)酶活力的影響是酶學(xué)研究中的基礎(chǔ)性和十分重要的工作[4,5]。為深入和全面了解中華皮蠅LDH的酶學(xué)特性,本研究分析了蛋白質(zhì)變性劑和幾種金屬離子在體外對(duì)中華皮蠅LDH活力的影響。
1 材料與方法
1.1 樣品的采集和LDH的純化
試驗(yàn)用牛皮蠅二期或三期幼蟲采自牦牛皮下。在四川省青白江區(qū)某屠宰場(chǎng)屠宰牦牛時(shí)采集牛皮蠅幼蟲,經(jīng)生理鹽水清洗后用干冰保存帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室。這些幼蟲用Otranto等[6]、劉浩浩等[7]建立的PCR-RFLP方法鑒定為中華皮蠅(H.sinense)幼蟲。
按照Li等[3]的方法,從牦牛中華皮蠅幼蟲中純化LDH,主要過程包括:勻漿、熱處理、HiTrapTM Blue HP親和層析、Superdex 75凝膠過濾等。所獲得的LDH經(jīng)檢測(cè)為電泳純[3]。LDH對(duì)蒸餾水于4 ℃透析4 h(透析過程中多次更換蒸餾水,并連續(xù)輕輕攪拌),分裝后的酶液于-80 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.2 LDH活力的測(cè)定
LDH活力測(cè)定參照Marchat等[2]的動(dòng)力學(xué)方法。反應(yīng)體系1.55 mL,含0.2 mol/L Tris-HCl(pH 7.3)1.4 mL,6.6 mmol/L NADH 0.05 mL,30 mmol/L丙酮酸鈉0.05 mL和純化的LDH酶液0.05 mL。記錄25 ℃條件下2 min內(nèi)反應(yīng)液A340 nm 的變化情況。1個(gè)單位的酶活力定義為在25 ℃條件下,每分鐘催化1 μmol的輔酶(NADH)發(fā)生反應(yīng)的酶量。試驗(yàn)控溫采用德國(guó)Huber恒溫水浴,比色采用具有酶動(dòng)力學(xué)分析功能的DR2800型分光光度計(jì)(美國(guó)Hach公司)。
1.3 蛋白質(zhì)變性劑和金屬離子對(duì)中華皮蠅單體LDH活力的影響
分析了不同濃度的3種蛋白質(zhì)變性劑即尿素、鹽酸胍和SDS對(duì)LDH活力的影響。先將蛋白質(zhì)變性劑(尿素的終濃度為0~3.0 mol/L,鹽酸胍的終濃度為0~1.5 mol/L;SDS的終濃度為0~0.5 mol/L)與LDH酶液在25 ℃水浴中保溫15 min后取出放置于冰上,再測(cè)定其酶活力。以對(duì)照管的LDH相對(duì)活力為100%,根據(jù)測(cè)定結(jié)果計(jì)算經(jīng)不同濃度蛋白質(zhì)變性劑處理后LDH的相對(duì)活力。
參照Guzik等[8]的方法分析金屬離子對(duì)LDH活力的影響。試驗(yàn)所用的8種二價(jià)金屬鹽分別為CaCl2、ZnCl2、MnSO4、CuCl2、MgCl2、NiSO4、CoCl2、FeCl2,均為國(guó)產(chǎn)分析純。取適量經(jīng)過稀釋的純化LDH酶液,加入二價(jià)金屬離子,使其終濃度分別為0(超純水對(duì)照)、1、3、5、20 mmol/L,25 ℃水浴保溫15 min,取出置于冰上,用于測(cè)定LDH活力。每個(gè)濃度3次重復(fù)。以對(duì)照管的LDH相對(duì)活力為100%,根據(jù)測(cè)定結(jié)果計(jì)算不同濃度二價(jià)金屬離子處理后LDH的相對(duì)活力。
試驗(yàn)還采用金屬螯合劑EDTA代替金屬離子,觀察其對(duì)LDH活力的影響,處理方法同上。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 蛋白質(zhì)變性劑對(duì)LDH活力的影響
由圖1可見,兩種常用的蛋白質(zhì)變性劑(尿素和鹽酸胍)在體外處理中華皮蠅單體LDH,均可降低LDH的活力(由于SDS對(duì)酶活力影響非常大,高濃度時(shí)完全抑制了酶活力,因此未列出相應(yīng)的柱形圖)。相對(duì)尿素而言,鹽酸胍對(duì)LDH活力的影響更大。3.0 mol/L尿素處理后,LDH仍表現(xiàn)為約60%的殘留活力,而1.5 mol/L鹽酸胍處理后,LDH活力僅殘留約8%。SDS對(duì)LDH的抑制效果明顯高于尿素和鹽酸胍,在濃度為0.062 5 mol/L時(shí),LDH活力僅殘留約2%。
2.2 二價(jià)金屬離子對(duì)LDH活力的影響
由圖2可見,8種二價(jià)金屬離子在濃度為1~20 mmol/L范圍內(nèi)均對(duì)中華皮蠅單體LDH的活力有一定影響。絕大多數(shù)二價(jià)金屬離子表現(xiàn)為對(duì)LDH活力有不同程度的抑制作用,并與濃度有一定關(guān)系,尤其是Cu2+和Fe2+在高濃度(20 mmol/L)時(shí)有較強(qiáng)的抑制作用,但Ni2+對(duì)LDH活力影響不大。值得注意的是,Co2+在3~20 mmol/L范圍內(nèi)對(duì)LDH活力有較強(qiáng)的促進(jìn)作用,3 mmol/L的Co2+處理后,其LDH活力約相當(dāng)于對(duì)照組的3.5倍。
另外,在純化的LDH中加入EDTA,在1 mmol/L和3 mmol/L時(shí),LDH活力分別下降至原來的59.2%和30.6%,提示金屬離子對(duì)中華皮蠅單體LDH活力的重要性。
3 小結(jié)與討論
通過對(duì)中華皮蠅幼蟲中純化的LDH研究表明,中華皮蠅LDH為單體結(jié)構(gòu),熱穩(wěn)定性強(qiáng),對(duì)pH、HgCl2都不敏感,比一般動(dòng)物來源的LDH穩(wěn)定[3]。尿素和鹽酸胍是典型的蛋白質(zhì)變性劑,本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,中華皮蠅LDH對(duì)尿素有一定的耐受性。即使是強(qiáng)變性劑鹽酸胍,在0.5 mol/L條件下中華皮蠅LDH仍可保持約50%的活力,這進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了LDH結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性。有研究表明,LDH經(jīng)2 mol/L尿素處理2 min,肌肉來源的同工酶LDH5基本失去活性,但心臟來源的LDH1活力基本不受影響[9]。因此,中華皮蠅LDH在性質(zhì)上可能更接近哺乳動(dòng)物中的LDH1。SDS是一種強(qiáng)陰離子去污劑,能導(dǎo)致蛋白質(zhì)變性。中華皮蠅LDH對(duì)SDS比較敏感,推測(cè)SDS能影響酶分子或活性中心的電荷分布,導(dǎo)致LDH構(gòu)象變化(變性)從而顯著影響其催化能力,這與已有報(bào)道相符[10]。SDS導(dǎo)致蛋白質(zhì)變性的機(jī)制與尿素、鹽酸胍不同。尿素和鹽酸胍可破壞蛋白質(zhì)分子中的氫鍵,也可能破壞蛋白質(zhì)分子內(nèi)部的疏水作用;而SDS中的疏水長(zhǎng)鏈和帶負(fù)電荷的硫酸根可分別作用于蛋白質(zhì)分子內(nèi)部的非極性基團(tuán)和水分子,導(dǎo)致蛋白質(zhì)變性。結(jié)合中華皮蠅LDH對(duì)pH不敏感[3]以及對(duì)尿素、鹽酸胍較好的耐受性特征,推測(cè)疏水作用力在穩(wěn)定中華皮蠅LDH空間結(jié)構(gòu)中發(fā)揮了更重要的作用。
有關(guān)金屬離子對(duì)酶活力的體外影響已經(jīng)有非常多的報(bào)道。金屬離子對(duì)有些酶是必需的,也可與酶蛋白的某些氨基酸殘基結(jié)合,從而影響酶的活力。有研究表明,在0.5~2.5 mmol/L的濃度范圍內(nèi),F(xiàn)e3+、Cu2+、Ni2+和Co2+對(duì)LDH均有抑制作用,且抑制程度依次下降;試驗(yàn)還觀察到,Co2+隨著濃度升高對(duì)LDH的抑制作用反而下降,但遺憾的是試驗(yàn)沒有分析更高濃度Co2+的作用[11];而汪勛清等[12]報(bào)道,Zn2+、Ca2+對(duì)LDH活力無影響,Mn2+有抑制作用,而Cu2+、Mg2+在低濃度時(shí)有微弱的促進(jìn)作用。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與上述報(bào)道存在一些差異,可能與LDH結(jié)構(gòu)不同有關(guān)。另外,不同研究采用的二價(jià)金屬離子濃度、LDH的純度及方法等的差異也可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致不同的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果。
本研究中Co2+在3 mmol/L時(shí)對(duì)LDH活力有較強(qiáng)的促進(jìn)作用。作為重金屬的Co2+對(duì)很多酶都有抑制作用[5,11],但也有不少酶需要Co2+或者可以被Co2+激活[13-16],其機(jī)制可能涉及Co2+與酶的氨基酸殘基結(jié)合,影響酶的構(gòu)象或活性中心;或類似堿性羧肽酶中,Co2+代替Zn2+作為酶的輔助因子[15]。D-木糖異構(gòu)酶為四聚體,每個(gè)亞基中都含有兩個(gè)必需的金屬離子(包括Co2+)結(jié)合位點(diǎn)(1個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)位點(diǎn)和1個(gè)催化位點(diǎn))[14]。由此可見,Co2+對(duì)酶活力的影響及相關(guān)的機(jī)制可能十分復(fù)雜。LDH并非金屬酶類,有關(guān)Co2+對(duì)LDH活力的促進(jìn)作用的機(jī)制尚不清楚。已有報(bào)道表明,Co2+對(duì)其他來源LDH活力的影響不同于本研究結(jié)果[11,12]。因此,中華皮蠅LDH活力被高濃度Co2+顯著促進(jìn)的特點(diǎn),可能是該單體酶的特性之一。
參考文獻(xiàn):
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[3] LI P F, JIN S Y, HUANG L, et al. Purification and properties of a monomeric lactate dehydrogenase from yak Hypoderma sinense larva[J]. Exp Parasitol,2013,134(2):190-194.
[4] MOUNAJI K, VLASSI M, ERRAISS N E, et al. In vitro effect of metal ions on the activity of two amphibian glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases: potential metal binding sites[J]. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol,2003,135(2):241-254.
[5] WAI L,CHONG K, HO W S. Influence of heavy metals on Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase interactions in Chironomus riparius larvae[J]. Environ Toxicol Chem,2013,32(8):1882-1887.
[6] OTRANTO D, COLWELL D D, TRAVERSA D, et al. Species identification of Hypoderma affecting domestic and wild ruminants by morphological and molecular characterization[J]. Med Vet Entomol,2003,17(3):316-325.
[7] 劉浩浩,李玉萍,黃志宏,等.牦牛牛皮蠅幼蟲的快速PCR-RFLP鑒定[J].湖北農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2012,51(7):1477-1480.
[8] GUZIK U, HUPERT-KOCUREK K, SALEK K, et al. Influence of metal ions on bioremediation activity of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2[J]. World J Microbiol Biotechnol,2013,29(2):267-273.
[9] KARLSEN R L, N?覫RGAARD L, GULDBRANDSEN E B. A rapid method for the determination of urea stable lactate dehydrogenase on the 'Cobas Bio' centrifugal analyser[J]. Scand J Clin Lab Invest,1981,41(5):513-516.
[10] SANFORD K J, MEYER D J, MATHISON M J, et al. Selective inactivation of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes with ionic surfactants[J]. Biochemistry,1981,20(11):3207-3214.
[11] 蔣本國(guó),劉長(zhǎng)建,張 樂,等.金屬離子對(duì)LDH的抑制作用與底物對(duì)其保護(hù)作用研究[J].高師理科學(xué)刊,2010,30(4):80-83.
[12] 汪勛清,高小霞.二價(jià)金屬離子影響乳酸脫氫酶活性的單掃伏安研究[J].高等學(xué)?;瘜W(xué)學(xué)報(bào),1998,19(4):543-546.
[13] BRAUN T. The effect of divalent cations on bovine spermatozoal adenylate cyclase activity[J]. J Cyclic Nucleotide Res, 1975,1(6):271-281.
[14] VAN BASTELAERE P B, CALLENS M, VANGRYSPERRE W A, et al. Binding characteristics of Mn2+, Co2+ and Mg2+ ions with several D-xylose isomerases[J]. Biochem J,1992,286(Pt3):729-735.
[15] DEDDISH P A, SKIDGEL R A, ERDO S E G. Enhanced Co2+ activation and inhibitor binding of carboxypeptidase M at low pH. Similarity to carboxypeptidase H (enkephalin convertase)[J].Biochem J,1989,261(1):289-291.
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參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] BROWN W M, YOWELL C A, HOARD A, et al. Comparative structural analysis and kinetic properties of lactate dehydrogenases from the four species of human malarial parasites[J]. Biochemistry,2004,43(20):6219-6229.
[2] MARCHAT L, LOISEAU P M, PETEK F, et al. Purification and characterization of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes 1 and 2 from Molinema dessetae (Nematoda:Filarioidea)[J]. Parasitol Res,1996,82(8):672-680.
[3] LI P F, JIN S Y, HUANG L, et al. Purification and properties of a monomeric lactate dehydrogenase from yak Hypoderma sinense larva[J]. Exp Parasitol,2013,134(2):190-194.
[4] MOUNAJI K, VLASSI M, ERRAISS N E, et al. In vitro effect of metal ions on the activity of two amphibian glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases: potential metal binding sites[J]. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol,2003,135(2):241-254.
[5] WAI L,CHONG K, HO W S. Influence of heavy metals on Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase interactions in Chironomus riparius larvae[J]. Environ Toxicol Chem,2013,32(8):1882-1887.
[6] OTRANTO D, COLWELL D D, TRAVERSA D, et al. Species identification of Hypoderma affecting domestic and wild ruminants by morphological and molecular characterization[J]. Med Vet Entomol,2003,17(3):316-325.
[7] 劉浩浩,李玉萍,黃志宏,等.牦牛牛皮蠅幼蟲的快速PCR-RFLP鑒定[J].湖北農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2012,51(7):1477-1480.
[8] GUZIK U, HUPERT-KOCUREK K, SALEK K, et al. Influence of metal ions on bioremediation activity of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2[J]. World J Microbiol Biotechnol,2013,29(2):267-273.
[9] KARLSEN R L, N?覫RGAARD L, GULDBRANDSEN E B. A rapid method for the determination of urea stable lactate dehydrogenase on the 'Cobas Bio' centrifugal analyser[J]. Scand J Clin Lab Invest,1981,41(5):513-516.
[10] SANFORD K J, MEYER D J, MATHISON M J, et al. Selective inactivation of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes with ionic surfactants[J]. Biochemistry,1981,20(11):3207-3214.
[11] 蔣本國(guó),劉長(zhǎng)建,張 樂,等.金屬離子對(duì)LDH的抑制作用與底物對(duì)其保護(hù)作用研究[J].高師理科學(xué)刊,2010,30(4):80-83.
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[12] 汪勛清,高小霞.二價(jià)金屬離子影響乳酸脫氫酶活性的單掃伏安研究[J].高等學(xué)?;瘜W(xué)學(xué)報(bào),1998,19(4):543-546.
[13] BRAUN T. The effect of divalent cations on bovine spermatozoal adenylate cyclase activity[J]. J Cyclic Nucleotide Res, 1975,1(6):271-281.
[14] VAN BASTELAERE P B, CALLENS M, VANGRYSPERRE W A, et al. Binding characteristics of Mn2+, Co2+ and Mg2+ ions with several D-xylose isomerases[J]. Biochem J,1992,286(Pt3):729-735.
[15] DEDDISH P A, SKIDGEL R A, ERDO S E G. Enhanced Co2+ activation and inhibitor binding of carboxypeptidase M at low pH. Similarity to carboxypeptidase H (enkephalin convertase)[J].Biochem J,1989,261(1):289-291.
[16] OHSHIMA N,YAMASHITA S,TAKAHASHI N,et al.Escherichia coli cytosolic glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (UgpQ) requires Mg2+,Co2+,or Mn2+ for its enzyme activity[J]. J Bacteriol,2008,190(4):1219-1223.